Electrochimica Acta最新文献_第3页

The role of electrochemistry in the direct recycling of lithium-ion batteries 电化学在锂离子电池直接回收中的作用

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148518

M.R. Bermejo , P. Moretti , M. Gómez , J. Castro , M. Merlo , J.J. Biendicho

The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries, driven by their widespread use in electronic devices and electric vehicles, has raised concerns regarding their recycling and end-of-life management. Batteries contain valuable and potentially hazardous materials, necessitating efficient recovery strategies. In this context, direct recycling has emerged as a promising approach, enabling the regeneration of cathode active materials (CAMs) for reuse in new batteries, with reduced energy consumption and minimal environmental impact.

Among recycling strategies, electrochemical methods stand out for their efficiency in recovering critical materials via electrodeposition or ion insertion, generating minimal waste and reducing reagent consumption. In this work, the CAM from NMC-type lithium-ion batteries (Li₁Ni₀.₆Mn₀.₂Co₀.₂O₂, NMC622) was re-lithiated using chronopotentiometry as the electrochemical technique. The re-lithiation process was systematically optimized by evaluating the effects of lithium salt concentration, applied current density, temperature, and stirring conditions. After lithium insertion, the material underwent a heat treatment at 600 °C to restore its original crystalline structure.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the regenerated CAM recovered the characteristic layered structure of commercial NMC622, with matching peak positions. Analysis of the I₀₀₃/I₁₀₄ intensity ratio revealed an increase in Li–Ni cation mixing compared with the pristine reference, indicating that while the global layered structure was restored, some degree of internal disorder remained.

These results highlight the potential of electrochemical re-lithiation as a sustainable strategy for the recovery and regeneration of degraded lithium-ion cathodes, contributing to circular economy approaches in battery materials management.

由于锂离子电池在电子设备和电动汽车中的广泛应用，对锂离子电池的需求不断增加，这引发了人们对锂离子电池回收和报废管理的担忧。电池包含有价值和潜在危险的材料，需要有效的回收策略。在这种情况下，直接回收已经成为一种有前途的方法，使阴极活性材料（CAMs）的再生能够在新电池中重复使用，同时降低能耗和对环境的影响最小。在回收策略中，电化学方法以其通过电沉积或离子插入回收关键材料的效率而脱颖而出，产生最小的废物并减少试剂消耗。在这项工作中，CAM从nmc型锂离子电池(Li₁Ni₀。₆Mn₀。利用时间电位法作为电化学技术，对2 O 2， NMC622)进行再锂化。通过评价锂盐浓度、外加电流密度、温度和搅拌条件对再锂化工艺的影响，系统地优化了再锂化工艺。插入锂后，材料在600°C下进行热处理，恢复其原始晶体结构。x射线衍射（XRD）分析证实，再生CAM恢复了商用NMC622的特征层状结构，峰位匹配。对I₀₀₃/I₁₀₄强度比的分析显示，与原始参考值相比，Li-Ni阳离子的混合有所增加，这表明虽然整体层状结构得到了恢复，但内部仍然存在一定程度的无序。这些结果突出了电化学再锂化作为降解锂离子阴极回收和再生的可持续战略的潜力，有助于电池材料管理的循环经济方法。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of electrode geometry on stress evolution and crack formation in solid-state batteries: Prediction and experimental validation 电极几何形状对固态电池应力演化和裂纹形成的影响：预测和实验验证

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148431

Tewelde Hailay Gebregeorgis , Rodrigo Lopez Baez , Joan R. Busacker , Louis De Taeye , Mats Meeusen , Xinhua Zhu , Annick Hubin , Mesfin Haile Mamme

