Proper management and effective conversion of biomass residues for biofuel production are crucial to reduce deforestation due to the cutting of trees for cooking and heating as a primary source of fuel and improving energy utilization of households. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the effects of biomass residues of the coffee husk (CH), sawdust (SD), khat waste (KW), and dry grass (DG) and binding materials prepared from the waste paper pulp (PP) and clay soil (CS) under a low-pressure piston press densification machine. The biomass waste and binders were combined in a 3 : 1 ratio of CH : PP, CH : CS, SD : PP, SD : CS, KW : PP, KW : CS, DG : PP, and DG : CS. The briquettes were produced using a manually operated closed-end piston press machine compacted at an average pressure of 2 MPa. Briquette proximate and ultimate analysis of moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content was determined using standard ASTM methods, while the calorific value was determined using a bomb calorimeter and data analysis was carried out using the R-program. Results revealed that the briquette produced from biomass residues has a mean value of fixed carbon and calorific value that ranged from 38.62 ± 1.53 to 41.75 ± 2.14 and 3979.21 ± 232.05 cal/g to 4577.34 ± 397.11 cal/g, respectively. Generally, briquettes produced from saw dust residue and the paper pulp binder had better quality of fuel and this could be used as an alternative source of energy and proper waste management option.
{"title":"Combustion Characteristics of Briquette Fuel Produced from Biomass Residues and Binding Materials","authors":"Temesgen Kebede, D. T. Berhe, Yohannes Zergaw","doi":"10.1155/2022/4222205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4222205","url":null,"abstract":"Proper management and effective conversion of biomass residues for biofuel production are crucial to reduce deforestation due to the cutting of trees for cooking and heating as a primary source of fuel and improving energy utilization of households. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the effects of biomass residues of the coffee husk (CH), sawdust (SD), khat waste (KW), and dry grass (DG) and binding materials prepared from the waste paper pulp (PP) and clay soil (CS) under a low-pressure piston press densification machine. The biomass waste and binders were combined in a 3 : 1 ratio of CH : PP, CH : CS, SD : PP, SD : CS, KW : PP, KW : CS, DG : PP, and DG : CS. The briquettes were produced using a manually operated closed-end piston press machine compacted at an average pressure of 2 MPa. Briquette proximate and ultimate analysis of moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content was determined using standard ASTM methods, while the calorific value was determined using a bomb calorimeter and data analysis was carried out using the R-program. Results revealed that the briquette produced from biomass residues has a mean value of fixed carbon and calorific value that ranged from \u0000 \u0000 38.62\u0000 ±\u0000 1.53\u0000 \u0000 to \u0000 \u0000 41.75\u0000 ±\u0000 2.14\u0000 \u0000 and \u0000 \u0000 3979.21\u0000 ±\u0000 232.05\u0000 \u0000 cal/g to \u0000 \u0000 4577.34\u0000 ±\u0000 397.11\u0000 \u0000 cal/g, respectively. Generally, briquettes produced from saw dust residue and the paper pulp binder had better quality of fuel and this could be used as an alternative source of energy and proper waste management option.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"176 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89064408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ronald k. Bett, Anil Kumar, Z. Siagi, Zeddy C. Mibei
Used tyres are not biodegradable, and the current methods of disposal pose a threat to the environment. Such tyres can be valorised through decomposition to produce liquid fuel, an alternative diesel fuel, using thermal pyrolysis technique. Microwave pyrolysis is an alternate method which uses microwave irradiation, saves energy, and is better environmentally. The main objective of this study was to perform microwave pyrolysis of used tyres to produce liquid fuel and compare with thermal pyrolysis. The specific objectives were to study the effects of pyrolysis operating variables and optimization of liquid fuel yield for thermal pyrolysis, compare with microwave pyrolysis, and characterize the liquid fuel. Thermal pyrolysis variables were reaction temperature, reaction time, and particle size. Thermal pyrolysis reaction temperatures were 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700°C; reaction time 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, and 120 minutes. Particle sizes were 25, 50, 60, 100, 125, and 200mm2. Thermal pyrolysis was carried out in furnace fabricated using furnace clay rated 600 W. A 500 ml round bottomed flask was used as a reactor. Design Expert 13 was used for data analysis and optimization, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for chemical composition analysis, while physiochemical properties were tested using standard methods. The yield of the liquid product was correlated as a quadratic function of the reaction variables. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of operating variables and identify points of optimal yields. The yield decreased as particle size increased. Yield increased with increase in temperature optima being 500°C. Yield increased with increase in reaction time, and the pyrolysis time was 80 minutes. The highest liquid yield of 40.4 wt. % corresponded to temperature of 500°C, time of 80 min for 60 mm2 size. The calorific value for liquid fuel was 47.31 MJ/kg and GC-MS analysis showed that the oil comprised of complex mixtures of organic compounds with limonene, toluene, and xylene as major components. When compared to the published literature on microwave pyrolysis, both processes gave similar maximum yield but microwave process was superior due to a 77.5% reduction in reaction time, resulting in a 73.02% saving in energy requirement.
