The energy density of canode materials for lithium-ion batteries has a major impact on the driving range of electric vehicles. In order to study the charge-discharge characteristics and application feasibility of Li-NiMnCo lithium-ion batteries for vehicles, a series of charge and discharge experiments were carried out with different rates of Li-NiMnCo lithium-ion batteries (the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese was 5 : 2 : 3) in constant-current-constant-voltage mode. Firstly, a set of charge-discharge experiments were performed on different types of single-cell lithium-ion batteries. The results show that, under temperature conditions, the charge and discharge voltage-capacity curves of the four different types of Li-NiMnCo lithium batteries mentioned in the paper are not much different, and the charge-discharge characteristic curves are similar, indicating that different types of batteries with the same material composition have similar charge and discharge characteristics. Subsequently, a series of charge and discharge tests with different rates were conducted on such ternary lithium batteries. The characteristic curves with different charge-discharge rates indicate that this new type of ternary lithium battery has high current charge and discharge capability and is suitable for use in new energy electric vehicles. In addition, by analyzing the voltage-SOC curve under different magnification conditions, it is known that there is an approximate linear relationship between the battery voltage value and the SOC within a certain SOC range. The SOC value can be evaluated by the battery voltage, which should be controlled within a reasonable range to avoid overcharge or overdischarge of battery, thereby, causing permanent damage to the battery.
{"title":"The Research on Characteristics of Li-NiMnCo Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles","authors":"Sujuan Chen, Zhendong Zhao, X. Gu","doi":"10.1155/2020/3721047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3721047","url":null,"abstract":"The energy density of canode materials for lithium-ion batteries has a major impact on the driving range of electric vehicles. In order to study the charge-discharge characteristics and application feasibility of Li-NiMnCo lithium-ion batteries for vehicles, a series of charge and discharge experiments were carried out with different rates of Li-NiMnCo lithium-ion batteries (the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese was 5 : 2 : 3) in constant-current-constant-voltage mode. Firstly, a set of charge-discharge experiments were performed on different types of single-cell lithium-ion batteries. The results show that, under temperature conditions, the charge and discharge voltage-capacity curves of the four different types of Li-NiMnCo lithium batteries mentioned in the paper are not much different, and the charge-discharge characteristic curves are similar, indicating that different types of batteries with the same material composition have similar charge and discharge characteristics. Subsequently, a series of charge and discharge tests with different rates were conducted on such ternary lithium batteries. The characteristic curves with different charge-discharge rates indicate that this new type of ternary lithium battery has high current charge and discharge capability and is suitable for use in new energy electric vehicles. In addition, by analyzing the voltage-SOC curve under different magnification conditions, it is known that there is an approximate linear relationship between the battery voltage value and the SOC within a certain SOC range. The SOC value can be evaluated by the battery voltage, which should be controlled within a reasonable range to avoid overcharge or overdischarge of battery, thereby, causing permanent damage to the battery.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"336 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75930423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The majority of the Ethiopian population lives in rural areas and uses wood for domestic energy consumption. Using wood and fuel for domestic uses accounts for deforestation and health problems, which is also dangerous for the environment. The Ethiopian government has been planning to generate power from available renewable resources around the community. Therefore, determining the water surface potential of energy harvesting with floating solar photovoltaic system by using geographic information system is used to support decision-makers to use high potential areas. To identify useable areas for floating solar photovoltaic, factors that affect the usability were identified and weighted by using Analytical Hierarchy Processes. Thus, weighted values and reclassified values were multiplied to do the final usability map of floating solar photovoltaic with ArcGIS software. Due to the improper location of floating solar photovoltaic, efficiency is dropped. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the most usable surface of water bodies in Amhara regional, state irrigation dams for generating electrical power. The usability of the water surface for floating solar photovoltaic power plant was 63.83%, 61.09%, and 57.20% of Angereb, Rib, and Koga irrigation dams, respectively. The majority of the usable areas were found in the middle of the water surface. Nature water surface is a key factor in generating solar energy; it affects the floating solar photovoltaic and irradiance coming to the solar photovoltaic panel surface.
