The objective of this research is to comprehend the roles of the sustainable tourism toward local community in socio-cultural preservation. In this specific context, this writing specifically focuses on the intentional changes and innovative measures implemented by the local community to promote tourism development, particularly in the aftermath of the pandemic. The research question posed in this study is how the Lumban Suhi Suhi Toruan village can preserve their tourism existence after the pandemic both domestically and internationally. This study utilized qualitative and holistic approaches such as conducting interviews, making observations, or analyzing relevant documents and taking comprehensive notes or the data records for data collection analysis. Lumban Suhi Suhi Village prioritizes the use of media platforms as promotion tool and cultural assimilation towards the pervasive digital changes. The concept of "Hita Do Hita" represents the idea of unity in attracting the younger generation to contribute to the development of their hometowns by using podcast as a way to establish the sustainable tourism. The creation of this podcast as an example of employing innovative transformation to motivate young individuals to return to their communities and actively support their growth. Furthermore, Lumban Suhi Suhi Toruan village organizes events such as the Gondang Naposo fashion show, an annual festival called Martonun Sadari, and other activities to attract both local and international tourists that are modified innovatively to compete with other tourism villages around Samosir Island.
{"title":"The Sustainable Tourism of Lumban Suhi–Suhi Village Samosir after The Pandemic","authors":"Eva Gultom","doi":"10.22146/jh.80315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.80315","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research is to comprehend the roles of the sustainable tourism toward local community in socio-cultural preservation. In this specific context, this writing specifically focuses on the intentional changes and innovative measures implemented by the local community to promote tourism development, particularly in the aftermath of the pandemic. The research question posed in this study is how the Lumban Suhi Suhi Toruan village can preserve their tourism existence after the pandemic both domestically and internationally. This study utilized qualitative and holistic approaches such as conducting interviews, making observations, or analyzing relevant documents and taking comprehensive notes or the data records for data collection analysis. Lumban Suhi Suhi Village prioritizes the use of media platforms as promotion tool and cultural assimilation towards the pervasive digital changes. The concept of \"Hita Do Hita\" represents the idea of unity in attracting the younger generation to contribute to the development of their hometowns by using podcast as a way to establish the sustainable tourism. The creation of this podcast as an example of employing innovative transformation to motivate young individuals to return to their communities and actively support their growth. Furthermore, Lumban Suhi Suhi Toruan village organizes events such as the Gondang Naposo fashion show, an annual festival called Martonun Sadari, and other activities to attract both local and international tourists that are modified innovatively to compete with other tourism villages around Samosir Island.","PeriodicalId":30545,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135824293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ikwan Setiawan, Albert Tallapessy, Andang Subaharianto
This article explores the construction of neo-exoticism discourses in Indonesian online news media. Drawing on online news media research, we show how the transformation of ethnic cultures in Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia were positioned as the basis of various tourism events using the representation theory with the discursive constructionist approach. We focus on how some Indonesian online news media reported and positioned Banyuwangi Festival through quotations of government’s official’s statements and descriptions of cultural events that emphasize the transformation of ethnic cultures to meet national and global tourism markets. In doing so, Indonesian online news media actively produced, promoted, and distributed discourses of neo exoticism by emphasizing the beauty of certain of traditional rites, fashions, and arts in various carnivals and festivals. In addition, the media constructed neo-exoticism discourses as a formulas to popularize cultural and touristic events which proved to be beneficial, economically, for local people. However, we argue that broadcasting neo-exotic narratives also created online news media discursive subjects that normalize tourism regimes as managed by the cooperation of government and investors.
