Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147964
Johan Nordstrand
Selective ion extraction through electro-adsorption depends strongly on both material and operational conditions. This work investigates mechanisms of diffusion-based selectivity when ions adsorb on the surface of intercalation materials and move deeper into the material at different rates. The results showed that the ideal selectivity is equal to the square root of the ratio between the diffusion constants of different ions. The diminishing returns from the square-root dependence suggest that it can be challenging to reach high selectivity through diffusion rates alone. However, the results also demonstrated that the diffusion selectivity is multiplicative with adsorption selectivity. This means that even a moderate difference in diffusion coefficients can produce a major boost in overall selectivity when combined with existing adsorption selectivity. The work presents criteria that can be used to evaluate if diffusion selectivity is present in a system. A calculation with typical material parameters revealed that diffusion selectivity will usually not be present in nanoparticle-based electrodes unless the material is designed with diffusion selectivity in mind. Thus, the study also presents a method of system design for leveraging diffusion selectivity.
{"title":"Diffusion selectivity in capacitive deionization with intercalation materials","authors":"Johan Nordstrand","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147964","url":null,"abstract":"Selective ion extraction through electro-adsorption depends strongly on both material and operational conditions. This work investigates mechanisms of diffusion-based selectivity when ions adsorb on the surface of intercalation materials and move deeper into the material at different rates. The results showed that the ideal selectivity is equal to the square root of the ratio between the diffusion constants of different ions. The diminishing returns from the square-root dependence suggest that it can be challenging to reach high selectivity through diffusion rates alone. However, the results also demonstrated that the diffusion selectivity is multiplicative with adsorption selectivity. This means that even a moderate difference in diffusion coefficients can produce a major boost in overall selectivity when combined with existing adsorption selectivity. The work presents criteria that can be used to evaluate if diffusion selectivity is present in a system. A calculation with typical material parameters revealed that diffusion selectivity will usually not be present in nanoparticle-based electrodes unless the material is designed with diffusion selectivity in mind. Thus, the study also presents a method of system design for leveraging diffusion selectivity.","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148009
Yan Zhang , Xiaoqiang Wang , Guoqing Wei , Ruiyang Li , Liangliang Jia , Tingting Li , Mingya Li
One-dimensional NiO nanowires have become a research hotspot in electrochromism due to their large specific surface area and excellent optoelectronic properties. However, their structural instability seriously affects their cycle life. To achieve the preparation of large-area, uniform, and stable films. In this study, based on the previous works on Zn: NiO films, we optimized the slurry process, combined solvothermal and extrusion-coating methods, innovatively introduced ethyl cellulose (EC) and In/Sn metal powders to prepare electrochromic films. The effects of EC, In/Sn, and Zn doping on the nanostructure, electrochemical, and electrochromic properties of thin films, and their mechanisms were systematically investigated. The results show that the addition of 25 wt.% EC, 1 at.% In/Sn (9:1), and 2.5 at.% Zn, the samples maintained relatively excellent electrochromic performance with high light modulation amplitude (68.6 %), fast coloration/fade response time (1.4 s/3.2 s), high coloration efficiency (124.32 cm²/C), and retained 40 % modulation amplitude after 1400 cycles. The energy band structure analysis indicated that the 2.5 at.% Zn-doped sample with 25 wt.% EC and 1 at.% In/Sn addition had the lowest conduction and valence band positions compared to the unmodified sample. This energy band structure facilitates charge transfer, further impacting the electrochemical characteristics and exhibiting excellent electrochromic properties. This study proposed a simple and large-scale preparation method to provide a new strategy for commercializing high-performance NiO electrochromic films.
