In the Warsaw Pact member states mandatory military service enlistment of people created a serious financial burden, while depriving the economy of a large chunk of its labour force. To resolve this dilemma, in 1964 two engineering brigades were set up in the Hungarian People’s Army. Following a brief basic military training, these brigades supplied the labour force for national economy projects, but also created an opportunity to acquire income for the military budget. The 150th Transportation Engineering Brigade was created to support transport projects. Soldiers took part in Hungary’s all key, still operating road and railway developments. Also, thanks to acquiring specialised knowledge, they got a chance to work for transport services following their military discharge
{"title":"Közlekedés és Néphadsereg","authors":"Gergely Péterffy","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"In the Warsaw Pact member states mandatory military service enlistment of people created a serious financial burden, while depriving the economy of a large chunk of its labour force. To resolve this dilemma, in 1964 two engineering brigades were set up in the Hungarian People’s Army. Following a brief basic military training, these brigades supplied the labour force for national economy projects, but also created an opportunity to acquire income for the military budget. The 150th Transportation Engineering Brigade was created to support transport projects. Soldiers took part in Hungary’s all key, still operating road and railway developments. Also, thanks to acquiring specialised knowledge, they got a chance to work for transport services following their military discharge","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In our century, we encounter rapidly changing and uniquely functioning societies, each of which carries with it some excitement. The present study is written in this spirit, it essentially presents the territorial-social relations of a capital district. On the one hand, the study provides a brief description of the history and situation of the district, in which the range of the most important data is embedded - such as the number and change of the population, the change of the housing stock, and the age distribution. In the course of the analysis and evaluation, we were interested in what changes the district has undergone in the last decade, with the constant transformation of territorial and social relations. Although the data can only present everything we examined from one side, we nevertheless believe that the lines of successful dynamic development have become visible.
{"title":"Innovation and territoriality","authors":"I. Laki, Krisztina Schottner","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"In our century, we encounter rapidly changing and uniquely functioning societies, each of which carries with it some excitement. The present study is written in this spirit, it essentially presents the territorial-social relations of a capital district. On the one hand, the study provides a brief description of the history and situation of the district, in which the range of the most important data is embedded - such as the number and change of the population, the change of the housing stock, and the age distribution. In the course of the analysis and evaluation, we were interested in what changes the district has undergone in the last decade, with the constant transformation of territorial and social relations. Although the data can only present everything we examined from one side, we nevertheless believe that the lines of successful dynamic development have become visible.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The negative effects of the civilized lifestyle are widely discussed by many authors (for example Marx, Wells, or Max Nordau) in the nineteenth century, showing that industrial society and its mechanic requirements make a hard mental and physical impact on people who build and constantly change the modern world. In the twentieth century, many authors also dealt with the problem of adaptation to technology – a process that deeply changes people – that pushes them to a direction that leads towards an obedient, man-machine condition of life. Taylorism and its heritage, plus the culture, sport, sex, etc. industries and above all politics with its satellite media determine people how to live their lives. This makes a lifelong discomfort for those who want some autonomy but gives redemption for others who flee from constant decision-making. Burgess’s „clockwork condition” is a great depiction of the (post)modern man whose actions are mostly mere responses to a mechanic milieu created by „the state” that uses people as tools. Even democracy can turn into a spiritless, alienated sequence impregnated with boring or obviously mad plans of a governing minority if citizens forget how to be conscious, creative, and responsible when they make decisions. Beyond the topic of the novel A Clockwork Orange the problem is general: do we choose the „forced marriage of an organism to a mechanism” and follow the given patterns, let the conditioning happen, or insist on being imperfect, but capable of making decisions, even if many of them are bad.