{"title":"Neo-Exoticism Discourses in Indonesian Online Media: Normalizing Cultural Tourism Regime amid Market Economy","authors":"Ikwan Setiawan, Albert Tallapessy, Andang Subaharianto","doi":"10.22146/jh.78345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.78345","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the construction of neo-exoticism discourses in Indonesian online news media. Drawing on online news media research, we show how the transformation of ethnic cultures in Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia were positioned as the basis of various tourism events using the representation theory with the discursive constructionist approach. We focus on how some Indonesian online news media reported and positioned Banyuwangi Festival through quotations of government’s official’s statements and descriptions of cultural events that emphasize the transformation of ethnic cultures to meet national and global tourism markets. In doing so, Indonesian online news media actively produced, promoted, and distributed discourses of neo exoticism by emphasizing the beauty of certain of traditional rites, fashions, and arts in various carnivals and festivals. In addition, the media constructed neo-exoticism discourses as a formulas to popularize cultural and touristic events which proved to be beneficial, economically, for local people. However, we argue that broadcasting neo-exotic narratives also created online news media discursive subjects that normalize tourism regimes as managed by the cooperation of government and investors.","PeriodicalId":30545,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135824291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Reformation era, the Chinese-Indonesians enjoy more freedom in expressing their ethnic identity in the public sphere, which was once oppressed under Soeharto’s New Order (1967-1998). The return of the Chinese festivals appears to indicate the end of discrimination and the celebration of multiculturalism, which recognizes the acculturation between the Chinese and local cultures. However, several festivals received backlash and resentment from local Islamic groups. Based on fieldwork and observation on the Chinese New Year folk festivals 2019-2020 in Semarang, Solo, and Yogyakarta, this article describes the socio-political dimensions behind the revival of Chinese New Year folk festivals. The findings show that while Chinese cultural icons become obvious, these folk festivals accommodate the acculturation between the Chinese and local ethnic and/or religious cultures, which made them closer to the expression of hybrid and multicultural identities. However, the Islamic groups still felt the exposure of Chinese culture was beyond limit and the hybridity is disturbing the Islamic faith. They protested to limit or cancel these festivals. In mitigating the protests and conflicts, the local governments tend to take pragmatic problem solutions, rather than educating the public regarding multiculturalism and tolerance.
{"title":"Struggling for Multiculturalism: The Revival of Chinese Festivals in Three Cities of Java during the Post-Reformation Era and Its Challenges","authors":"Evi Lina Sutrisno","doi":"10.22146/jh.82185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.82185","url":null,"abstract":"In the Reformation era, the Chinese-Indonesians enjoy more freedom in expressing their ethnic identity in the public sphere, which was once oppressed under Soeharto’s New Order (1967-1998). The return of the Chinese festivals appears to indicate the end of discrimination and the celebration of multiculturalism, which recognizes the acculturation between the Chinese and local cultures. However, several festivals received backlash and resentment from local Islamic groups. Based on fieldwork and observation on the Chinese New Year folk festivals 2019-2020 in Semarang, Solo, and Yogyakarta, this article describes the socio-political dimensions behind the revival of Chinese New Year folk festivals. The findings show that while Chinese cultural icons become obvious, these folk festivals accommodate the acculturation between the Chinese and local ethnic and/or religious cultures, which made them closer to the expression of hybrid and multicultural identities. However, the Islamic groups still felt the exposure of Chinese culture was beyond limit and the hybridity is disturbing the Islamic faith. They protested to limit or cancel these festivals. In mitigating the protests and conflicts, the local governments tend to take pragmatic problem solutions, rather than educating the public regarding multiculturalism and tolerance.","PeriodicalId":30545,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135824292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The book discussed in this article is titled Motivasi dan Kepribadian: Perspektif Islam tentang Dinamika Jiwa dan Perilaku Manusia. This book was written by Dr. Bagus Riyono, M.A., a psychologist and lecturer in the Faculty of Psychology at Universitas Gadjah Mada and is currently president of the International Association of Muslim Psychologists (IAMP). This book is 284 pages long and consists of several chapters, all of which deconstructing pre-existing theories of motivation, as well as constructing pioneering theories of motivation using various research approaches, including qualitative approach using “meta-ethnographically-grounded-theory” and quantitative approach using experimental method (Riyono, 2020. p. 89). All this was done so that the researcher could achieve comprehensive research results.