{"title":"GIS-Based Irrigation Dams Potential Assessment of Floating Solar PV System","authors":"A. Nebey, B. Taye, T. Workineh","doi":"10.1155/2020/1268493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1268493","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of the Ethiopian population lives in rural areas and uses wood for domestic energy consumption. Using wood and fuel for domestic uses accounts for deforestation and health problems, which is also dangerous for the environment. The Ethiopian government has been planning to generate power from available renewable resources around the community. Therefore, determining the water surface potential of energy harvesting with floating solar photovoltaic system by using geographic information system is used to support decision-makers to use high potential areas. To identify useable areas for floating solar photovoltaic, factors that affect the usability were identified and weighted by using Analytical Hierarchy Processes. Thus, weighted values and reclassified values were multiplied to do the final usability map of floating solar photovoltaic with ArcGIS software. Due to the improper location of floating solar photovoltaic, efficiency is dropped. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the most usable surface of water bodies in Amhara regional, state irrigation dams for generating electrical power. The usability of the water surface for floating solar photovoltaic power plant was 63.83%, 61.09%, and 57.20% of Angereb, Rib, and Koga irrigation dams, respectively. The majority of the usable areas were found in the middle of the water surface. Nature water surface is a key factor in generating solar energy; it affects the floating solar photovoltaic and irradiance coming to the solar photovoltaic panel surface.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"198 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75512903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Ethiopian government looked towards renewable energy resources to generate electrical power for the current demand of the country. 85% of the total population of the country lives in rural areas and uses fossil fuel for their domestic uses. Using fossil fuel poses a danger for users and the environment. And the government of Ethiopia planned to electrify 85% of the rural community with abundant available renewable resources around the community. Therefore, identifying potential locations for solar PV with GIS is a decision support tool for proposing suitable sites to the government. The solar PV suitability analysis provides optimal locations for solar PV power plant installations. To find suitable locations for solar PV, factors that affect suitability were identified and weighted using analytical hierarchy processes. Then, the weighted values and reclassified values were multiplied together to produce the final suitability map for solar PV. Due to site unsuitability, solar PV generation efficiency drops and may malfunction. By identifying the most suitable locations, a solar PV power plant is optimally located. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find the most suitable sites in the South Gondar Zone for generating power from solar PV. The suitability of the study area for a solar PV power plant is 86.5%. Eighty-six (86%) of the criteria considered in the study area were found to be suitable for optimal location of solar PV power plant. Most of the suitable areas were found in the western part of the zone. The nature of topography is a key factor in generating solar energy; it affects the solar irradiance coming to the solar PV panel surface.