{"title":"Thermal Pyrolysis of Used Tyres to Produce Liquid Fuel: Process Optimization and How It Compares to Microwave Pyrolysis","authors":"Ronald k. Bett, Anil Kumar, Z. Siagi, Zeddy C. Mibei","doi":"10.1155/2022/2291958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2291958","url":null,"abstract":"Used tyres are not biodegradable, and the current methods of disposal pose a threat to the environment. Such tyres can be valorised through decomposition to produce liquid fuel, an alternative diesel fuel, using thermal pyrolysis technique. Microwave pyrolysis is an alternate method which uses microwave irradiation, saves energy, and is better environmentally. The main objective of this study was to perform microwave pyrolysis of used tyres to produce liquid fuel and compare with thermal pyrolysis. The specific objectives were to study the effects of pyrolysis operating variables and optimization of liquid fuel yield for thermal pyrolysis, compare with microwave pyrolysis, and characterize the liquid fuel. Thermal pyrolysis variables were reaction temperature, reaction time, and particle size. Thermal pyrolysis reaction temperatures were 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700°C; reaction time 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, and 120 minutes. Particle sizes were 25, 50, 60, 100, 125, and 200mm2. Thermal pyrolysis was carried out in furnace fabricated using furnace clay rated 600 W. A 500 ml round bottomed flask was used as a reactor. Design Expert 13 was used for data analysis and optimization, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for chemical composition analysis, while physiochemical properties were tested using standard methods. The yield of the liquid product was correlated as a quadratic function of the reaction variables. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of operating variables and identify points of optimal yields. The yield decreased as particle size increased. Yield increased with increase in temperature optima being 500°C. Yield increased with increase in reaction time, and the pyrolysis time was 80 minutes. The highest liquid yield of 40.4 wt. % corresponded to temperature of 500°C, time of 80 min for 60 mm2 size. The calorific value for liquid fuel was 47.31 MJ/kg and GC-MS analysis showed that the oil comprised of complex mixtures of organic compounds with limonene, toluene, and xylene as major components. When compared to the published literature on microwave pyrolysis, both processes gave similar maximum yield but microwave process was superior due to a 77.5% reduction in reaction time, resulting in a 73.02% saving in energy requirement.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84082900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study is aimed at evaluating the availability of agriculture residues for syngas production, a case study for Sudan. 10 types of biomass are investigated: sugarcane (bagasse), cotton stalks, sesame straw, groundnut shells, maize straw, sorghum straw, millet straw, sunflower husks, wheat straw, and banana leaves. The available biomass is about 11 Mt/year (3.68 Mtoe). Aspen plus software is applied to simulate the gasification process. The study covered a wide range of operating conditions of steam to biomass ratio ( 0 < SB < 2 ) and equivalent ratio ( 0 > ER > 0.5 ). For all types of syngas characteristics, H2 is 0.32-0.42 (mole fraction), CO is 0.13 to 0.16 (mole fraction), LHV is 5.0 to 8.0 MJ/kg, and the yield is ≥1.5. Wheat, groundnut, and sunflower have the best characteristics, while millet and bagasse yield the poorest characteristics. In addition, all types of syngas have H 2 / CO > 2 except Millet. These characteristics make all types of syngas except millet suitable for both energy and industry applications. The potential syngas production is 14.17 Mt/year.