All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) emerge as a promising next-generation technology, yet their realization is hindered by challenges, such as electrode/solid-electrolyte (SE) interface issues. Here, a combined experimental-computational approach is utilized to analyze the interplay between the geometrical structure of the electrode/SE interface configuration and electro-chemo-mechanical processes in an ASSLIB cell. Two types of physics-based models, which differ on the level of Multiphysics description, are developed: a pure electrochemical and a fully coupled electro-chemo-mechanical framework, to quantitatively compare their ability to predict experimentally observed ASSLIB behavior. The fully coupled model shows a strong agreement with experimental data, achieving less than 0.5% capacity difference at the end of discharge, while the pure model significantly deviates from experimental data, overestimating capacity by 26.5%. This underscores the importance of accounting for mechanical phenomena and Multiphysics coupling for accurate prediction. Following this validation, the coupled model is utilized to evaluate the impact of the planar and patterned (nonplanar) interface geometries on ASSLIB performance. It is observed that the patterned interface structure at/ near the pattern edges experiences the maximum gradient of lithium concentration and mechanical stress profiles. This is due to the sharp change in geometry, indicating a higher risk of mechanical failure, which is also experimentally confirmed as a critical area for crack formation. This study further investigates how variations in pattern geometric parameters affect ASSLIB performance, aiming to quantify the impact of pattern height, width, inter-distance, and base layer height. The results provide an in-depth analysis of the relationship between interface geometry type, lithium concentration, and stress profiles, offering guidance for optimizing geometric factors to limit mechanical failure.

全固态锂离子电池（asslib）是一种很有前途的下一代技术，但其实现受到诸如电极/固体电解质（SE）界面问题等挑战的阻碍。本文采用实验-计算相结合的方法来分析ASSLIB电池中电极/SE界面配置的几何结构与电化学-机械过程之间的相互作用。开发了两种基于物理的模型，它们在多物理场描述的水平上有所不同：纯电化学和完全耦合的电化学-机械框架，以定量比较它们预测实验观察到的ASSLIB行为的能力。完全耦合模型与实验数据吻合较好，放电结束时容量差小于0.5%，而纯模型与实验数据偏差较大，高估容量26.5%。这强调了计算力学现象和多物理场耦合对准确预测的重要性。在此验证之后，耦合模型被用于评估平面和图案（非平面）界面几何形状对ASSLIB性能的影响。结果表明，在图案边缘附近的图案界面结构经历了最大的锂浓度梯度和机械应力分布。这是由于几何形状的急剧变化，表明机械故障的风险更高，这也被实验证实是裂纹形成的关键区域。本研究进一步探讨了图案几何参数的变化对ASSLIB性能的影响，旨在量化图案高度、宽度、间距和基础层高度的影响。研究结果深入分析了界面几何类型、锂离子浓度和应力分布之间的关系，为优化几何因素以限制机械失效提供了指导。

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引用次数: 0

Corrosion resistance of Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe fabricated via laser powder bed fusion: Effect of post-heat treatment 激光粉末床熔合制备Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe的耐腐蚀性能：后热处理的影响

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148337

Xue Dang , Huaixi Chen , Weiying Huang , Chun Yu , Yanli Huang , Qingmao Kong , Chenlong Chen , Xianzeng Zhang , Yujing Liu , Yanjin Lu

This first study investigates how heat treatment affects the corrosion resistance of medical Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe (Ti-185) alloy in 0.9 wt.% NaCl solution, with emphasis on microstructural changes and passive film semiconductor properties. The as-fabricated alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) exhibits a single β-phase equiaxed grain structure. Heat treatment triggers α-phase precipitation, resulting in an α+β dual-phase structure. As annealing temperature increases, α-phase content rises progressively, while grain size and residual stress show an initial decrease followed by an increase. Corrosion testing reveals that at lower annealing temperature (480 °C), isolated α-phase islands within the β-matrix dissolve readily, accelerating corrosion. At higher temperature (730 °C), α-phase forms continuous bands that isolate β-phase, establishing microgalvanic cells where the anodic dissolution rate of α-phase surpasses the cathodic reduction rate of β-phase, thus enhancing overall corrosion. The sample annealed at 690 °C demonstrates superior corrosion resistance, showing the highest open-circuit potential, lowest corrosion current density, and maximum polarization resistance. Its passive film exhibits n-type semiconductor behavior with minimal donor concentration and maximum thickness, effectively blocking chloride ion penetration. This research establishes a viable post-heat treatment approach to improve Ti-185 alloy performance, advancing its application as a high-performance dental implant material.

