The Hungarian capital was not hit by an air attack until September 1942. At the time of the First Vienna Award, the attack on Yugoslavia and the entry into the war against the Soviet Union, there were air raid alarms in Budapest, but no bombing took place. In August-September 1942, the Soviet strategic air force launched attacks against Berlin and the capitals of the satellite states of the Third Reich. Budapest was bombed on the night of September 4 and 9. A total of 122 machines participated in the 2 campaigns. The Soviet planes flew 1,400–1,500 km from their base to the Hungarian capital, both times in bad weather conditions, so only half of the planes reached the destination. The bombs dropped from a great height without precise targeting caused only minor material damage, the personal loss was 18 dead and 84 wounded. The first attack hit Budapest unexpectedly. Until now, the Hungarian capital lived in the deceptive illusion that nothing bad could happen to him. At the time of the second attack, the military air defence and civil air raid precaution were already better prepared. In the following weeks, additional defensive measures were taken, but no further bombing occurred until 1944.
{"title":"Budapest légiháborús tűzkeresztsége","authors":"Lajos Olasz","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.4.6","url":null,"abstract":"The Hungarian capital was not hit by an air attack until September 1942. At the time of the First Vienna Award, the attack on Yugoslavia and the entry into the war against the Soviet Union, there were air raid alarms in Budapest, but no bombing took place. In August-September 1942, the Soviet strategic air force launched attacks against Berlin and the capitals of the satellite states of the Third Reich. Budapest was bombed on the night of September 4 and 9. A total of 122 machines participated in the 2 campaigns. The Soviet planes flew 1,400–1,500 km from their base to the Hungarian capital, both times in bad weather conditions, so only half of the planes reached the destination. The bombs dropped from a great height without precise targeting caused only minor material damage, the personal loss was 18 dead and 84 wounded. The first attack hit Budapest unexpectedly. Until now, the Hungarian capital lived in the deceptive illusion that nothing bad could happen to him. At the time of the second attack, the military air defence and civil air raid precaution were already better prepared. In the following weeks, additional defensive measures were taken, but no further bombing occurred until 1944.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lemorzsolódási kockázat és erőforrások a felsőoktatásban","authors":"Tímea Mezei","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the reign of Aššur-dan III (935–912 BC) the Assyrian Empire was the most aggressive military state in the Near East. During these wars enormous tribute and sack was flowing into the centrum of the Empire. One factor in ensuring the stability of this asymmetric system was the well-established administration. Therefore, it would be justly expected, that the tributes and sacks were precisely listed and archived (as we see on relief representations), but unfortunately this is not the case. As far as we know, there are no such documentations available. On the other hand, the long tribute and sack lists of the Assyrian royal inscriptions (which are well known) do not fulfil the function of administration. They are embedded in ideological structured texts: thus, following deterministic rules and fulfilling ideological functions. Therefore, these lists inform us more about the worldview of the Assyrians, than about the quantities and qualities of the tributes and sacks. The quality is determined through the structure of the list, the quantity through the prestige of the conquered state
{"title":"Adó- és zsákmánylisták az Újasszír Birodalom első felének\u0000 királyfelirataiban","authors":"Tamás Kristóf Árvai","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Since the reign of Aššur-dan III (935–912 BC) the Assyrian Empire was the most aggressive military state in the Near East. During these wars enormous tribute and sack was flowing into the centrum of the Empire. One factor in ensuring the stability of this asymmetric system was the well-established administration. Therefore, it would be justly expected, that the tributes and sacks were precisely listed and archived (as we see on relief representations), but unfortunately this is not the case. As far as we know, there are no such documentations available. On the other hand, the long tribute and sack lists of the Assyrian royal inscriptions (which are well known) do not fulfil the function of administration. They are embedded in ideological structured texts: thus, following deterministic rules and fulfilling ideological functions. Therefore, these lists inform us more about the worldview of the Assyrians, than about the quantities and qualities of the tributes and sacks. The quality is determined through the structure of the list, the quantity through the prestige of the conquered state","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As an introduction to a special, thematic issue, the author reviews four possible analytic approach to information history centered view of lists. The microhistory explanation (1), a tipology-driven, time-sensitive contextualization (through melting the given type of list with similar ones, extending the scope to other information managing objects, actors and institutions of a given age (2), the macrohistory framing, when we try to insert the list into different sets of trendlines and trajectories (3), and a group of content-oriented, functional, structural points of views, reviving the epistemological nature of list-making, regarding to different societies, cultures and situations (4). After speculating on the validity and possible significance of a substantive and dedicated ‘science of lists’, the author summarizes the aspects, which can be devoted to specially information history-related dissections.