{"title":"Civilization Critical Investigation on the „Clockwork Condition” described by Anthony Burgess","authors":"Z. Kádár","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"The negative effects of the civilized lifestyle are widely discussed by many authors (for example Marx, Wells, or Max Nordau) in the nineteenth century, showing that industrial society and its mechanic requirements make a hard mental and physical impact on people who build and constantly change the modern world. In the twentieth century, many authors also dealt with the problem of adaptation to technology – a process that deeply changes people – that pushes them to a direction that leads towards an obedient, man-machine condition of life. Taylorism and its heritage, plus the culture, sport, sex, etc. industries and above all politics with its satellite media determine people how to live their lives. This makes a lifelong discomfort for those who want some autonomy but gives redemption for others who flee from constant decision-making. Burgess’s „clockwork condition” is a great depiction of the (post)modern man whose actions are mostly mere responses to a mechanic milieu created by „the state” that uses people as tools. Even democracy can turn into a spiritless, alienated sequence impregnated with boring or obviously mad plans of a governing minority if citizens forget how to be conscious, creative, and responsible when they make decisions. Beyond the topic of the novel A Clockwork Orange the problem is general: do we choose the „forced marriage of an organism to a mechanism” and follow the given patterns, let the conditioning happen, or insist on being imperfect, but capable of making decisions, even if many of them are bad.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Images are important parts of school textbooks. They do not only have an illustrative function, but they are also able to motivate students, and even new knowledge can be gained through them since they can help to systematize knowledge. Although the number of illustrations has increased in history textbooks over the years, and even if images have shown a great variety, it does not mean that they are better in pedagogical quality. In our study, we examine pictures from current history textbooks that have been used in primary schools in the Slovak Republic. First we analyse the structure of the textbooks, then the didactical functions of the pictures/figures, with special reference to the properties of the maps in the textbooks. We also make suggestions how the pictorial material of these books could be changed to make them more resource-centric, didactically up-to-date, and more effective. In our analysis we conclude that the authors did not equip these textbook pictures with appropriate didactic apparatus. Although our textbooks are lined up with plenty of colourful and varied illustrations, due to the size of the images and the quantity and quality of the questions and tasks associated with them, these are merely illustrations and not resources. It is a bitter experience that in Slovakia the preparation of taxonomized tasks, missing from textbooks, is left to teachers.
{"title":"A képi források és az illusztrációk didaktikai szempontjairól","authors":"Enikő Engel, Barnabás Vajda","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Images are important parts of school textbooks. They do not only have an illustrative function, but they are also able to motivate students, and even new knowledge can be gained through them since they can help to systematize knowledge. Although the number of illustrations has increased in history textbooks over the years, and even if images have shown a great variety, it does not mean that they are better in pedagogical quality. In our study, we examine pictures from current history textbooks that have been used in primary schools in the Slovak Republic. First we analyse the structure of the textbooks, then the didactical functions of the pictures/figures, with special reference to the properties of the maps in the textbooks. We also make suggestions how the pictorial material of these books could be changed to make them more resource-centric, didactically up-to-date, and more effective. In our analysis we conclude that the authors did not equip these textbook pictures with appropriate didactic apparatus. Although our textbooks are lined up with plenty of colourful and varied illustrations, due to the size of the images and the quantity and quality of the questions and tasks associated with them, these are merely illustrations and not resources. It is a bitter experience that in Slovakia the preparation of taxonomized tasks, missing from textbooks, is left to teachers.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are three parts to this paper. The first part presents a discussion on ordoliberalism as a discursive structure. In doing so, it also analyzes how a certain set of ideas acquires hegemony and the specific significance of the indication “ideas matter”. The second, central part of the paper emphasizes the contradiction relating to the application of ordoliberalism within the European Union. This contradiction is sharpened with the tension between “rules” and “discretion”-based government. At the same time, ordoliberalism, which is woven into the German tradition, is presented as an expression of this contradiction. This section also sheds light on the COVID 19 pandemic from the perspective of ordoliberalism and points to the continuity of the pandemic with pre-existing crises. In the third part, starting from the relationship between ordoliberalism and capitalism, we talk about the connection of this orientation with the German export strategy, which is a sign of strong continuity of German politics. Ordoliberalism is an expression of Germany’s position in the EU and the world, and similarly, if we can talk about „ordoliberalization“ of European capitalism, we can expect its presence on a European scale.
{"title":"Ordoliberalism in The Epoch of Pandemy","authors":"Alpár Losoncz","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"There are three parts to this paper. The first part presents a discussion on ordoliberalism as a discursive structure. In doing so, it also analyzes how a certain set of ideas acquires hegemony and the specific significance of the indication “ideas matter”. The second, central part of the paper emphasizes the contradiction relating to the application of ordoliberalism within the European Union. This contradiction is sharpened with the tension between “rules” and “discretion”-based government. At the same time, ordoliberalism, which is woven into the German tradition, is presented as an expression of this contradiction. This section also sheds light on the COVID 19 pandemic from the perspective of ordoliberalism and points to the continuity of the pandemic with pre-existing crises. In the third part, starting from the relationship between ordoliberalism and capitalism, we talk about the connection of this orientation with the German export strategy, which is a sign of strong continuity of German politics. Ordoliberalism is an expression of Germany’s position in the EU and the world, and similarly, if we can talk about „ordoliberalization“ of European capitalism, we can expect its presence on a European scale.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 21st century is an era of globalization, of changes and transformations of cultures and national identity patterns representing different values and value systems. As a result of these transformations, new concepts, national symbols, and even ceremonies and ceremonial orders may be born, and the process of enculturation requires an increasingly emphatic and well-thought-out strategy from the leaders of nation-states. The national theme has become a determining force in Hungary in recent decades. The Hungarian Parliament has always played a significant role in the historical and cultural past and memory of Hungarian society. The Parliament is one of the most famous buildings for both tourists and Hungarians. In October 2011, the Parliament passed a law declaring Kossuth Square a national memorial. On the occasion of the ten-year anniversary, it is possible to examine what it has achieved in the Hungarian national enculturation as well as in the judgment of the Hungarians, in the self-representation of the country.