{"title":"Synergistic enhancement of electrochromism and cyclic stability in Zn-doped NiO films via ethyl cellulose and In/Sn metal powder additives for large-area fabrication","authors":"Yan Zhang , Xiaoqiang Wang , Guoqing Wei , Ruiyang Li , Liangliang Jia , Tingting Li , Mingya Li","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One-dimensional NiO nanowires have become a research hotspot in electrochromism due to their large specific surface area and excellent optoelectronic properties. However, their structural instability seriously affects their cycle life. To achieve the preparation of large-area, uniform, and stable films. In this study, based on the previous works on Zn: NiO films, we optimized the slurry process, combined solvothermal and extrusion-coating methods, innovatively introduced ethyl cellulose (EC) and In/Sn metal powders to prepare electrochromic films. The effects of EC, In/Sn, and Zn doping on the nanostructure, electrochemical, and electrochromic properties of thin films, and their mechanisms were systematically investigated. The results show that the addition of 25 wt.% EC, 1 at.% In/Sn (9:1), and 2.5 at.% Zn, the samples maintained relatively excellent electrochromic performance with high light modulation amplitude (68.6 %), fast coloration/fade response time (1.4 s/3.2 s), high coloration efficiency (124.32 cm²/C), and retained 40 % modulation amplitude after 1400 cycles. The energy band structure analysis indicated that the 2.5 at.% Zn-doped sample with 25 wt.% EC and 1 at.% In/Sn addition had the lowest conduction and valence band positions compared to the unmodified sample. This energy band structure facilitates charge transfer, further impacting the electrochemical characteristics and exhibiting excellent electrochromic properties. This study proposed a simple and large-scale preparation method to provide a new strategy for commercializing high-performance NiO electrochromic films.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"549 ","pages":"Article 148009"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the efficiency-limiting step during proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis because of its sluggish kinetics. Iridium dioxide (IrO2) is widely regarded as the most promising catalyst for acidic OER, as it offers a balance of activity and stability. However, as benchmark catalyst, the different commercially available IrO2 samples exhibit significantly varied performance profiles. In this study, we conducted a systematic comparison of Five commercial IrO2 catalysts (TKK, Umicore, Macklin, Adamas-beta, and Perfermiker). Through a combination of structural characterisation and electrochemical evaluation under identical conditions, significant differences were observed among the catalysts in crystallinity, particle morphology, and OER performance. The TKK IrO2 exhibits exceptionally high OER activity and stability, which can be attributed to its ultrafine grain size of approximately 1 nm and its well-defined crystallinity. Among the other four catalysts, the Macklin IrO2 shows comparatively superior activity and durability, consistent with its high crystallinity. In contrast, the Adamas-beta IrO2, which possesses poor crystallinity, displays low activity and limited durability. This work highlights crystallinity as a key predictor of IrO2 catalysts and provides practical guidelines for researchers to benchmarking of commercial IrO2 catalysts for PEM water electrolysis.
{"title":"Examining Commercial IrO2 Catalysts for Acidic Oxygen Evolution: A Side-by-Side Comparison of Performance Metrics","authors":"Baoshuai Du, Wenjing Li, Wenbin Ci, Zhenning Huang, Boyi Zhang, Zhibin Fan, Yong Wang, Xiao Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148010","url":null,"abstract":"The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the efficiency-limiting step during proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis because of its sluggish kinetics. Iridium dioxide (IrO<sub>2</sub>) is widely regarded as the most promising catalyst for acidic OER, as it offers a balance of activity and stability. However, as benchmark catalyst, the different commercially available IrO<sub>2</sub> samples exhibit significantly varied performance profiles. In this study, we conducted a systematic comparison of Five commercial IrO<sub>2</sub> catalysts (TKK, Umicore, Macklin, Adamas-beta, and Perfermiker). Through a combination of structural characterisation and electrochemical evaluation under identical conditions, significant differences were observed among the catalysts in crystallinity, particle morphology, and OER performance. The TKK IrO<sub>2</sub> exhibits exceptionally high OER activity and stability, which can be attributed to its ultrafine grain size of approximately 1 nm and its well-defined crystallinity. Among the other four catalysts, the Macklin IrO<sub>2</sub> shows comparatively superior activity and durability, consistent with its high crystallinity. In contrast, the Adamas-beta IrO<sub>2</sub>, which possesses poor crystallinity, displays low activity and limited durability. This work highlights crystallinity as a key predictor of IrO<sub>2</sub> catalysts and provides practical guidelines for researchers to benchmarking of commercial IrO<sub>2</sub> catalysts for PEM water electrolysis.","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148001
Faizanbasha A. , U. Rizwan , Syed Tahir Hussainy , Naif Almakayeel , Fazilath Basha Asif
Accurately estimating the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of lithium-ion batteries is critical for ensuring reliability and safety in electric vehicles, portable electronics, and energy storage systems. A widely employed approach to enhance battery reliability involves an initial burn-in, where controlled stress reveals latent defects and early degradation. However, traditional burn-in methods utilize fixed stress profiles, lack real-time adaptation, and rarely integrate burn-in degradation data with RUL predictions, resulting in suboptimal reliability and increased operational expenses. To address these limitations, we introduce an integrated deep-ensemble framework and a dynamic, risk-aware burn-in strategy. First, we develop a novel ensemble combining temporal convolutional networks, transformers, and bidirectional long short-term memory with attention, fused through a smooth semi-martingale layer to model deterministic trends and stochastic variability. Second, we design a Bayesian decision module augmented by soft actor–critic based reinforcement learning to dynamically adapt burn-in voltage, temperature, and duration. Third, we propose a unified RUL pipeline jointly trained on pre-burn-in diagnostics, in-situ burn-in data, and operational internet of things sensor streams. Experimental validation on two publicly available battery datasets demonstrates up to 20% reduction in root mean square error and 14.6% lower total burn-in costs, advancing reliability management for lithium-ion systems.