该研究旨在评估农业残留物用于合成气生产的可行性，这是苏丹的一个案例研究。研究了10种生物质:甘蔗(甘蔗渣)、棉花秸秆、芝麻秸秆、花生壳、玉米秸秆、高粱秸秆、小米秸秆、葵花籽壳、小麦秸秆和香蕉叶。可利用生物量约为1100万吨/年(368万吨油当量)。应用Aspen plus软件对气化过程进行模拟。本研究涵盖了广泛的蒸汽生物质比(0 ER > 0.5)工况。各类型合成气特性H2为0.32 ~ 0.42(摩尔分数)，CO为0.13 ~ 0.16(摩尔分数)，LHV为5.0 ~ 8.0 MJ/kg，产率≥1.5。小麦、花生和向日葵的产量特征最好，而谷子和甘蔗渣的产量特征最差。此外，除谷子外，所有类型的合成气h2 / CO > 2。这些特点使得除小米以外的所有类型的合成气都适合能源和工业应用。合成气的潜在产量为1417万吨/年。
{"title":"Syngas Production from Agriculture Residues: Sudan","authors":"A. A. Rabah","doi":"10.1155/2022/2944552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2944552","url":null,"abstract":"The study is aimed at evaluating the availability of agriculture residues for syngas production, a case study for Sudan. 10 types of biomass are investigated: sugarcane (bagasse), cotton stalks, sesame straw, groundnut shells, maize straw, sorghum straw, millet straw, sunflower husks, wheat straw, and banana leaves. The available biomass is about 11 Mt/year (3.68 Mtoe). Aspen plus software is applied to simulate the gasification process. The study covered a wide range of operating conditions of steam to biomass ratio (\u0000 \u0000 0\u0000 <\u0000 SB\u0000 <\u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 ) and equivalent ratio (\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 0\u0000 >\u0000 ER\u0000 >\u0000 0.5\u0000 \u0000 ). For all types of syngas characteristics, H2 is 0.32-0.42 (mole fraction), CO is 0.13 to 0.16 (mole fraction), LHV is 5.0 to 8.0 MJ/kg, and the yield is ≥1.5. Wheat, groundnut, and sunflower have the best characteristics, while millet and bagasse yield the poorest characteristics. In addition, all types of syngas have \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 H\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 /\u0000 CO\u0000 >\u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 except Millet. These characteristics make all types of syngas except millet suitable for both energy and industry applications. The potential syngas production is 14.17 Mt/year.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85993036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is aimed at determining the piezoelectric configuration for generating electricity from wave power through the design of a prototype model named Cov-TOTal. The study was carried out in Tomini Bay, Lopo Village, Batudaa Pantai District, Gorontalo Regency, located at approximately ±50 meters from the shoreline, while the piezoelectric construction was arranged in parallel with varying numbers of 28, 70, and 90 pieces. The result showed that the amount of piezoelectric configuration affects the value of the voltage and electric current generated by the Cov-TOTal model. Furthermore, the average electric voltage values were 17.58, 20.76, and 29.85 volts, while the average current was 1.16, 1.73, and 2.01 mA for each piezoelectric amount. Therefore, the largest values of power and electrical energy for each piezoelectric are 16.65 mW and 0.56 joules, 31.82 mW and 1.20 joules, and 44.59 mW and 1.77 joules, respectively. This study concluded that the amount of piezoelectric configuration has a significant effect on the voltage, current, power, and electrical energy produced.