{"title":"Site Suitability Analysis of Solar PV Power Generation in South Gondar, Amhara Region","authors":"A. Nebey, B. Taye, T. Workineh","doi":"10.1155/2020/3519257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3519257","url":null,"abstract":"The Ethiopian government looked towards renewable energy resources to generate electrical power for the current demand of the country. 85% of the total population of the country lives in rural areas and uses fossil fuel for their domestic uses. Using fossil fuel poses a danger for users and the environment. And the government of Ethiopia planned to electrify 85% of the rural community with abundant available renewable resources around the community. Therefore, identifying potential locations for solar PV with GIS is a decision support tool for proposing suitable sites to the government. The solar PV suitability analysis provides optimal locations for solar PV power plant installations. To find suitable locations for solar PV, factors that affect suitability were identified and weighted using analytical hierarchy processes. Then, the weighted values and reclassified values were multiplied together to produce the final suitability map for solar PV. Due to site unsuitability, solar PV generation efficiency drops and may malfunction. By identifying the most suitable locations, a solar PV power plant is optimally located. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find the most suitable sites in the South Gondar Zone for generating power from solar PV. The suitability of the study area for a solar PV power plant is 86.5%. Eighty-six (86%) of the criteria considered in the study area were found to be suitable for optimal location of solar PV power plant. Most of the suitable areas were found in the western part of the zone. The nature of topography is a key factor in generating solar energy; it affects the solar irradiance coming to the solar PV panel surface.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"57 30","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/3519257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72366785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, we examine the relationship between different energy commodity spot prices. To do this, multivariate stochastic models with and without external random interventions describing the price of energy commodities are developed. Random intervention process is described by a continuous jump process. The developed mathematical model is utilized to examine the relationship between energy commodity prices. The time-varying parameters in the stochastic model are estimated using the recently developed parameter identification technique called local lagged adapted generalized method of moment (LLGMM). The LLGMM method provides an iterative scheme for updating statistic coefficients in a system of generalized method of moment/observation equations. The usefulness of the LLGMM approach is illustrated by applying to energy commodity data sets for state and parameter estimation problems. Moreover, the forecasting and confidence interval problems are also investigated (U.S. Patent Pending for the LLGMM method described in this manuscript).
{"title":"Two-Scale Network Dynamic Model for Energy Commodity Processes","authors":"O. M. Otunuga, G. Ladde","doi":"10.1155/2020/2075258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2075258","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we examine the relationship between different energy commodity spot prices. To do this, multivariate stochastic models with and without external random interventions describing the price of energy commodities are developed. Random intervention process is described by a continuous jump process. The developed mathematical model is utilized to examine the relationship between energy commodity prices. The time-varying parameters in the stochastic model are estimated using the recently developed parameter identification technique called local lagged adapted generalized method of moment (LLGMM). The LLGMM method provides an iterative scheme for updating statistic coefficients in a system of generalized method of moment/observation equations. The usefulness of the LLGMM approach is illustrated by applying to energy commodity data sets for state and parameter estimation problems. Moreover, the forecasting and confidence interval problems are also investigated (U.S. Patent Pending for the LLGMM method described in this manuscript).","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75408201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geni Juma, Revocatus Lazaro Machunda, T. Pogrebnaya
In this study, sweet potato leaf activated carbon (SpLAC) was prepared by the chemical activation method using KOH and applied as an adsorbent for H2S removal from biogas. The study focused on the understanding of the effect of carbonization temperature ( ), varying KOH : C activation ratio, flow rate (FR) of biogas, and mass of SpLAC on sample adsorption capacity. The BET analysis was performed for both fresh and spent activated carbons as well as for carbonized samples, which were not activated; also, the activated carbon was characterized by XRF and CHNS techniques. The results showed that removal efficiency (RE) of the SpLAC increased with increase carbonization temperature from 600 to 800°C and the mass of sorbent from 0.4 g to 1.0 g. The optimal test conditions were determined: 1.0 g of sorbent with a KOH : C ratio of 1 : 1, °C, and m3/h which resulted in a sorption capacity of about 3.7 g S/100 g of the SpLAC. Our findings corroborated that H2S removal was contributed not only by the adsorption process with the pore available but also by the presence of iron in the sample that reacted with H2S. Therefore, upon successful H2S sorption, SpLAC is suggested as a viable adsorbent for H2S removal from biogas.