{"title":"Deep learning ensemble for dynamic burn-in optimization with precise Remaining Useful Life prediction for lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Faizanbasha A. , U. Rizwan , Syed Tahir Hussainy , Naif Almakayeel , Fazilath Basha Asif","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately estimating the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of lithium-ion batteries is critical for ensuring reliability and safety in electric vehicles, portable electronics, and energy storage systems. A widely employed approach to enhance battery reliability involves an initial burn-in, where controlled stress reveals latent defects and early degradation. However, traditional burn-in methods utilize fixed stress profiles, lack real-time adaptation, and rarely integrate burn-in degradation data with RUL predictions, resulting in suboptimal reliability and increased operational expenses. To address these limitations, we introduce an integrated deep-ensemble framework and a dynamic, risk-aware burn-in strategy. First, we develop a novel ensemble combining temporal convolutional networks, transformers, and bidirectional long short-term memory with attention, fused through a smooth semi-martingale layer to model deterministic trends and stochastic variability. Second, we design a Bayesian decision module augmented by soft actor–critic based reinforcement learning to dynamically adapt burn-in voltage, temperature, and duration. Third, we propose a unified RUL pipeline jointly trained on pre-burn-in diagnostics, in-situ burn-in data, and operational internet of things sensor streams. Experimental validation on two publicly available battery datasets demonstrates up to 20% reduction in root mean square error and 14.6% lower total burn-in costs, advancing reliability management for lithium-ion systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"548 ","pages":"Article 148001"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148004
Y. Tao, S.A. Hadigheh
This study investigates electrochemical performance of steel reinforcement in cementitious composites that incorporate recycled carbon fibre (CF) and carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite waste exposed to a marine environment. Three types of recyclates are utilised: chopped CF from fabric offcuts, chemically recycled CF, and mechanically recycled CFRP from aeroplane components. Surface characteristics of recycled materials are examined after different treatments to assess their properties and effects on the cementitious composites. Accelerated corrosion testing was conducted using a 3.5 % sodium chloride solution with impressed current, and corrosion progression was evaluated using linear polarisation resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The most effective composites for corrosion resistance contained 10 wt.% CFRP recyclates, showing a 43 % reduction in corrosion rate and a 32 % increase in polarisation resistance compared to control specimens after 15 simulated years. This improvement is attributed to matrix densification, reduced chloride transport and the absence of conductive pathways that suppress galvanic coupling with the embedded steel. Conversely, short CFs formed conductive networks that facilitated micro-galvanic activity and accelerated corrosion. Acid-treated recycled CFs demonstrated slightly better performance due to reduced fibre conductivity and improved interfacial bonding. Overall, this study elucidates the underlying mechanisms through which different CFRP recyclates affect corrosion processes and highlights their potential to enable sustainable, durability-enhancing solutions for marine infrastructure.