本文讨论的这本书的标题是:Motivasi dan Kepribadian: Perspektif Islam tentang Dinamika Jiwa dan perpriaku Manusia。这本书是由Bagus Riyono博士撰写的，他是Gadjah Mada大学心理学学院的心理学家和讲师，现任国际穆斯林心理学家协会(IAMP)主席。这本书有284页长，由几个章节组成，所有章节都解构了已有的动机理论，并使用各种研究方法构建了开创性的动机理论，包括使用“元民族志基础理论”的定性方法和使用实验方法的定量方法(Riyono, 2020)。p . 89)。所有这些都是为了研究者能够得到全面的研究结果。
{"title":"Book Review Motivasi dan Kepribadian: Perspektif Islam tentang Dinamika Jiwa dan Perilaku Manusia","authors":"Tri Astuti, Bagus Riyono","doi":"10.22146/jh.83265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.83265","url":null,"abstract":"The book discussed in this article is titled Motivasi dan Kepribadian: Perspektif Islam tentang Dinamika Jiwa dan Perilaku Manusia. This book was written by Dr. Bagus Riyono, M.A., a psychologist and lecturer in the Faculty of Psychology at Universitas Gadjah Mada and is currently president of the International Association of Muslim Psychologists (IAMP). This book is 284 pages long and consists of several chapters, all of which deconstructing pre-existing theories of motivation, as well as constructing pioneering theories of motivation using various research approaches, including qualitative approach using “meta-ethnographically-grounded-theory” and quantitative approach using experimental method (Riyono, 2020. p. 89). All this was done so that the researcher could achieve comprehensive research results.","PeriodicalId":30545,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135824296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Language attitudes play an important role in the use and maintenance of a language. This is particularly the case in a multilingual speech community such as the Madurese community where most people speak more than one language. The present study seeks to understand the attitudes of the Madurese community toward Madurese, Indonesian, English, and other foreign languages (MIEof languages). To achieve this, 200 questionnaires were randomly distributed to respondents in Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and Sumenep, but only 150 questionnaires were filled in and returned. The questionnaires, which contained questions and answers using 5 point Likert scales of ‘strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree’, were analyzed quantitatively by averaging the calculation results of each of the scales. The results were categorized based on relevant themes, i.e., attitudes toward learning, mastery, and use of MIEof languages. Our analyses showed that most of the respondents demonstrated positive attitudes toward learning, mastery, and use of MIEof languages. The results are discussed with respect to the language maintenance of Madurese and local languages, the prospects of Indonesian, English, and other foreign languages along with multilingualism practices in Madura. It can be concluded that the Madurese community seem to be open to the practice of multilingualism, indicated by their positive attitudes toward language learning, mastery, and use. It is suggested that future studies make use of qualitative data, such as interview data so that findings about the language attitudes of the Madurese community under consideration can be further corroborated.
{"title":"Language Attitudes of the Madurese Community Toward Madurese, Indonesian, English, and Other Foreign Languages","authors":"Misnadin Misnadin, Susi Yuliawati","doi":"10.22146/jh.81884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.81884","url":null,"abstract":"Language attitudes play an important role in the use and maintenance of a language. This is particularly the case in a multilingual speech community such as the Madurese community where most people speak more than one language. The present study seeks to understand the attitudes of the Madurese community toward Madurese, Indonesian, English, and other foreign languages (MIEof languages). To achieve this, 200 questionnaires were randomly distributed to respondents in Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and Sumenep, but only 150 questionnaires were filled in and returned. The questionnaires, which contained questions and answers using 5 point Likert scales of ‘strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree’, were analyzed quantitatively by averaging the calculation results of each of the scales. The results were categorized based on relevant themes, i.e., attitudes toward learning, mastery, and use of MIEof languages. Our analyses showed that most of the respondents demonstrated positive attitudes toward learning, mastery, and use of MIEof languages. The results are discussed with respect to the language maintenance of Madurese and local languages, the prospects of Indonesian, English, and other foreign languages along with multilingualism practices in Madura. It can be concluded that the Madurese community seem to be open to the practice of multilingualism, indicated by their positive attitudes toward language learning, mastery, and use. It is suggested that future studies make use of qualitative data, such as interview data so that findings about the language attitudes of the Madurese community under consideration can be further corroborated.","PeriodicalId":30545,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135824295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ondel-ondel