本研究采用KOH化学活化法制备甘薯叶活性炭(SpLAC)，并将其作为脱除沼气中H2S的吸附剂。研究了炭化温度()、不同KOH: C活化比、沼气流速(FR)和SpLAC质量对样品吸附量的影响。BET分析对新鲜活性炭和废活性炭以及未活化的炭化样品进行了分析;用XRF和CHNS技术对活性炭进行了表征。结果表明，随着炭化温度从600℃增加到800℃，吸附剂质量从0.4 g增加到1.0 g, SpLAC的去除率有所提高。确定了最佳测试条件:吸附剂1.0 g, KOH: C为1:1，温度为°C, m3/h，吸附量为3.7 g S/100 g SpLAC。我们的研究结果证实，H2S的去除不仅是由于孔隙的吸附过程，而且还由于样品中存在与H2S反应的铁。因此，在成功吸附H2S后，SpLAC被认为是一种可行的去除沼气中H2S的吸附剂。
{"title":"Performance of Sweet Potato’s Leaf-Derived Activated Carbon for Hydrogen Sulphide Removal from Biogas","authors":"Geni Juma, Revocatus Lazaro Machunda, T. Pogrebnaya","doi":"10.1155/2020/9121085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9121085","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, sweet potato leaf activated carbon (SpLAC) was prepared by the chemical activation method using KOH and applied as an adsorbent for H2S removal from biogas. The study focused on the understanding of the effect of carbonization temperature ( ), varying KOH : C activation ratio, flow rate (FR) of biogas, and mass of SpLAC on sample adsorption capacity. The BET analysis was performed for both fresh and spent activated carbons as well as for carbonized samples, which were not activated; also, the activated carbon was characterized by XRF and CHNS techniques. The results showed that removal efficiency (RE) of the SpLAC increased with increase carbonization temperature from 600 to 800°C and the mass of sorbent from 0.4 g to 1.0 g. The optimal test conditions were determined: 1.0 g of sorbent with a KOH : C ratio of 1 : 1, °C, and m3/h which resulted in a sorption capacity of about 3.7 g S/100 g of the SpLAC. Our findings corroborated that H2S removal was contributed not only by the adsorption process with the pore available but also by the presence of iron in the sample that reacted with H2S. Therefore, upon successful H2S sorption, SpLAC is suggested as a viable adsorbent for H2S removal from biogas.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"85 10 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75411094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard Opoku, E. A. Adjei, G. Obeng, Luc Severi, Abdul-Rahim Bawa
Over 600 million people living in sub-Saharan Africa do not have access to electricity. Modern healthcare services, including vaccine refrigeration, which require electricity are therefore lacking in such energy-deprived communities. In this work, analysis has been conducted on how electricity access can help improve healthcare service delivery and rural development, with a case study on 3 different off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in community-based health planning and services (CHPS) in Ghana. Analysis from this study showed that for the 3.0 kWp solar PV systems installed at the various sites, the in-house electricity consumptions are between 4.30 and 7.58 kWh per day. It was found out that excess electricity generation of 148–304 kWh per month is available and can be used to provide other economic services including phone charging, torchlight battery charging, and small-sized cold storage services to generate income for the maintenance of the systems, which is critical for sustainability of solar PV installations in rural poor communities. The study results also showed that electrified health facilities which are able to provide basic healthcare services have potential impact on community health outcomes and rural development. Assessment conducted at the CHPS compounds revealed that, generally, there is improvement in healthcare service delivery resulting in time savings of 15-43 hours per month for the inhabitants which can potentially be used for productive work. The time savings were more significant in females and children than in males. In many rural agro-based communities in developing countries, female and children are usually the workforce engaged in various farming activities. This paper concludes that access to electricity in CHPS compounds helps to improve community health outcomes and increases time availability for women to engage in productive work that can potentially result in significant socioeconomic activities and rural development.