{"title":"Electrochemical performance and corrosion mitigation of steel-embedded cementitious composites with recycled carbon fibre and CFRP composites in accelerated marine conditions","authors":"Y. Tao, S.A. Hadigheh","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates electrochemical performance of steel reinforcement in cementitious composites that incorporate recycled carbon fibre (CF) and carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite waste exposed to a marine environment. Three types of recyclates are utilised: chopped CF from fabric offcuts, chemically recycled CF, and mechanically recycled CFRP from aeroplane components. Surface characteristics of recycled materials are examined after different treatments to assess their properties and effects on the cementitious composites. Accelerated corrosion testing was conducted using a 3.5 % sodium chloride solution with impressed current, and corrosion progression was evaluated using linear polarisation resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The most effective composites for corrosion resistance contained 10 wt.% CFRP recyclates, showing a 43 % reduction in corrosion rate and a 32 % increase in polarisation resistance compared to control specimens after 15 simulated years. This improvement is attributed to matrix densification, reduced chloride transport and the absence of conductive pathways that suppress galvanic coupling with the embedded steel. Conversely, short CFs formed conductive networks that facilitated micro-galvanic activity and accelerated corrosion. Acid-treated recycled CFs demonstrated slightly better performance due to reduced fibre conductivity and improved interfacial bonding. Overall, this study elucidates the underlying mechanisms through which different CFRP recyclates affect corrosion processes and highlights their potential to enable sustainable, durability-enhancing solutions for marine infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"548 ","pages":"Article 148004"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148005
Fan Xu , Jing Zhao , Feng Xiao , Donghua Wu , Xinze Li , Lei Wang , Qihang He , Xiaowei Zuo , Shengping Yuan , Shengbing Wang , Ping He
Corrosion and passivation of zinc electrode severely affect discharge performance of alkaline Zn-MnO2 batteries. To address this issue, this work introduces dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide (DDBAB) as an additive in KOH electrolyte to inhibit corrosion and passivation processes of zinc electrode. Results demonstrate that DDBAB reduces contact angle at electrolyte-zinc electrode interface, thereby improving wettability of KOH electrolyte on zinc electrode surface. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal effective inhibition of corrosion on zinc electrode surface. Concurrently, the corrosion inhibition efficiency of zinc electrode reaches 98.38 % in KOH electrolyte with 60 ppm of DDBAB additive. Furthermore, the presence of DDBAB positively shifts both the active dissolution potential and passivation potential of zinc electrode, thereby effectively delaying its passivation. Moreover, at a current density of 50 mA g−1, the specific discharge capacity of battery improves by 26.80 %. These results demonstrate that effective inhibition of zinc electrode corrosion and passivation is achieved by protective layer formed by DDBAB on surface. This work provides a feasible method to inhibit corrosion and passivation of zinc electrode in alkaline Zn-MnO2 battery.
锌电极的腐蚀和钝化严重影响碱性锌锰电池的放电性能。为了解决这一问题，本工作引入十二烷基二甲基苄基溴化铵（DDBAB）作为KOH电解质中的添加剂，以抑制锌电极的腐蚀和钝化过程。结果表明，DDBAB降低了电解-锌电极界面的接触角，从而提高了KOH电解质在锌电极表面的润湿性。扫描电镜图像显示锌电极表面有有效的缓蚀作用。同时，在添加60 ppm DDBAB的KOH电解液中，锌电极的缓蚀效率可达98.38%。DDBAB的存在使锌电极的活性溶解电位和钝化电位正向移动，从而有效地延缓了锌电极的钝化。当电流密度为50 mA g−1时，电池的比放电容量提高了26.80%。结果表明，DDBAB在锌电极表面形成的保护层可以有效地抑制锌电极的腐蚀和钝化。本研究为抑制碱性锌锰电池锌电极的腐蚀和钝化提供了一种可行的方法。
{"title":"Surfactant-type electrolyte additive enabling efficient inhibition of zinc corrosion and passivation in alkaline Zn-MnO2 batteries","authors":"Fan Xu , Jing Zhao , Feng Xiao , Donghua Wu , Xinze Li , Lei Wang , Qihang He , Xiaowei Zuo , Shengping Yuan , Shengbing Wang , Ping He","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corrosion and passivation of zinc electrode severely affect discharge performance of alkaline Zn-MnO<sub>2</sub> batteries. To address this issue, this work introduces dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide (DDBAB) as an additive in KOH electrolyte to inhibit corrosion and passivation processes of zinc electrode. Results demonstrate that DDBAB reduces contact angle at electrolyte-zinc electrode interface, thereby improving wettability of KOH electrolyte on zinc electrode surface. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal effective inhibition of corrosion on zinc electrode surface. Concurrently, the corrosion inhibition efficiency of zinc electrode reaches 98.38 % in KOH electrolyte with 60 ppm of DDBAB additive. Furthermore, the presence of DDBAB positively shifts both the active dissolution potential and passivation potential of zinc electrode, thereby effectively delaying its passivation. Moreover, at a current density of 50 mA g<sup>−1</sup>, the specific discharge capacity of battery improves by 26.80 %. These results demonstrate that effective inhibition of zinc electrode corrosion and passivation is achieved by protective layer formed by DDBAB on surface. This work provides a feasible method to inhibit corrosion and passivation of zinc electrode in alkaline Zn-MnO<sub>2</sub> battery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"549 ","pages":"Article 148005"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Solvation Structure to Interfacial Film: Unraveling the Role of the PFPN Additive on Hard Carbon in Sodium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Wenjuan Qiu, Longkai Zhang, Xinyu Li, Feihong Ye, Xin Xiao, Junmin Nan, Xiaoxi Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148003
Ting Wu , Lu Jia , Yuan Zuo , Zhen Hou , Jiang-hua Qi , Jie Lei
Electrodes were inserted into a high-temperature molten iron and slag system, and a comparative analysis was performed on the compositional characteristics of slags with different basicity levels (0.6, 0.9, and 1.2) and slag-to-metal ratios (1:2 and 1:3) under varying electric field conditions. Additionally, the evolution of slag composition and structural changes under different voltage gradients (0 V, 0.5 V, 2.5 V, and 5.0 V) were investigated. The results reveal that the application of a positive electric field suppresses the slag–metal reaction, whereas a negative electric field enhances it, and the slag–metal reactivity is significantly weakened at lower basicity of 0.6. The changes in the slag-to-metal ratio do not alter the fundamental effect of electric field polarity on the slag–metal reaction, and a slag-to-metal ratio of 1:3 with lower reactivity was selected for subsequent experiments. Under applied positive electric fields with various voltage gradients, it shows that all tested voltage gradients exert inhibitory effects on the slag–metal reaction relative to the 0 V blank control group, with the 2.5 V condition achieving the highest degree of suppression. Simulation results show that Al and Si atoms migrate directionally under an electric field, increasing Al-O network complexity and simplifying the Si-O structure in molten slag, consistent with infrared and Raman spectroscopy trends and macroscopic compositional analysis. The results suggest that the mechanism through which the electric field affects the slag–metal reaction involves the induction of directional atomic displacement within the slag phase, thereby suppressing the reaction.