本文首次研究了热处理如何影响医用Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe （Ti-185）合金在0.9 wt.% NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性，重点研究了显微组织变化和被动膜半导体性能。激光粉末床熔合制备的合金具有单β相等轴晶粒结构。热处理引起α相析出，形成α+β双相组织。随着退火温度的升高，α相含量逐渐升高，晶粒尺寸和残余应力呈现先减小后增大的趋势。腐蚀试验表明，在较低的退火温度下（480℃），β-基体内孤立的α相岛易于溶解，加速了腐蚀。在较高温度下（730℃），α相形成连续的带状，将β相隔离，形成微原电池，α相的阳极溶解速率超过β相的阴极还原速率，从而增强整体腐蚀。经690℃退火后的样品具有优异的耐蚀性，表现出最高的开路电位、最低的腐蚀电流密度和最大的极化电阻。其钝化膜表现为n型半导体行为，供体浓度最小，厚度最大，能有效阻挡氯离子的渗透。本研究建立了一种可行的后热处理方法来提高Ti-185合金的性能，促进其作为高性能种植牙材料的应用。

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引用次数: 0

Development and optimization of a biochar-based/Ni-Mo catalyst as efficient cathode electrode to produce hydrogen by alkaline electrolysis 生物炭基/Ni-Mo催化剂作为碱性电解制氢高效阴极电极的研制与优化

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148401

Hillary Henao-Toro , Santiago Cartagena , Jorge A. Calderón , Edwin Chica , Ainhoa Rubio-Clemente

This study presents the development and optimization of a catalytic ink using biochar (BC) as a cathodic electrode material for green hydrogen production through the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). BC, derived from biomass conversion residues, was utilized as a porous support for transition metal catalysts, specifically nickel and molybdenum. The resulting Ni-BCNiMo composite demonstrated enhancement of the electrocatalytic performance for HER, achieving an overpotential of -95 mV at a current density of −10 mA cm⁻² and a Tafel slope of −125 mV dec⁻¹. The chronopotentiometry confirms stability over a period of 24 h at a current density of −400 mA cm⁻², which indicates efficient HER kinetics. A central composite design was applied to optimize the ink formulation and the experimental conditions, yielding a high correlation with experimental data (adjusted R² = 89 %). These findings suggest that BC, when properly engineered, can serve as a cost-effective, high-performance alternative to conventional carbon materials, supporting the development of scalable, and sustainable technologies for green hydrogen generation.

研究了以生物炭（BC）为阴极电极材料，通过析氢反应（HER）实现绿色制氢的催化墨水的开发与优化。从生物质转化残渣中提取的BC被用作过渡金属催化剂的多孔载体，特别是镍和钼。所得到的Ni-BCNiMo复合材料证明了HER电催化性能的增强，在电流密度为-10 mA cm -⁻²的情况下实现了-95 mV的过电位和-112 mV dec -⁻¹的塔菲尔斜率。时间电位测定证实了在-400 mA cm - 2电流密度下24小时内的稳定性，这表明了高效的HER动力学。采用中心复合设计优化油墨配方和实验条件，与实验数据有较高的相关性（调整后R² = 89%）。这些发现表明，如果设计得当，BC可以作为传统碳材料的成本效益高，高性能的替代品，支持可扩展和可持续的绿色制氢技术的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Structural, magnetic and corrosion properties of Cr-Ni-Fe coatings electrodeposited by binary potential loop 二元电位回路电沉积Cr-Ni-Fe镀层的结构、磁性和腐蚀性能