{"title":"Electricity Access, Community Healthcare Service Delivery, and Rural Development Nexus: Analysis of 3 Solar Electrified CHPS in Off-Grid Communities in Ghana","authors":"Richard Opoku, E. A. Adjei, G. Obeng, Luc Severi, Abdul-Rahim Bawa","doi":"10.1155/2020/9702505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9702505","url":null,"abstract":"Over 600 million people living in sub-Saharan Africa do not have access to electricity. Modern healthcare services, including vaccine refrigeration, which require electricity are therefore lacking in such energy-deprived communities. In this work, analysis has been conducted on how electricity access can help improve healthcare service delivery and rural development, with a case study on 3 different off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in community-based health planning and services (CHPS) in Ghana. Analysis from this study showed that for the 3.0 kWp solar PV systems installed at the various sites, the in-house electricity consumptions are between 4.30 and 7.58 kWh per day. It was found out that excess electricity generation of 148–304 kWh per month is available and can be used to provide other economic services including phone charging, torchlight battery charging, and small-sized cold storage services to generate income for the maintenance of the systems, which is critical for sustainability of solar PV installations in rural poor communities. The study results also showed that electrified health facilities which are able to provide basic healthcare services have potential impact on community health outcomes and rural development. Assessment conducted at the CHPS compounds revealed that, generally, there is improvement in healthcare service delivery resulting in time savings of 15-43 hours per month for the inhabitants which can potentially be used for productive work. The time savings were more significant in females and children than in males. In many rural agro-based communities in developing countries, female and children are usually the workforce engaged in various farming activities. This paper concludes that access to electricity in CHPS compounds helps to improve community health outcomes and increases time availability for women to engage in productive work that can potentially result in significant socioeconomic activities and rural development.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78588450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to determine the energy properties of fuelwood samples which are preferred and used by local communities. The study used both cross-sectional survey of households and field survey. Systematic household sampling was used for household and random sampling for tree species. The chosen sample sizes for households in the study were 134. The cross-sectional survey of the local community on orderly preference of fuelwood consumption listed Acacia nilotica, Acacia etbaica, Olea africana, Acacia seyal, and Acokanthera schimperi. However, for the laboratory result and detail principal component analysis (PCA) of tree species in their density and moisture, ash, volatile, and fixed carbon contents, Olea africana was strongly recommended for fuelwood preference followed by Acacia nilotica, Acacia etbaica, Acacia seyal, and Acokanthera schimperi. The identification of community preference and scientific assessment on fuelwood consumption on different tree species will enhance the expansion of their plantation program in the region.
{"title":"Determination of Energy Properties of Fuelwood from Five Selected Tree Species in Tropical Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia","authors":"H. M. Desta, C. Ambaye","doi":"10.1155/2020/3635094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3635094","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the energy properties of fuelwood samples which are preferred and used by local communities. The study used both cross-sectional survey of households and field survey. Systematic household sampling was used for household and random sampling for tree species. The chosen sample sizes for households in the study were 134. The cross-sectional survey of the local community on orderly preference of fuelwood consumption listed Acacia nilotica, Acacia etbaica, Olea africana, Acacia seyal, and Acokanthera schimperi. However, for the laboratory result and detail principal component analysis (PCA) of tree species in their density and moisture, ash, volatile, and fixed carbon contents, Olea africana was strongly recommended for fuelwood preference followed by Acacia nilotica, Acacia etbaica, Acacia seyal, and Acokanthera schimperi. The identification of community preference and scientific assessment on fuelwood consumption on different tree species will enhance the expansion of their plantation program in the region.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84232679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the impacts of relevant factors (climatic and nonclimatic) on the monthly electricity consumption (MEC) in four major cities in Niger using simple multiple linear regressions (MLRs). Parameters such GDP/capita, air temperature ( mean), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WSP), solar radiation (SR), precipitation, and clearness index (K) are used. In addition, two heat indices, heat index (HI) and discomfort index (DI) are calculated to take into account the impacts of high humidity in conjunction with high ambient temperature. Hence, three different models were derived from the aforementioned variables. The three models have been tested using the - folds cross-validation. Results show that the model with primitive variables such GDP per capita, mean, RH, SR, and WSP perform better than the other two models with a coefficient determination equal to 0.87, 0.854, 0.833, and 0.551 for Niamey, Maradi, Zinder, and Agadez, respectively. According to the month considered, the mean absolute percentage error can give a small error for specific combinations of climate variables. The variables such as precipitation and clearness index are found to be not statistically significant.