{"title":"A mámoron és az igézeten túl","authors":"László Z. Karvalics","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"As an introduction to a special, thematic issue, the author reviews four possible analytic approach to information history centered view of lists. The microhistory explanation (1), a tipology-driven, time-sensitive contextualization (through melting the given type of list with similar ones, extending the scope to other information managing objects, actors and institutions of a given age (2), the macrohistory framing, when we try to insert the list into different sets of trendlines and trajectories (3), and a group of content-oriented, functional, structural points of views, reviving the epistemological nature of list-making, regarding to different societies, cultures and situations (4). After speculating on the validity and possible significance of a substantive and dedicated ‘science of lists’, the author summarizes the aspects, which can be devoted to specially information history-related dissections.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 19 March 1944, the Wehrmacht invaded Hungary. The country’s fall under foreign military rule carried the threat that Nazi Germany would take control of the oil fields of Southern Zala. Since maintaining control over the Hungarian oil industry was also a key issue for Hungary, the opinion of German oil expert Alfred Bentz at the request of German military circles, who suspected significant oil reserves, could not be ignored. As always in such situations, the situation was not clear-cut, and the personal relationship between the two geologists made a difference in this situation, which enabled Hungarian interests to be asserted to some extent.
{"title":"Egy 1944-es jelentés a magyar olajiparról","authors":"Valentin Cseh","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.4.7","url":null,"abstract":"On 19 March 1944, the Wehrmacht invaded Hungary. The country’s fall under foreign military rule carried the threat that Nazi Germany would take control of the oil fields of Southern Zala. Since maintaining control over the Hungarian oil industry was also a key issue for Hungary, the opinion of German oil expert Alfred Bentz at the request of German military circles, who suspected significant oil reserves, could not be ignored. As always in such situations, the situation was not clear-cut, and the personal relationship between the two geologists made a difference in this situation, which enabled Hungarian interests to be asserted to some extent.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emlékkönyv II. Rákóczi Ferencről","authors":"Benjámin Dávid","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In my recent study I attempt to define the list and its importance in human culture. I give an example of these from antiquity to the 18th century and I try to draw a parallel with today’s computer system.
{"title":"Rendszerek és felhasználók","authors":"Erzsébet Horváthné Hanny","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"In my recent study I attempt to define the list and its importance in human culture. I give an example of these from antiquity to the 18th century and I try to draw a parallel with today’s computer system.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to focus on Professor Dimitrie Gusti’s position within the Peasantist government at the beginning of 1930s. The author tries to gather necessary arguments against the belief which emerged in the fifties under the communist regime, and still valid until present days, that Gusti was promoted in the government of the National Peasantry Party because he was a good specialist, and not because of his political affiliation to this party. Asides the significant antecedents which prove the permanent and powerful connection with the elite of the National Peasantry Party since the beginning of the 1920s, he also had an interest in studying and modernizing the rural areas. The Professor’s political behavior during his term might be described as loyalty and dedication towards fulfilling the governing programme of the party. More than that, even in 1934, when the National Peasantry Party was in opposition, Dimitrie Gusti, defended the accuracy of this party’s political programme and participated in the conception of its new programme. The clarification of the professor’s position within the Peasantry Party government is suitable especially for analyzing his ideological stance, which is a subject that still arises perfectly justifiable in current debates. This analysis is legitimate not only for clearing the Professor’s position, but also for shedding light on the activity of the National Peasantry Party.
{"title":"The Birth of the Myth of the Unaffiliated Sociologist","authors":"Z. Rostás","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to focus on Professor Dimitrie Gusti’s position within the Peasantist government at the beginning of 1930s. The author tries to gather necessary arguments against the belief which emerged in the fifties under the communist regime, and still valid until present days, that Gusti was promoted in the government of the National Peasantry Party because he was a good specialist, and not because of his political affiliation to this party. Asides the significant antecedents which prove the permanent and powerful connection with the elite of the National Peasantry Party since the beginning of the 1920s, he also had an interest in studying and modernizing the rural areas. The Professor’s political behavior during his term might be described as loyalty and dedication towards fulfilling the governing programme of the party. More than that, even in 1934, when the National Peasantry Party was in opposition, Dimitrie Gusti, defended the accuracy of this party’s political programme and participated in the conception of its new programme. The clarification of the professor’s position within the Peasantry Party government is suitable especially for analyzing his ideological stance, which is a subject that still arises perfectly justifiable in current debates. This analysis is legitimate not only for clearing the Professor’s position, but also for shedding light on the activity of the National Peasantry Party.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"History of sociology that focuses more on the background than usual","authors":"Z. Kádár","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.4.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.4.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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