{"title":"Piezoelectric Configuration for Generating Electricity Using Waves Power","authors":"A. Arbie, Z. A. Hasan, A. W. Nuayi","doi":"10.1155/2021/7258449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7258449","url":null,"abstract":"This study is aimed at determining the piezoelectric configuration for generating electricity from wave power through the design of a prototype model named Cov-TOTal. The study was carried out in Tomini Bay, Lopo Village, Batudaa Pantai District, Gorontalo Regency, located at approximately ±50 meters from the shoreline, while the piezoelectric construction was arranged in parallel with varying numbers of 28, 70, and 90 pieces. The result showed that the amount of piezoelectric configuration affects the value of the voltage and electric current generated by the Cov-TOTal model. Furthermore, the average electric voltage values were 17.58, 20.76, and 29.85 volts, while the average current was 1.16, 1.73, and 2.01 mA for each piezoelectric amount. Therefore, the largest values of power and electrical energy for each piezoelectric are 16.65 mW and 0.56 joules, 31.82 mW and 1.20 joules, and 44.59 mW and 1.77 joules, respectively. This study concluded that the amount of piezoelectric configuration has a significant effect on the voltage, current, power, and electrical energy produced.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88534508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Used tyres pose a threat to the environment, especially in developing countries, since the current disposal methods lead to environmental pollution. Pyrolysis liquid from used tyres can be used as a source of fuel to replace petroleum diesel. Microwave pyrolysis is an alternative valorization process that is supposed to save energy and, therefore, is environment friendly. In the current study, microwave pyrolysis was used to produce liquid fuel. Processing variable levels for microwave were power levels of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100%; the reaction times were 8, 13, 18, 23, and 28 minutes; and the particle sizes were 25, 50, 100, and 200 mm2. Design-Expert 13 was used for data analysis and optimization, and GC-MS was used for chemical composition analysis, while physiochemical properties were tested using standard methods. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of operating variables and identify the points of optimal yields. For microwave pyrolysis, the highest liquid yield of 39.1 wt. % was at 50% power, 18 min reaction time, and particle size of 25 mm2. The yield decreased as the particle size increased. RSM gave conditions for optima in agreement with the experimental results. The calorific value for liquid fuel was 48.99 MJ/kg. GC-MS analysis showed that the oil comprised complex mixtures of organic compounds with limonene, toluene, and xylene as major components. The liquid fuel properties meet the required international standards and can be used as an alternative to diesel fuel.
{"title":"Optimization of Liquid Fuel Production from Microwave Pyrolysis of Used Tyres","authors":"Ronald k. Bett, Ajay Kumar, Z. Siagi","doi":"10.1155/2021/3109374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3109374","url":null,"abstract":"Used tyres pose a threat to the environment, especially in developing countries, since the current disposal methods lead to environmental pollution. Pyrolysis liquid from used tyres can be used as a source of fuel to replace petroleum diesel. Microwave pyrolysis is an alternative valorization process that is supposed to save energy and, therefore, is environment friendly. In the current study, microwave pyrolysis was used to produce liquid fuel. Processing variable levels for microwave were power levels of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100%; the reaction times were 8, 13, 18, 23, and 28 minutes; and the particle sizes were 25, 50, 100, and 200 mm2. Design-Expert 13 was used for data analysis and optimization, and GC-MS was used for chemical composition analysis, while physiochemical properties were tested using standard methods. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of operating variables and identify the points of optimal yields. For microwave pyrolysis, the highest liquid yield of 39.1 wt. % was at 50% power, 18 min reaction time, and particle size of 25 mm2. The yield decreased as the particle size increased. RSM gave conditions for optima in agreement with the experimental results. The calorific value for liquid fuel was 48.99 MJ/kg. GC-MS analysis showed that the oil comprised complex mixtures of organic compounds with limonene, toluene, and xylene as major components. The liquid fuel properties meet the required international standards and can be used as an alternative to diesel fuel.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75602821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents new evidence supporting the development of a screening threshold to evaluate the impact aggregations of solar PV facilities in the northeastern United States can have on voltage deviations in the distribution grid (often called flicker). Using measurements from solar irradiance meters and customer-sited monitoring equipment for residential and light commercial solar systems in Central New York along with data from the Measurement and Instrumentation Data Centers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Elizabeth City State University, and Bluefield College, we present multiple lines of support for the adoption of a flicker screening threshold equivalent to a 5% change in voltage resulting from a full-on to full-off transition of a solar facility. This approach is based on both the newer flicker perception limits in IEEE 1453-2015 and the previous limits derived from the flicker curves in IEEE 519-1992 and is consistent with recent draft recommendations from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) for use in New York. Measurements of correlations between fluctuations at different sites along with a model for high densities of solar facilities are applied to allow the impact of multiple systems on a single feeder to be taken into account while maintaining the simplicity of a single screening threshold.