{"title":"Influence of Climate and Nonclimate Parameters on Monthly Electricity Consumption in Niger","authors":"A. Bonkaney","doi":"10.1155/2020/8460263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8460263","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impacts of relevant factors (climatic and nonclimatic) on the monthly electricity consumption (MEC) in four major cities in Niger using simple multiple linear regressions (MLRs). Parameters such GDP/capita, air temperature ( mean), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WSP), solar radiation (SR), precipitation, and clearness index (K) are used. In addition, two heat indices, heat index (HI) and discomfort index (DI) are calculated to take into account the impacts of high humidity in conjunction with high ambient temperature. Hence, three different models were derived from the aforementioned variables. The three models have been tested using the - folds cross-validation. Results show that the model with primitive variables such GDP per capita, mean, RH, SR, and WSP perform better than the other two models with a coefficient determination equal to 0.87, 0.854, 0.833, and 0.551 for Niamey, Maradi, Zinder, and Agadez, respectively. According to the month considered, the mean absolute percentage error can give a small error for specific combinations of climate variables. The variables such as precipitation and clearness index are found to be not statistically significant.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/8460263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72534067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aluminum powder has been widely applied to various industries. However, its high activity and high burn rate can cause serious explosion risks. Many factors affecting the explosion of aluminum powder have been determined, yet moisture content has not been included. In the present work, the minimum explosible concentrations of aluminum powders with different moisture contents were measured with a 20-liter explosion test apparatus using the explosion accident in Kunshan, China, as a study case. The experimental results suggest that the minimum explosible concentration of aluminum powder dramatically increases with the increase of its moisture content first and the increasing trend becomes slower as the moisture content further increased. The oxidation time has no significant effects on the minimum explosible concentration of aluminum power in 8 hours at room temperature. Further investigation suggests that the moisture lowers the explosion risk of aluminum powder by altering its surface oxide film, ignition, and combustion process. The low contents of moisture in the range of 0%-8% increase the minimum explosible concentration of aluminum powder by inhibiting the reaction kinetics and particle agglomeration, while high contents of moistures in the range of 8%-20% affect the minimum explosible concentration by the endothermic effect and oxygen dilution effect.
{"title":"Effects of Moisture Content on the Minimum Explosible Concentration of Aluminum Powder and the Related Mechanism","authors":"Haiyan Chen, Qingguo Yao, Qiqi Liu, Hao Liu, Xinyan Zhang","doi":"10.1155/2020/1393891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1393891","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum powder has been widely applied to various industries. However, its high activity and high burn rate can cause serious explosion risks. Many factors affecting the explosion of aluminum powder have been determined, yet moisture content has not been included. In the present work, the minimum explosible concentrations of aluminum powders with different moisture contents were measured with a 20-liter explosion test apparatus using the explosion accident in Kunshan, China, as a study case. The experimental results suggest that the minimum explosible concentration of aluminum powder dramatically increases with the increase of its moisture content first and the increasing trend becomes slower as the moisture content further increased. The oxidation time has no significant effects on the minimum explosible concentration of aluminum power in 8 hours at room temperature. Further investigation suggests that the moisture lowers the explosion risk of aluminum powder by altering its surface oxide film, ignition, and combustion process. The low contents of moisture in the range of 0%-8% increase the minimum explosible concentration of aluminum powder by inhibiting the reaction kinetics and particle agglomeration, while high contents of moistures in the range of 8%-20% affect the minimum explosible concentration by the endothermic effect and oxygen dilution effect.