is one of Jakarta’s most prominent cultures. It is a giant doll made of woods and decorated with cotton clothes and human-like embellishments. However, there has been a shift in the way people perceive its role. Ondel-Ondel, which was initially used in significant ceremonial contexts, has evolved into a tool for busking or street entertainment, or more commonly known as Ondel-Ondel Ngamen. At the moment, Ondel-Ondel Ngamen has captured big interest of online users on YouTube. There is a variety of comments on YouTube regarding the existence and representation of Ondel-ondel Ngamen. In this study, the author aims to evaluate YouTube comments regarding people's perceptions of the Ondel-Ondel culture. The author applies a qualitative approach by providing the data from the top-three Indonesian news-related YouTube channels; CNN Indonesia, KompasTV, and Metrotvnews. The dataset is taken from any other scholarly articles that support this analysis. In this study, the author utilizes Stuart Hall's encoding-decoding and commodification theories to evaluate how people perceive Ondel-Ondel, which has undergone a shift in function and value degradation. This study's findings indicate that Ondel-Ondel is vulnerable to commodification. It is no longer regarded as a sacred aspect of rituals or noteworthy occasions.
{"title":"Ondel-Ondel Culture: People's Perception on the Shifting in Function and Value Degradation","authors":"Lambok Hermanto Sihombing","doi":"10.22146/jh.73744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.73744","url":null,"abstract":"Ondel-ondel is one of Jakarta’s most prominent cultures. It is a giant doll made of woods and decorated with cotton clothes and human-like embellishments. However, there has been a shift in the way people perceive its role. Ondel-Ondel, which was initially used in significant ceremonial contexts, has evolved into a tool for busking or street entertainment, or more commonly known as Ondel-Ondel Ngamen. At the moment, Ondel-Ondel Ngamen has captured big interest of online users on YouTube. There is a variety of comments on YouTube regarding the existence and representation of Ondel-ondel Ngamen. In this study, the author aims to evaluate YouTube comments regarding people's perceptions of the Ondel-Ondel culture. The author applies a qualitative approach by providing the data from the top-three Indonesian news-related YouTube channels; CNN Indonesia, KompasTV, and Metrotvnews. The dataset is taken from any other scholarly articles that support this analysis. In this study, the author utilizes Stuart Hall's encoding-decoding and commodification theories to evaluate how people perceive Ondel-Ondel, which has undergone a shift in function and value degradation. This study's findings indicate that Ondel-Ondel is vulnerable to commodification. It is no longer regarded as a sacred aspect of rituals or noteworthy occasions.","PeriodicalId":30545,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135824294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, I begin by sketching Steven Pinker’s understanding of main ideas of the Enlightenment, and then discuss in detail his understanding of the idea of progress. In the reconstruction section, I mainly refer to Pinker’s 2018 work Enlightenment Now: the Case for Science, Reason, Humanism, and Progress. Then I consider the issue of the relationship between Pinker’s concept of progress and the strictly philosophical understanding of this idea, clarified both in the texts of its defenders and critics.
{"title":"Aktualność Oświecenia według Stevena Pinkera (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem idei postępu)","authors":"Leszek Kopciuch","doi":"10.14746/h2023.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h2023.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I begin by sketching Steven Pinker’s understanding of main ideas of the Enlightenment, and then discuss in detail his understanding of the idea of progress. In the reconstruction section, I mainly refer to Pinker’s 2018 work Enlightenment Now: the Case for Science, Reason, Humanism, and Progress. Then I consider the issue of the relationship between Pinker’s concept of progress and the strictly philosophical understanding of this idea, clarified both in the texts of its defenders and critics.","PeriodicalId":30545,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136014656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Man in contemporary culture thinks about the finite by starting from the finite (M. Foucault). The loss of reference to the infinite is not only the dominance of the naturalistic worldview, which rejects the possibility of any transcendent dimensions of the world. It is also a profound change in the areas of life that form the basis of our existence. They all tune in, so to speak, to the „man without infinity.” Historically, it has been common for us to move away from the present towards “more” and “different.” The desire for such infinity was also at the heart of cultural work. The lecture seeks to answer two questions: what happens when we lose the ability to consider infinity as a condition of the possibility of our experience? And: do philosophy, religion, and poetry still liberate us from the danger of finitude?