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148479

Esra Kus, Murside Haciismailoglu

Cr-Ni-Fe coatings were electrodeposited from an aqueous electrolyte consisting of chloride salts of each metal and boric acid. The boric acid effect was investigated. A binary potential loop of -0.7 V and -1.8 V was applied in sequence during the specified time interval and charge amount, respectively. Before electrodeposition, the solutions were optically and electrochemically analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The complexes of [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺, [Cr(H₂O)₅Cl]²⁺ and [Cr(H₂O)₄Cl₂]⁺ formed natively in solution. Also, the crystal field, Racah and ligand field parameters were calculated for the solutions without and with boric acid. The boric acid makes the bonds less covalent in character. According to the CV curves, the current becomes smooth with the boric acid content due to the buffering effect. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the coatings were crystallized in cubic δ-phase as a result of the dominance of Cr content. The reason for the cracks on the surface was studied by the Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, optical profilometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The magnetic properties were searched by vibrating sample magnetometry, which proved the magnetic content (Ni and Fe) of the coating, consistent with the EDX results. The corrosion behavior was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel plots. The highest corrosion resistance was found for the coatings deposited from a solution having 0.12 M boric acid.

采用由氯化物盐和硼酸组成的水电解质电沉积Cr-Ni-Fe镀层。考察了硼酸的作用。在规定的时间间隔和充电量内依次施加-0.7 V和-1.8 V的二元电位回路。在电沉积前，用紫外可见光谱和循环伏安法对溶液进行光学和电化学分析。[Cr(H2O)6]3+、[Cr(H2O)5Cl]2+和[Cr(H2O)4Cl2]+配合物在溶液中自然形成。并计算了无硼酸溶液和含硼酸溶液的晶体场、Racah和配体场参数。硼酸使化学键的共价降低。从CV曲线上可以看出，由于硼酸的缓冲作用，电流随硼酸含量的增加而变平滑。x射线衍射图表明，由于Cr含量占主导地位，涂层以立方δ相结晶。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、光学轮廓术、扫描电镜和能量色散x射线（EDX）光谱分析了表面裂纹产生的原因。通过振动样品磁强计对镀层的磁性能进行了研究，证实了镀层的磁性含量（Ni和Fe）与EDX结果一致。利用电化学阻抗谱和塔菲尔图研究了其腐蚀行为。在含有0.12 M硼酸的溶液中沉积的涂层具有最高的耐腐蚀性。

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引用次数: 0

Challenges to local potential measurement for chemical mapping with scanning microelectrochemical techniques due to the occurrence of galvanic coupling processes on magnesium alloys 镁合金上存在电偶联过程，对扫描微电化学技术进行局部电位测量提出了挑战

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148492

Ricardo M. Souto , Hugh S. Isaacs , Javier Izquierdo

The interaction between concentrations and potentials was modeled and quantified in relation to local potential measurements during corrosion processes. This modeling aimed to study the uncertainty generated by the description of potential distributions in the vicinity of active corrosion sites, assuming hemispherical symmetry of the currents and the transport of metal ions radiating from a point electrode. This work demonstrates the coupling of electrical and concentration gradients around anodic and cathodic sites in galvanic corrosion processes, a coupling that, in practice, will limit the interpretation of local electrochemical data and the quantification of corrosion mechanisms if it is not taken into account. A critical distance is defined beyond which the signal measured by a probe deviates from the linear dependence with a slope of −1, generally accepted to describe the variation of the probe signal with the tip-sample distance during scanning microelectrochemical measurements using passive microelectrodes as probes. Furthermore, the value of this critical distance depends strongly on the conductivity of the electrolytic test solution, being larger for more dilute solutions. In addition, the implications for estimating local corrosion currents using a noble metal, such as a platinum wire as a model current source for calibrating the potential signal in a validation cell, are also presented.

