Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148027
Ehsan Khajavian, Yasaman Khoshraftaryazdi, Mohammad Hassan Farshidi, Ehsan Mohammadi Zahrani, Ali Davoodi
This study investigates the potential of high-speed friction stir processing (HS-FSP) to enhance the corrosion resistance and electrochemical stability of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) for biomedical applications. Unlike Ti-6Al-4V alloys, which release toxic aluminum and vanadium ions, CP-Ti offers superior biocompatibility but suffers from lower mechanical and corrosion performance. To overcome these limitations, CP-Ti surfaces were modified using HS-FSP with varying pass numbers, and their microstructural, mechanical, and electrochemical properties were evaluated in Hank’s solution at 37 °C. HS-FSP induced severe grain refinement, reducing grain size from 52 µm² to 0.32 µm² after three passes, while microhardness increased from 241 Hv to 537 Hv. Electrochemical tests revealed a significant improvement in corrosion resistance; corrosion current density decreased from 0.25 µA·cm⁻² to 0.02 µA·cm⁻², and impedance rose from 317.81 kΩ·cm² to 811.27 kΩ·cm². Mott–Schottky analysis confirmed a reduction in donor density and an increase in passive film thickness, indicating fewer defects and enhanced barrier properties. These findings demonstrate that HS-FSP not only strengthens CP-Ti but also forms a dense, protective oxide layer, making it a viable, safer alternative to Ti-6Al-4V for long-term implants. Beyond biomedical applications, this approach offers opportunities in aerospace, marine, and chemical industries where corrosion resistance and mechanical integrity are critical.
{"title":"Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of Commercially Pure Titanium by High-Speed Friction Stir Processing for Biomedical Applications","authors":"Ehsan Khajavian, Yasaman Khoshraftaryazdi, Mohammad Hassan Farshidi, Ehsan Mohammadi Zahrani, Ali Davoodi","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148027","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the potential of high-speed friction stir processing (HS-FSP) to enhance the corrosion resistance and electrochemical stability of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) for biomedical applications. Unlike Ti-6Al-4V alloys, which release toxic aluminum and vanadium ions, CP-Ti offers superior biocompatibility but suffers from lower mechanical and corrosion performance. To overcome these limitations, CP-Ti surfaces were modified using HS-FSP with varying pass numbers, and their microstructural, mechanical, and electrochemical properties were evaluated in Hank’s solution at 37 °C. HS-FSP induced severe grain refinement, reducing grain size from 52 µm² to 0.32 µm² after three passes, while microhardness increased from 241 Hv to 537 Hv. Electrochemical tests revealed a significant improvement in corrosion resistance; corrosion current density decreased from 0.25 µA·cm⁻² to 0.02 µA·cm⁻², and impedance rose from 317.81 kΩ·cm² to 811.27 kΩ·cm². Mott–Schottky analysis confirmed a reduction in donor density and an increase in passive film thickness, indicating fewer defects and enhanced barrier properties. These findings demonstrate that HS-FSP not only strengthens CP-Ti but also forms a dense, protective oxide layer, making it a viable, safer alternative to Ti-6Al-4V for long-term implants. Beyond biomedical applications, this approach offers opportunities in aerospace, marine, and chemical industries where corrosion resistance and mechanical integrity are critical.","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"153 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The industrial implementation of the electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO2RR) has been a topic of interest for decades. However, commercial scale-up of CO₂ electrolysis is hindered by poor electrode stability, low efficiency at high current densities, and high operational costs. In this work, a binder-free Sn-based gas diffusion electrode (Sn-GDE), developed via a novel three-step methodology, achieves remarkable formate selectivity >70% at 500 mA cm⁻². An in-situ reactivation protocol enables stable operation for over 120 hours at 100 mA cm⁻² without flooding, while maintaining formate selectivity above 75%. Notably, through a tailored cell design, we also achieved over 35% single-pass conversion across all current densities in a flow-through configuration, representing one of the highest reported performances in the literature to date for the CO2RR to formate on Sn systems. Given the substantial energy penalty imposed by the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode, we demonstrate the replacement of the OER with the chloride oxidation reaction (COR), offering a more energy-efficient route for the process. The COR achieves over 66% hypochlorite efficiency at the anode without affecting cathodic performance, presenting a commercially viable path reinforced by the well-established chlor-alkali industry. A technoeconomic analysis of a 3000 TPD formic acid plant shows that replacing the traditional OER with COR increased the gross margin from 12% to 32% at 200 mA cm⁻². Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations reveal that this substitution increases the probability of profitability to ∼55%, compared with only 19% with the OER. These findings highlight the tremendous potential of our newly developed Sn-GDE design when integrated with COR-driven CO2 electrolysis to enable stable, scalable and economically viable CO2 utilization.