{"title":"Local and Regional PV Power Variability in the Northeastern U.S.: Implications for Simplified Utility Flicker Screening Analyses","authors":"Brice Smith, D. Armstead","doi":"10.1155/2021/4620972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4620972","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents new evidence supporting the development of a screening threshold to evaluate the impact aggregations of solar PV facilities in the northeastern United States can have on voltage deviations in the distribution grid (often called flicker). Using measurements from solar irradiance meters and customer-sited monitoring equipment for residential and light commercial solar systems in Central New York along with data from the Measurement and Instrumentation Data Centers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Elizabeth City State University, and Bluefield College, we present multiple lines of support for the adoption of a flicker screening threshold equivalent to a 5% change in voltage resulting from a full-on to full-off transition of a solar facility. This approach is based on both the newer flicker perception limits in IEEE 1453-2015 and the previous limits derived from the flicker curves in IEEE 519-1992 and is consistent with recent draft recommendations from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) for use in New York. Measurements of correlations between fluctuations at different sites along with a model for high densities of solar facilities are applied to allow the impact of multiple systems on a single feeder to be taken into account while maintaining the simplicity of a single screening threshold.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79702545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy situation in Malawi is continuing facing critical challenges to satisfy the existing demand. However, energy consumption and energy conservation studies have been neglected to help overcome this problem. In this paper, electric energy audit was conducted for a commercial building in Mchinji, Malawi, in order to identify energy-saving opportunities. The study employed a mixed method research which involved a series of surveys, observation, data collection, and analysis. The current energy consumption was determined and compared with the proposed energy consumption after replacing some equipment. The proposed system saved up to 33.46% of energy. The study also suggested behavior change towards energy saving. Additionally, an alternative energy system was also suggested. Thus, the HOMER software was employed to design, optimize, and analyze a solar-battery-grid-connected energy system. The proposed system has a simple payback period of 9.8 years. The system’s cost of energy was estimated as 0.0372 $/kWh, and the capital cost was $ 150,887.
{"title":"Energy Audit and Feasibility of Solar PV Energy System: Case of a Commercial Building","authors":"S. Chisale, P. Mangani","doi":"10.1155/2021/5544664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5544664","url":null,"abstract":"Energy situation in Malawi is continuing facing critical challenges to satisfy the existing demand. However, energy consumption and energy conservation studies have been neglected to help overcome this problem. In this paper, electric energy audit was conducted for a commercial building in Mchinji, Malawi, in order to identify energy-saving opportunities. The study employed a mixed method research which involved a series of surveys, observation, data collection, and analysis. The current energy consumption was determined and compared with the proposed energy consumption after replacing some equipment. The proposed system saved up to 33.46% of energy. The study also suggested behavior change towards energy saving. Additionally, an alternative energy system was also suggested. Thus, the HOMER software was employed to design, optimize, and analyze a solar-battery-grid-connected energy system. The proposed system has a simple payback period of 9.8 years. The system’s cost of energy was estimated as 0.0372 $/kWh, and the capital cost was $ 150,887.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78080918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biogas is environmentally sound and economically viable, clean, and renewable energy source. Despite its numerous benefits and dissemination efforts, the adoption of biogas technology has been low. The objective of this study was to assess factors determining adoption of biogas technology as an alternative energy source at household level in Aleta Wondo district, southern Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select sample households. A total of 148 sample households, 51 biogas technology adopters, and 97 nonadopter households were surveyed. The collected data were analyzed by inferential statistics and econometric model using STATA version 13.1. Results from the probit model showed that education level of household head, annual income level, livestock holding size, access to technical support, and level of awareness have significant positive influence on households’ decision to adopt biogas technology. Other factors include poor performance of biogas plants associated to technical problems, and high installation costs unaffordable to the majority of rural population had a negative implication in adoption process. These are also the factors contributing to low adoption. Therefore, raising the population awareness on the benefits of biogas and assigning the biogas technicians who can give immediate maintenance services at “Kebele” level could extend the biogas technology.