在腐蚀过程中，浓度和电位之间的相互作用是建模和量化的，与局部电位测量有关。该模型旨在研究活性腐蚀部位附近电位分布的描述所产生的不确定性，假设电流的半球形对称和金属离子从点电极辐射的传输。这项工作证明了电偶腐蚀过程中阳极和阴极位置周围的电和浓度梯度的耦合，这种耦合在实践中将限制对局部电化学数据的解释和腐蚀机制的量化，如果不考虑到这一点。定义了一个临界距离，超过这个距离，探针测量的信号偏离线性依赖，斜率为- 1，通常用来描述在使用无源微电极作为探针的扫描微电化学测量过程中探针信号随尖端样品距离的变化。此外，该临界距离的值在很大程度上取决于电解测试溶液的电导率，对于更稀的溶液，该值更大。此外，还介绍了使用贵金属（如铂线）作为模型电流源用于校准验证单元中的电位信号的局部腐蚀电流估计的含义。

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引用次数: 0

If it fits, it sits: Geometric ordering of cations at electrochemical interfaces 如果符合，它就会出现：电化学界面上阳离子的几何顺序

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148462

J.H. Moss, K. Doblhoff-Dier

The atomic-scale structure of solid–liquid interfaces is a cornerstone of many scientific fields, including electrochemistry, environmental science, and biology. Despite its importance, current models often struggle to accurately describe how ions and solvent molecules arrange near charged surfaces. Using 1M alkali chloride solutions at charged Pt(111) interfaces as model system, we investigate the behavior of cations at the surface. Since alkali cations can critically influence electrochemical reactions, understanding their arrangement at the Pt interface, including their arrangement relative to the water and their crowding behavior, is thus essential. Using classical molecular dynamics simulations, we examine the spatial distribution, solvation structure, and the phenomena governing interfacial ordering for lithium, sodium, and cesium ions near the electrode. To account for electrode charges, we use a polarizable electrode model featuring fluctuating atomic charges and fixed total surface charge. Our results reveal that even without any applied surface charge, ions preferentially occupy specific positions. These positions are defined by the geometric compatibility between the ions’ hydration shells and the layered water structure at the Pt(111) interface. The layered water essentially functions as a structural template for ions, leading to interfacial ion layering and ordering. Applied charge strengthens this ordering, promoting the formation of cation–cation pairs and cation clusters in which cations share their solvation shell. Our results shed more light on the crowding of ions at the interface and furthermore suggest a geometric “fit” mechanism governing ion layering that expands beyond purely electrostatic explanations, while, at the same time, providing an intuitive explanation of the cation’s behavior.

固液界面的原子尺度结构是许多科学领域的基石，包括电化学、环境科学和生物学。尽管它很重要，但目前的模型往往难以准确地描述离子和溶剂分子如何在带电表面附近排列。以带电Pt（111）界面的1M氯碱溶液为模型体系，研究了表面阳离子的行为。由于碱阳离子可以严重影响电化学反应，因此了解它们在Pt界面上的排列，包括它们相对于水的排列和它们的拥挤行为，是必不可少的。利用经典分子动力学模拟，我们研究了电极附近锂、钠和铯离子的空间分布、溶剂化结构和控制界面有序的现象。为了解释电极电荷，我们使用具有波动原子电荷和固定总表面电荷的极化电极模型。我们的结果表明，即使没有施加任何表面电荷，离子也会优先占据特定的位置。这些位置由离子水化壳和Pt（111）界面层状水结构之间的几何相容性决定。层状水本质上是离子的结构模板，导致界面离子分层和有序。外加电荷加强了这种排序，促进阳离子-阳离子对和阳离子簇的形成，其中阳离子共享其溶剂化壳。我们的研究结果进一步揭示了界面上离子的拥挤现象，并进一步提出了一种控制离子分层的几何“契合”机制，该机制超越了纯粹的静电解释，同时，为阳离子的行为提供了直观的解释。

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引用次数: 0

Microbial electrosynthesis for CO2 conversion: Process limiting steps investigated by micro-scale modeling 微生物电合成CO2转化：微尺度模型研究的过程限制步骤