几十年来，电化学CO₂还原反应（CO2RR）的工业实施一直是人们感兴趣的话题。然而，CO 2电解的商业化规模受到电极稳定性差、高电流密度下效率低和操作成本高的阻碍。在这项工作中，一种无粘结剂的锡基气体扩散电极（Sn-GDE），通过一种新颖的三步法开发，在500毫安厘米（⁻²）下实现了70%的甲酸选择性。在100毫安厘米（⁻²）下稳定运行120小时以上，同时甲酸选择性保持在75%以上。值得注意的是，通过量身定制的电池设计，我们还在流过配置的所有电流密度下实现了超过35%的单次转换，这是迄今为止文献中CO2RR在Sn系统上形成的最高性能之一。考虑到阳极的析氧反应（OER）带来的大量能量损失，我们证明了用氯化物氧化反应（COR）取代OER，为该过程提供了更节能的途径。在不影响阴极性能的情况下，COR在阳极上实现了超过66%的次氯酸盐效率，为成熟的氯碱工业提供了一条商业上可行的途径。对一个3000 TPD甲酸厂的技术经济分析表明，用COR代替传统的OER使毛利率从12%增加到32% （200 mA cm⁻²）。此外，蒙特卡罗模拟显示，这种替代将盈利能力的概率提高到约55%，而OER仅为19%。这些发现凸显了我们新开发的Sn-GDE设计与co驱动的二氧化碳电解相结合的巨大潜力，可以实现稳定、可扩展和经济上可行的二氧化碳利用。
{"title":"A Regenerable Tin Gas Diffusion Electrode as a Durable and Cost-Effective Cathode for Large-Scale CO2 Reduction with Enhanced Viability via Brine Co-Electrolysis","authors":"Anoop Naikkath, Kothandaraman Ramanujam, Ramanathan Srinivasan","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148018","url":null,"abstract":"The industrial implementation of the electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO<sub>2</sub>RR) has been a topic of interest for decades. However, commercial scale-up of CO₂ electrolysis is hindered by poor electrode stability, low efficiency at high current densities, and high operational costs. In this work, a binder-free Sn-based gas diffusion electrode (Sn-GDE), developed via a novel three-step methodology, achieves remarkable formate selectivity >70% at 500 mA cm⁻². An in-situ reactivation protocol enables stable operation for over 120 hours at 100 mA cm⁻² without flooding, while maintaining formate selectivity above 75%. Notably, through a tailored cell design, we also achieved over 35% single-pass conversion across all current densities in a flow-through configuration, representing one of the highest reported performances in the literature to date for the CO<sub>2</sub>RR to formate on Sn systems. Given the substantial energy penalty imposed by the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode, we demonstrate the replacement of the OER with the chloride oxidation reaction (COR), offering a more energy-efficient route for the process. The COR achieves over 66% hypochlorite efficiency at the anode without affecting cathodic performance, presenting a commercially viable path reinforced by the well-established chlor-alkali industry. A technoeconomic analysis of a 3000 TPD formic acid plant shows that replacing the traditional OER with COR increased the gross margin from 12% to 32% at 200 mA cm⁻². Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations reveal that this substitution increases the probability of profitability to ∼55%, compared with only 19% with the OER. These findings highlight the tremendous potential of our newly developed Sn-GDE design when integrated with COR-driven CO<sub>2</sub> electrolysis to enable stable, scalable and economically viable CO<sub>2</sub> utilization.","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The easily recombination of electron-hole pairs and the non-covalent bonds existing in traditional heterojunctions have affected the improvement of photocathodic protection (PCP) performance of BiVO4 photoanodes. In this study, a compact interfacial contact between WO3 and BiVO4 was obtained through introducing the calcination process to construct a ternary heterojunction of WO3/BiVO4/Ti3C2 quantum dots (QDs) and the photoanode protective coating. Effects of the calcination process and the heterojunction on the PCP performance and its multi-functional applications of BiVO4-based photocathodes were investigated. Results indicate the calcined WO3/BiVO4 heterojunction shows significantly improved PCP performance compared to the uncalcined heterojunction, with the photocurrent density rising from 42 μA/cm² to 84 μA/cm² and open circuit potential (OCP) dropping to −0.67 V vs Ag/AgCl, which can be ascribed to the enhanced contact and electron transfer between BiVO4 and WO3. Further, due to the high conductivity of Ti3C2 QDs and the electron storage capability of WO3, the ternary heterojunction of calcined WO3/BiVO4/Ti3C2 QDs has obtained the best PCP performance and the dark-state protection ability, with the OCP value of −0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl under light and −0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl in the dark. Also, compared to pure BiVO4, the calcined WO3/BiVO4/Ti3C2 QDs coating has achieved about twice higher of the deicing efficiency due to the photothermal performance of Ti3C2 QDs, indicating the promise of its application in cold environments. This study offers an effective strategy to achieve the BiVO4-based PCP photoanode with improved performance and multi-functional applications through constructing calcined WO3/BiVO4/Ti3C2 QDs heterojunction.