{"title":"Determinants of Biogas Technology Adoption in Rural Households of Aleta Wondo District, Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Tale Geddafa, Yoseph Melka, G. Sime","doi":"10.1155/2021/9934942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9934942","url":null,"abstract":"Biogas is environmentally sound and economically viable, clean, and renewable energy source. Despite its numerous benefits and dissemination efforts, the adoption of biogas technology has been low. The objective of this study was to assess factors determining adoption of biogas technology as an alternative energy source at household level in Aleta Wondo district, southern Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select sample households. A total of 148 sample households, 51 biogas technology adopters, and 97 nonadopter households were surveyed. The collected data were analyzed by inferential statistics and econometric model using STATA version 13.1. Results from the probit model showed that education level of household head, annual income level, livestock holding size, access to technical support, and level of awareness have significant positive influence on households’ decision to adopt biogas technology. Other factors include poor performance of biogas plants associated to technical problems, and high installation costs unaffordable to the majority of rural population had a negative implication in adoption process. These are also the factors contributing to low adoption. Therefore, raising the population awareness on the benefits of biogas and assigning the biogas technicians who can give immediate maintenance services at “Kebele” level could extend the biogas technology.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"67 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79124941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Elshafei, Abdelrahman Ibrahim, A. Helmy, Mostafa Abdallah, A. El-Deib, M. Badawy, S. Abdelrazek
Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza 12578, Egypt Nanotechnology Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Egypt Renewable Energy Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Egypt Environment Engineering Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Egypt Mechanical Engineering Department, Misr University of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza 12578, Egypt
{"title":"Study of Massive Floating Solar Panels over Lake Nasser","authors":"M. Elshafei, Abdelrahman Ibrahim, A. Helmy, Mostafa Abdallah, A. El-Deib, M. Badawy, S. Abdelrazek","doi":"10.1155/2021/6674091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6674091","url":null,"abstract":"Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza 12578, Egypt Nanotechnology Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Egypt Renewable Energy Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Egypt Environment Engineering Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Egypt Mechanical Engineering Department, Misr University of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza 12578, Egypt","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84379475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present technology of transesterification of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel, which is suited to replace petrodiesel, has economic challenges, and therefore, alternative sources are being explored. Microalgae, a renewable, third-generation biofuel resource, have the potential to become a viable feedstock due to their high oil content and environmentally friendly nature. The present study investigates the effect of microwave irradiation on the simultaneous extraction and transesterification of algae lipids to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), in a batch reaction system using sulphuric acid catalyst. In situ transesterification combines the two steps of lipid extraction and transesterification into a single step. The microwave synthesis unit comprised of a 3-neck round bottom flask inside a 1300-Watt microwave oven, fitted with a quick-fit condenser and having an external stirrer. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyse the influence of process variables, dry algae to methanol ratio algae biomass to catalyst ratio and reaction time
根据欧洲标准(EN 14214)和美国材料试验协会(ASTM D 6751)标准获得的FAME性能如下:闪点16°C，热值32,911 kJ /kg，酸值0.475 KOH / g，粘度4.45 m m 2 / s;比重0.868。研究表明，Arthrospira spirina platensis微藻脂质FAME符合生物柴油标准(EN 14214和ASTM D 6751)和h
{"title":"In Situ Transesterification of Spirulina Microalgae to Produce Biodiesel Using Microwave Irradiation","authors":"A. Koech, Anil Kumar, Z. Siagi","doi":"10.1155/2020/8816296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8816296","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>The present technology of transesterification of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel, which is suited to replace petrodiesel, has economic challenges, and therefore, alternative sources are being explored. Microalgae, a renewable, third-generation biofuel resource, have the potential to become a viable feedstock due to their high oil content and environmentally friendly nature. The present study investigates the effect of microwave irradiation on the simultaneous extraction and transesterification of algae lipids to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), in a batch reaction system using sulphuric acid catalyst. In situ transesterification combines the two steps of lipid extraction and transesterification into a single step. The microwave synthesis unit comprised of a 3-neck round bottom flask inside a 1300-Watt microwave oven, fitted with a quick-fit condenser and having an external stirrer. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyse the influence of process variables, dry algae to methanol ratio <jats:inline-formula>\u0000 <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\u0000 <mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mo>:</mo>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mo>:</mo>\u0000 <mn>14</mn>\u0000 <mtext> </mtext>\u0000 <mtext>g</mtext>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <mtext>ml</mtext>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mfenced>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 </math>\u0000 </jats:inline-formula> algae biomass to catalyst ratio <jats:inline-formula>\u0000 <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\u0000 <mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mo>:</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.0032</mn>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mo>:</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.0368</mn>\u0000 <mtext> </mtext>\u0000 <mtext>wt</mtext>\u0000 <mi>%</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mfenced>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 </math>\u0000 </jats:inline-formula> and reaction time <jats:inline-formula>\u0000 <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\u0000 <mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85686722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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