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148494

V. Murugesan, Remco Hartkamp, Johan T. Padding

The advancement of microbial electrosynthesis systems (MES) towards industrialization is currently hindered by a limited understanding of the fundamental constraints affecting selective production of high-value chemicals. To address this challenge, we develop a comprehensive computational model that integrates microbial, electrochemical, and acid–base reactions with pore-scale transport processes within a three-dimensionally resolved biofilm. This study investigates the H₂-mediated CO

_{2}

fixation pathway to acetate, butyrate, and caproate. The effect of applied cathode potential and biofilm thickness on macroscopic parameters, such as efficiency and selectivity, is analyzed based on local concentrations and electrochemical and biochemical fluxes. Among the limiting factors, the availability of CO

_{2}

emerges as the main limitation for biochemical reactions due to its low solubility and high half-saturation constant. Additionally, hydrogen – serving as the electron mediator – limits the reaction rate at low current densities and reduces electron transfer efficiency at higher current densities. A key insight from our study is the identification of an optimal electrode potential for each biofilm thickness, balancing both H₂ transfer and CO

_{2}

consumption efficiencies. Furthermore, carbon selectivity shifts with increasing biofilm thickness: net acetate production declines while caproate production increases. This trend is attributed to the prolonged residence time of metabolic intermediates within thicker biofilms, promoting chain elongation pathways. Thus, our work takes an important step towards a fundamental understanding of caproate selectivity across different biofilms, which can be used to optimize the electrode structure and operating conditions to control the local biofilm thickness.

微生物电合成系统（MES）的工业化进程目前受到对影响高价值化学品选择性生产的基本限制的有限理解的阻碍。为了解决这一挑战，我们开发了一个综合的计算模型，该模型将微生物，电化学和酸碱反应与孔隙尺度传输过程集成在三维分辨的生物膜中。本研究探讨了h2介导的CO22对乙酸、丁酸和己酸的固定途径。基于局部浓度和电化学生化通量，分析了外加阴极电位和生物膜厚度对效率和选择性等宏观参数的影响。在这些限制因素中，CO22的溶解度低，半饱和常数高，是限制生化反应的主要因素。此外，作为电子介质的氢限制了低电流密度下的反应速率，降低了高电流密度下的电子转移效率。我们研究的一个关键见解是确定每个生物膜厚度的最佳电极电位，平衡H2转移和CO22消耗效率。此外，碳选择性随着生物膜厚度的增加而变化：净乙酸产量下降，而己酸产量增加。这一趋势是由于代谢中间体在较厚的生物膜内停留时间延长，促进了链延伸途径。因此，我们的工作朝着了解己酸盐在不同生物膜上的选择性迈出了重要的一步，这可以用于优化电极结构和操作条件，以控制局部生物膜的厚度。

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引用次数: 0

Impacts of electrolyte mixing method on aluminum anodization 电解液混合方式对铝阳极氧化的影响

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148477

Dean Yost, Gary M. Koenig Jr.

Aluminum anodization is a widespread industrial process used in a variety of applications including energy storage devices, microstructure templating, and corrosion inhibition. Prior work has extensively investigated electrochemical process parameters that influence oxide growth and structure. On an industrial scale, anodization is performed using both batch and continuous processes. For batch anodization, direct scale-up from laboratory benchtop experiments to large scale manufacturing is more straightforward. However, a translating electrode-electrolyte interface relevant to continuous processing is less explored at laboratory scale or reported in the literature. In this work, the influence of modifying mixing conditions to include rotating the anodization sample itself was investigated and compared to more conventional processing with external agitation or lack of initiating mixing. For conditions where the mixing power was matched, active agitation using the aluminum coupon provided faster and more homogeneous growth of the oxide layer, resulting in improved current utilization.