传统异质结中存在的电子空穴对易重组和非共价键影响了BiVO4光阳极光电阴极保护性能的提高。本研究通过引入煅烧工艺，构建WO3/BiVO4/Ti3C2量子点（QDs）与光阳极保护涂层的三元异质结，获得了WO3与BiVO4之间紧密的界面接触。研究了煅烧工艺和异质结对bivo4基光电阴极PCP性能及其多功能应用的影响。结果表明，与未煅烧的异质结相比，焙烧后的WO3/BiVO4异质结的PCP性能显著提高，光电流密度从42 μA/cm²提高到84 μA/cm²，开路电位（OCP）降至−0.67 V vs Ag/AgCl，这是由于BiVO4与WO3之间的接触和电子转移增强所致。此外，由于Ti3C2量子点的高导电性和WO3的电子存储能力，煅烧的WO3/BiVO4/Ti3C2量子点的三元异质结获得了最佳的PCP性能和暗态保护能力，光下OCP值为−0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl，暗下OCP值为−0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl。此外，由于Ti3C2量子点的光热性能，与纯BiVO4相比，煅烧WO3/BiVO4/Ti3C2量子点涂层的除冰效率提高了约两倍，表明其在寒冷环境中的应用前景广阔。本研究通过构建焙烧WO3/BiVO4/Ti3C2量子点异质结，提供了一种提高性能和多功能应用的BiVO4基PCP光阳极的有效策略。
{"title":"Enhanced photocathodic protection performance of calcinated WO3/BiVO4/Ti3C2 quantum dots heterojunction coating and its multifunctional applications","authors":"Chenxiao Zhang, Yunhui Liu, Ting Zhang, Jishuang Wang, Xiaotong Yang, Xiaoyang Wang, Dongmei Zeng, Minmin Zou, You Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148012","url":null,"abstract":"The easily recombination of electron-hole pairs and the non-covalent bonds existing in traditional heterojunctions have affected the improvement of photocathodic protection (PCP) performance of BiVO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf> photoanodes. In this study, a compact interfacial contact between WO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> and BiVO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf> was obtained through introducing the calcination process to construct a ternary heterojunction of WO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>/BiVO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>/Ti<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> quantum dots (QDs) and the photoanode protective coating. Effects of the calcination process and the heterojunction on the PCP performance and its multi-functional applications of BiVO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>-based photocathodes were investigated. Results indicate the calcined WO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>/BiVO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf> heterojunction shows significantly improved PCP performance compared to the uncalcined heterojunction, with the photocurrent density rising from 42 μA/cm² to 84 μA/cm² and open circuit potential (OCP) dropping to −0.67 V vs Ag/AgCl, which can be ascribed to the enhanced contact and electron transfer between BiVO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf> and WO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>. Further, due to the high conductivity of Ti<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> QDs and the electron storage capability of WO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>, the ternary heterojunction of calcined WO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>/BiVO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>/Ti<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> QDs has obtained the best PCP performance and the dark-state protection ability, with the OCP value of −0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl under light and −0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl in the dark. Also, compared to pure BiVO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>, the calcined WO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>/BiVO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>/Ti<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> QDs coating has achieved about twice higher of the deicing efficiency due to the photothermal performance of Ti<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> QDs, indicating the promise of its application in cold environments. This study offers an effective strategy to achieve the BiVO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>-based PCP photoanode with improved performance and multi-functional applications through constructing calcined WO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>/BiVO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>/Ti<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> QDs heterojunction.","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-14DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148013
Haifeng Nan, Hu Xu, Runpan Nie, Yue Li, Gan-Ji Zhong, Jun Lei, Zhong-Ming Li
Amorphous tungsten trioxide electrochromic materials exhibit faster ion transport kinetics than crystalline structures. This makes them a highly promising material for smart windows, electrochromic batteries, and other cutting-edge fields. Nevertheless, the complex preparation process (high temperature and pressure), low spectral modulation ability, and poor durability severely limit their practical applications. Herein, based on the guidance of DFT calculations, amorphous Co-WO3·xH2O film was prepared by electrodeposition at room temperature and normal pressure. This synthesis employed a co-modification strategy involving single-atom Co doping and structural water, achieved by adjusting the components of precursor solution. Theoretical calculations and experimental results indicate that Co doping significantly improved the electronic conductivity of WO3 and consequently elevated its electrochemical performance. The Co-WO3·xH2O film exhibited rapid response (1.3 s of bleaching time at 633 nm), durable cycling stability (merely 0.3% capacity loss after 1000 cycles), and outstanding thermal management performance (9.1°C lower than Low-e glass). Furthermore, Energyplus simulation indicates that our device has outstanding energy-saving capabilities in China and in most climate zones around the world. This simple strategy does not require complex high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, nor does it require a sealed environment. The excellent dual-band electrochromic smart window has great potential in reducing energy consumption in the interiors of buildings.