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86735021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cement industry is one of the most intensive energy consumers in the industrial sectors. The energy consumption represents 40% to 60% of production cost. Additionally, the cement industry contributes around 5% to 8% of all man-made CO2 emissions. Physiochemical and thermochemical reactions involved in cement kilns are still not well understood because of their complexity. The reactions have a decisive influence on energy consumption, environmental degradation, and the cost of cement production. There are technical difficulties in achieving direct measurements of critical process variables in kiln systems. Furthermore, process simulation is used for design, development, analysis, and optimization of processes, when experimental tests are difficult to conduct. Moreover, there are several models for the purpose of studying the use of alternative fuels, cement clinker burning process, phase chemistry, and physical parameters. Nonetheless, most of them do not address real inefficiency taking place in the processes, equipment, and the overall system. This paper presents parametric study results of the four-stage preheater dry Rotary Kiln System (RKS) with a planetary cooler. The RKS at the Mbeya Cement Company (MCC) in Tanzania is used as a case study. The study investigated the effects of varying the RKS parameters against system behaviour, process operation, environment, and energy consumptions. Necessary data for the modelling of the RKS at the MCC plant were obtained either by daily operational measurements or laboratory analyses. The steady-state simulation model of the RKS was carried out through the Aspen Plus software. The simulation results were successfully validated using real operating data. Predictions from parametric studies suggest that monitoring and regulating exhaust gases could improve combustion efficiency, which, in turn, leads to conserving fuels and lowering production costs. Composition of exhaust gases also depends both on the type of fuel used and the amount of combustion air. The volume of exit flue gases depends on the amount of combustion air and infiltrating air in the RKS. The results obtained from the study suggest a potential of coal saving at a minimum of about , which approximates to 76,126 tons per year at the current kiln feed of 58,000 kg·h-1. Thus, this translates to a specific energy saving of about 1849.12 kJ·kgcl-1, with relatively higher clinker throughput. In this vein, process modelling provides effective, safe, and economical ways for assessing the performance of the RKS.
{"title":"Parametric Studies of Cement Production Processes","authors":"J. John","doi":"10.1155/2020/4289043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4289043","url":null,"abstract":"The cement industry is one of the most intensive energy consumers in the industrial sectors. The energy consumption represents 40% to 60% of production cost. Additionally, the cement industry contributes around 5% to 8% of all man-made CO2 emissions. Physiochemical and thermochemical reactions involved in cement kilns are still not well understood because of their complexity. The reactions have a decisive influence on energy consumption, environmental degradation, and the cost of cement production. There are technical difficulties in achieving direct measurements of critical process variables in kiln systems. Furthermore, process simulation is used for design, development, analysis, and optimization of processes, when experimental tests are difficult to conduct. Moreover, there are several models for the purpose of studying the use of alternative fuels, cement clinker burning process, phase chemistry, and physical parameters. Nonetheless, most of them do not address real inefficiency taking place in the processes, equipment, and the overall system. This paper presents parametric study results of the four-stage preheater dry Rotary Kiln System (RKS) with a planetary cooler. The RKS at the Mbeya Cement Company (MCC) in Tanzania is used as a case study. The study investigated the effects of varying the RKS parameters against system behaviour, process operation, environment, and energy consumptions. Necessary data for the modelling of the RKS at the MCC plant were obtained either by daily operational measurements or laboratory analyses. The steady-state simulation model of the RKS was carried out through the Aspen Plus software. The simulation results were successfully validated using real operating data. Predictions from parametric studies suggest that monitoring and regulating exhaust gases could improve combustion efficiency, which, in turn, leads to conserving fuels and lowering production costs. Composition of exhaust gases also depends both on the type of fuel used and the amount of combustion air. The volume of exit flue gases depends on the amount of combustion air and infiltrating air in the RKS. The results obtained from the study suggest a potential of coal saving at a minimum of about , which approximates to 76,126 tons per year at the current kiln feed of 58,000 kg·h-1. Thus, this translates to a specific energy saving of about 1849.12 kJ·kgcl-1, with relatively higher clinker throughput. In this vein, process modelling provides effective, safe, and economical ways for assessing the performance of the RKS.","PeriodicalId":30572,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86570533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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