铝阳极氧化是一种广泛的工业过程，用于各种应用，包括储能装置，微结构模板和腐蚀抑制。先前的工作广泛地研究了影响氧化物生长和结构的电化学过程参数。在工业规模上，阳极氧化是使用间歇和连续过程进行的。对于批量阳极氧化，从实验室台式实验到大规模生产的直接放大更为直接。然而，与连续处理相关的转换电极-电解质界面在实验室规模或文献中较少被探索。在这项工作中，研究了改变混合条件以包括旋转阳极氧化样品本身的影响，并与更传统的外部搅拌或缺乏初始混合的处理进行了比较。在混合功率匹配的条件下，使用铝片的主动搅拌使氧化层生长更快、更均匀，从而提高了电流利用率。

引用次数: 0

Effects of Ni-La Micro-alloying on Sn-Ag-Cu solders: Microstructure, dynamic mechanical properties and corrosion behavior Ni-La微合金化对Sn-Ag-Cu钎料的影响：组织、动态力学性能和腐蚀行为

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148507

Wenjing Chen , Rugao Huang , Sifan Tan , Tao Xu , Xiaowu Hu

As a vitamin for industry, the rare earth element La plays a key role in enhancing alloy performance. This study prepared SAC0307-0.5Ni-xLa (x=0.1, 0.2 wt.%) composite lead-free solder alloys and investigated the effects of Ni and La on the microstructure and properties. Microscopic characterization indicated that the introduction of Ni promotes the refinement of the Cu6Sn5 phase and the formation of (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 ternary compounds. Meanwhile, the addition of La led to the formation of dispersed LaSn3 phases and suppressed the coarsening of Ag3Sn phases. Notably, Composite microalloying of Ni and La reduced the average grain size of the alloy from 10.83 μm to 8.01 μm while simultaneously decreasing the proportion of large-angle grain boundaries. Besides, the dynamic compression test revealed that the combination of Ni-La notably enhanced the impact resistance of SAC0307 solder. Furthermore, the composite microalloying significantly improved the resistance to intergranular corrosion propagation. The electrochemical measurements showed that the corrosion current density (Icorr) of the Ni-La2 alloy was as low as 0.024 μA·cm-2, which is 97% lower than that of the SAC0307 alloy. Meanwhile, its passivation current density (Ip) was 0.00198 A·cm-2, representing a 32.4% reduction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy analyses indicated that the Ni-La composite microalloying increased the SnO2 content in the passivation film, enhanced its stability, and significantly inhibit the penetration of Cl-. The 3D morphological characterization further revealed that, compared with base alloy, the Ni-La2 alloy exhibited a 52.5% reduction in surface roughness (Sa = 13.47 nm) and a 67.7% reduction in maximum corrosion pit depth (5.02 μm). These results demonstrate the excellent corrosion resistance of Ni-La microalloyed alloys.

稀土元素镧作为一种工业维生素，在提高合金性能方面起着关键作用。本研究制备了SAC0307-0.5Ni-xLa （x=0.1, 0.2 wt.%）复合无铅钎料合金，并研究了Ni和La对其组织和性能的影响。微观表征表明，Ni的引入促进了Cu6Sn5相的细化，形成了（Cu, Ni）6Sn5三元化合物。同时，La的加入导致分散的LaSn3相的形成，抑制了Ag3Sn相的粗化。Ni和La的复合微合金化使合金的平均晶粒尺寸从10.83 μm减小到8.01 μm，同时减少了大角度晶界的比例。动态压缩试验表明，Ni-La复合钎料显著提高了SAC0307钎料的抗冲击性。此外，复合微合金化显著提高了合金的抗晶间腐蚀扩展能力。电化学测量结果表明，Ni-La2合金的腐蚀电流密度（Icorr）低至0.024 μA·cm-2，比SAC0307合金低97%。钝化电流密度（Ip）为0.00198 A·cm-2，降低32.4%。x射线光电子能谱和拉曼光谱分析表明，Ni-La复合微合金化提高了钝化膜中SnO2的含量，增强了钝化膜的稳定性，并显著抑制了Cl-的渗透。三维形貌表征进一步表明，与基体合金相比，Ni-La2合金的表面粗糙度（Sa = 13.47 nm）降低了52.5%，最大腐蚀坑深度（5.02 μm）降低了67.7%。结果表明，Ni-La微合金具有良好的耐腐蚀性能。

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