{"title":"Single-Atom Cobalt modified Amorphous WO3·xH2O for Enhanced Electrochromic Performance","authors":"Haifeng Nan, Hu Xu, Runpan Nie, Yue Li, Gan-Ji Zhong, Jun Lei, Zhong-Ming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148013","url":null,"abstract":"Amorphous tungsten trioxide electrochromic materials exhibit faster ion transport kinetics than crystalline structures. This makes them a highly promising material for smart windows, electrochromic batteries, and other cutting-edge fields. Nevertheless, the complex preparation process (high temperature and pressure), low spectral modulation ability, and poor durability severely limit their practical applications. Herein, based on the guidance of DFT calculations, amorphous Co-WO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>·xH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O film was prepared by electrodeposition at room temperature and normal pressure. This synthesis employed a co-modification strategy involving single-atom Co doping and structural water, achieved by adjusting the components of precursor solution. Theoretical calculations and experimental results indicate that Co doping significantly improved the electronic conductivity of WO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> and consequently elevated its electrochemical performance. The Co-WO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>·xH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O film exhibited rapid response (1.3 s of bleaching time at 633 nm), durable cycling stability (merely 0.3% capacity loss after 1000 cycles), and outstanding thermal management performance (9.1°C lower than Low-e glass). Furthermore, Energyplus simulation indicates that our device has outstanding energy-saving capabilities in China and in most climate zones around the world. This simple strategy does not require complex high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, nor does it require a sealed environment. The excellent dual-band electrochromic smart window has great potential in reducing energy consumption in the interiors of buildings.","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147964
Johan Nordstrand
Selective ion extraction through electro-adsorption depends strongly on both material and operational conditions. This work investigates mechanisms of diffusion-based selectivity when ions adsorb on the surface of intercalation materials and move deeper into the material at different rates. The results showed that the ideal selectivity is equal to the square root of the ratio between the diffusion constants of different ions. The diminishing returns from the square-root dependence suggest that it can be challenging to reach high selectivity through diffusion rates alone. However, the results also demonstrated that the diffusion selectivity is multiplicative with adsorption selectivity. This means that even a moderate difference in diffusion coefficients can produce a major boost in overall selectivity when combined with existing adsorption selectivity. The work presents criteria that can be used to evaluate if diffusion selectivity is present in a system. A calculation with typical material parameters revealed that diffusion selectivity will usually not be present in nanoparticle-based electrodes unless the material is designed with diffusion selectivity in mind. Thus, the study also presents a method of system design for leveraging diffusion selectivity.