{"title":"Interfacial reactions between CaO-SiO2 slag and Al-containing steel under external electric field","authors":"Ting Wu , Lu Jia , Yuan Zuo , Zhen Hou , Jiang-hua Qi , Jie Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrodes were inserted into a high-temperature molten iron and slag system, and a comparative analysis was performed on the compositional characteristics of slags with different basicity levels (0.6, 0.9, and 1.2) and slag-to-metal ratios (1:2 and 1:3) under varying electric field conditions. Additionally, the evolution of slag composition and structural changes under different voltage gradients (0 V, 0.5 V, 2.5 V, and 5.0 V) were investigated. The results reveal that the application of a positive electric field suppresses the slag–metal reaction, whereas a negative electric field enhances it, and the slag–metal reactivity is significantly weakened at lower basicity of 0.6. The changes in the slag-to-metal ratio do not alter the fundamental effect of electric field polarity on the slag–metal reaction, and a slag-to-metal ratio of 1:3 with lower reactivity was selected for subsequent experiments. Under applied positive electric fields with various voltage gradients, it shows that all tested voltage gradients exert inhibitory effects on the slag–metal reaction relative to the 0 V blank control group, with the 2.5 V condition achieving the highest degree of suppression. Simulation results show that Al and Si atoms migrate directionally under an electric field, increasing Al-O network complexity and simplifying the Si-O structure in molten slag, consistent with infrared and Raman spectroscopy trends and macroscopic compositional analysis. The results suggest that the mechanism through which the electric field affects the slag–metal reaction involves the induction of directional atomic displacement within the slag phase, thereby suppressing the reaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"549 ","pages":"Article 148003"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148007
Luis Cáceres, Alvaro Soliz, Felipe Galleguillos
{"title":"Simulation studies of an annular flow cell for electrochemical measurements in neutral saline solutions","authors":"Luis Cáceres, Alvaro Soliz, Felipe Galleguillos","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147989
Lina Zhou , Xiaonan Xu , Zhixian Shi , Song Pan , Hui Liu , Jiaming Li , Ankang Shi , Jijian Zhang , Jiahao Zhou , Jian Zou , Yingying Wang , Jiage Yu , Xiaobing Hu , Yi Cao , Jianqing Zhou , Yisi Liu , Yunlong Xie , Yue Du
Rational design of transition metal catalysts with accelerated electron transfer pathways is paramount for high-performance reversible oxygen electrodes in metal-air batteries. Herein, an in-situ interweaving strategy is developed to construct carbon nanotubes within N, P-doped graphitic carbon nanocages (Co@NPGNC/CNT) via a dual-ligand approach. Advanced spectroscopic characterization and in-situ Raman reveal that the unique N, P-doped graphitic carbon nanocages, optimizing the adsorption/desorption of oxygen intermediates while enhancing electrical conductivity. The resulting Co@NPGNC/CNT exhibit exceptional bifunctional activity with a low oxygen electrode potential gap (ΔE=0.81 V), high power density (204.6 mW cm-2), and outstanding durability (>1150 h), outperforming Pt/C-RuO2 benchmarks. The interconnected nanocages architecture further ensures rapid mass/charge transfer and exposure of accessible active sites. This work provides a promising method for constructing durable electrocatalysts for practical high-energy-density battery.
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