{"title":"Filozofia, religia i poezja w poszukiwaniu nieskończoności","authors":"Marek Szulakiewicz","doi":"10.14746/h.2023.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2023.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Man in contemporary culture thinks about the finite by starting from the finite (M. Foucault). The loss of reference to the infinite is not only the dominance of the naturalistic worldview, which rejects the possibility of any transcendent dimensions of the world. It is also a profound change in the areas of life that form the basis of our existence. They all tune in, so to speak, to the „man without infinity.” Historically, it has been common for us to move away from the present towards “more” and “different.” The desire for such infinity was also at the heart of cultural work. The lecture seeks to answer two questions: what happens when we lose the ability to consider infinity as a condition of the possibility of our experience? And: do philosophy, religion, and poetry still liberate us from the danger of finitude?","PeriodicalId":30545,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136013569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recenzja: Józef Baniak, Religijność i kościelność dorosłych katolików polskich w latach 1956–2020 na tle przemian cywilizacyjnych i społecznych. Studium socjologiczne Wydawnictwo Nauk Społecznych i Humanistycznych UAM Poznań 2023, ss. 696.
评论：Józef Baniak, Religijność i kościelność dorosłych katolików polskich w latach 1956-2020 na tle przemianizacyjnych i społecznych.Studium socjologiczne Wydawnictwo Nauk Społecznych i Humanistycznych UAM Poznań 2023, pp.
{"title":"Katolicy z Polski na rozdrożu","authors":"Janusz Mariański","doi":"10.14746/h.2023.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2023.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Recenzja: Józef Baniak, Religijność i kościelność dorosłych katolików polskich w latach 1956–2020 na tle przemian cywilizacyjnych i społecznych. Studium socjologiczne Wydawnictwo Nauk Społecznych i Humanistycznych UAM Poznań 2023, ss. 696.","PeriodicalId":30545,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136012724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advice of oppressive freedom in Western culture dates back to ancient times, including those principles of democracy that were implemented in Greek city-states. It changed forms of expression together with Christianity gaining the position of the dominant religion. However, this Christianization over the centuries encountered such unbelievers or infidels who were not willing to subscribe to the Christian conviction that surrendering to the slavery of God and the Church representing Him on earth is the best way to free oneself from various sins. In the 16th and 17th centuries, attempts were made to justify oppressive freedom with earthly needs. In the eighteenth century, however, such social forces came to the fore, which, regardless of the existing beliefs, implemented its form, which in the final phase was primarily terror. It was Jacobin oppressive freedom. Later, various political forces in Western Europe distanced themselves from it, but in Eastern Europe they added their card to it under the title – communist terror.
{"title":"Jakobińska wolność opresyjna","authors":"Zbigniew Drozdowicz","doi":"10.14746/h.2023.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2023.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"The advice of oppressive freedom in Western culture dates back to ancient times, including those principles of democracy that were implemented in Greek city-states. It changed forms of expression together with Christianity gaining the position of the dominant religion. However, this Christianization over the centuries encountered such unbelievers or infidels who were not willing to subscribe to the Christian conviction that surrendering to the slavery of God and the Church representing Him on earth is the best way to free oneself from various sins. In the 16th and 17th centuries, attempts were made to justify oppressive freedom with earthly needs. In the eighteenth century, however, such social forces came to the fore, which, regardless of the existing beliefs, implemented its form, which in the final phase was primarily terror. It was Jacobin oppressive freedom. Later, various political forces in Western Europe distanced themselves from it, but in Eastern Europe they added their card to it under the title – communist terror.","PeriodicalId":30545,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136013137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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