{"title":"Diffusion selectivity in capacitive deionization with intercalation materials","authors":"Johan Nordstrand","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147964","url":null,"abstract":"Selective ion extraction through electro-adsorption depends strongly on both material and operational conditions. This work investigates mechanisms of diffusion-based selectivity when ions adsorb on the surface of intercalation materials and move deeper into the material at different rates. The results showed that the ideal selectivity is equal to the square root of the ratio between the diffusion constants of different ions. The diminishing returns from the square-root dependence suggest that it can be challenging to reach high selectivity through diffusion rates alone. However, the results also demonstrated that the diffusion selectivity is multiplicative with adsorption selectivity. This means that even a moderate difference in diffusion coefficients can produce a major boost in overall selectivity when combined with existing adsorption selectivity. The work presents criteria that can be used to evaluate if diffusion selectivity is present in a system. A calculation with typical material parameters revealed that diffusion selectivity will usually not be present in nanoparticle-based electrodes unless the material is designed with diffusion selectivity in mind. Thus, the study also presents a method of system design for leveraging diffusion selectivity.","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148009
Yan Zhang, Xiaoqiang Wang, Guoqing Wei, Ruiyang Li, Liangliang Jia, Tingting Li, Mingya Li
{"title":"Synergistic enhancement of electrochromism and cyclic stability in Zn-doped NiO films via ethyl cellulose and In/Sn metal powder additives for large-area fabrication","authors":"Yan Zhang, Xiaoqiang Wang, Guoqing Wei, Ruiyang Li, Liangliang Jia, Tingting Li, Mingya Li","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the efficiency-limiting step during proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis because of its sluggish kinetics. Iridium dioxide (IrO2) is widely regarded as the most promising catalyst for acidic OER, as it offers a balance of activity and stability. However, as benchmark catalyst, the different commercially available IrO2 samples exhibit significantly varied performance profiles. In this study, we conducted a systematic comparison of Five commercial IrO2 catalysts (TKK, Umicore, Macklin, Adamas-beta, and Perfermiker). Through a combination of structural characterisation and electrochemical evaluation under identical conditions, significant differences were observed among the catalysts in crystallinity, particle morphology, and OER performance. The TKK IrO2 exhibits exceptionally high OER activity and stability, which can be attributed to its ultrafine grain size of approximately 1 nm and its well-defined crystallinity. Among the other four catalysts, the Macklin IrO2 shows comparatively superior activity and durability, consistent with its high crystallinity. In contrast, the Adamas-beta IrO2, which possesses poor crystallinity, displays low activity and limited durability. This work highlights crystallinity as a key predictor of IrO2 catalysts and provides practical guidelines for researchers to benchmarking of commercial IrO2 catalysts for PEM water electrolysis.
{"title":"Examining Commercial IrO2 Catalysts for Acidic Oxygen Evolution: A Side-by-Side Comparison of Performance Metrics","authors":"Baoshuai Du, Wenjing Li, Wenbin Ci, Zhenning Huang, Boyi Zhang, Zhibin Fan, Yong Wang, Xiao Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148010","url":null,"abstract":"The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the efficiency-limiting step during proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis because of its sluggish kinetics. Iridium dioxide (IrO<sub>2</sub>) is widely regarded as the most promising catalyst for acidic OER, as it offers a balance of activity and stability. However, as benchmark catalyst, the different commercially available IrO<sub>2</sub> samples exhibit significantly varied performance profiles. In this study, we conducted a systematic comparison of Five commercial IrO<sub>2</sub> catalysts (TKK, Umicore, Macklin, Adamas-beta, and Perfermiker). Through a combination of structural characterisation and electrochemical evaluation under identical conditions, significant differences were observed among the catalysts in crystallinity, particle morphology, and OER performance. The TKK IrO<sub>2</sub> exhibits exceptionally high OER activity and stability, which can be attributed to its ultrafine grain size of approximately 1 nm and its well-defined crystallinity. Among the other four catalysts, the Macklin IrO<sub>2</sub> shows comparatively superior activity and durability, consistent with its high crystallinity. In contrast, the Adamas-beta IrO<sub>2</sub>, which possesses poor crystallinity, displays low activity and limited durability. This work highlights crystallinity as a key predictor of IrO<sub>2</sub> catalysts and provides practical guidelines for researchers to benchmarking of commercial IrO<sub>2</sub> catalysts for PEM water electrolysis.","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148001
Faizanbasha A., U. Rizwan, Syed Tahir Hussainy, Naif Almakayeel, Fazilath Basha Asif
Accurately estimating the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of lithium-ion batteries is critical for ensuring reliability and safety in electric vehicles, portable electronics, and energy storage systems. A widely employed approach to enhance battery reliability involves an initial burn-in, where controlled stress reveals latent defects and early degradation. However, traditional burn-in methods utilize fixed stress profiles, lack real-time adaptation, and rarely integrate burn-in degradation data with RUL predictions, resulting in suboptimal reliability and increased operational expenses. To address these limitations, we introduce an integrated deep-ensemble framework and a dynamic, risk-aware burn-in strategy. First, we develop a novel ensemble combining temporal convolutional networks, Transformers, and bidirectional long short-term memory with attention, fused through a smooth semi-martingale layer to model deterministic trends and stochastic variability. Second, we design a Bayesian decision module augmented by soft actor-critic based reinforcement learning to dynamically adapt burn-in voltage, temperature, and duration. Third, we propose a unified RUL pipeline jointly trained on pre-burn-in diagnostics, in-situ burn-in data, and operational internet of things sensor streams. Experimental validation on two publicly available battery datasets demonstrates up to 20% reduction in root mean square error and 14.6% lower total burn-in costs, advancing reliability management for lithium-ion systems.
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