{"title":"The impact of the Parliament on country branding and national identity","authors":"M. Balatoni","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"The 21st century is an era of globalization, of changes and transformations of cultures and national identity patterns representing different values and value systems. As a result of these transformations, new concepts, national symbols, and even ceremonies and ceremonial orders may be born, and the process of enculturation requires an increasingly emphatic and well-thought-out strategy from the leaders of nation-states. The national theme has become a determining force in Hungary in recent decades. The Hungarian Parliament has always played a significant role in the historical and cultural past and memory of Hungarian society. The Parliament is one of the most famous buildings for both tourists and Hungarians. In October 2011, the Parliament passed a law declaring Kossuth Square a national memorial. On the occasion of the ten-year anniversary, it is possible to examine what it has achieved in the Hungarian national enculturation as well as in the judgment of the Hungarians, in the self-representation of the country.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With a population of more than 35,000, Makó was one of the most populous and important cities in Hungary. Makó was the seat of Csanád county. Its religious life was characterized by diversity. The Reformed Church was the largest. The Roman Catholic Church was strong, with a significant Greek Catholic and Lutheran community. Almost two thousand Jews also lived in the city. Several church schools operated here. After the lost World War I, Hungary, which had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy until then, declared its independence. The Aster Revolution of 1918 created completely new conditions for the operation of churches and religious communities in the country and, in Makó. Political life continued to radicalize, and church-critical and anti-church forces grew stronger. This endangered, among other things, the property of the churches, their educational institutions, and the system of religious education. The article examines how the life of the churches of Makó developed in the new circumstances, especially in view of the fact that, as early as January 30th 1919, far-left forces seized power in the city, ahead of national processes.
{"title":"Az egyházak helyzete Makón az őszirózsás forradalom idején","authors":"Imre Orbán","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"With a population of more than 35,000, Makó was one of the most populous and important cities in Hungary. Makó was the seat of Csanád county. Its religious life was characterized by diversity. The Reformed Church was the largest. The Roman Catholic Church was strong, with a significant Greek Catholic and Lutheran community. Almost two thousand Jews also lived in the city. Several church schools operated here. After the lost World War I, Hungary, which had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy until then, declared its independence. The Aster Revolution of 1918 created completely new conditions for the operation of churches and religious communities in the country and, in Makó. Political life continued to radicalize, and church-critical and anti-church forces grew stronger. This endangered, among other things, the property of the churches, their educational institutions, and the system of religious education. The article examines how the life of the churches of Makó developed in the new circumstances, especially in view of the fact that, as early as January 30th 1919, far-left forces seized power in the city, ahead of national processes.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1571, Christian Schesaeus (1535?–1585) published his most important work, the four-book historical account entitled Ruina Pannonica, in Wittenberg. This verse work covers the history of Hungary from 1540 until 1552. The Wittenberg edition also contains the three-book Historia de bello Pannonico about Suleiman I’s final campaign in Hungary, which took place in 1566. Centuries later manuscripts were found containing five books which were identified as books V-VIII and XII of the Ruina Pannonica. Josef Trausch proposed that the apparently missing books IX-XI were in fact the three books of the Historia de bello Pannonico. István Hegedűs even asserted that from the beginning Schesaeus wanted to write a great epos in twelve books on the model of Vergil’s Aeneid, centering around the life and rule of John II (1540-1571). He also viewed Schesaeus as a precursor of transylvanianism. On the basis of these assumptions, Ferenc Csonka, the editor of the Schesaeus corpus, published a twelve-book edition of the Ruina Pannonica. Péter Kulcsár argued that this editorial decision was problematic on several grounds, holding that while Schesaeus did have the intention of expanding his work, he never completed this project. In this paper, I argue that the four books of the Ruina Pannonica published in Wittenberg constitute a complete work with its own cohesive message and objectives, that the original idea has certainly not been to write a long work covering the period from 1540 until 1571 and concentrating on John II, who was still alive when the work was written, and that Schesaeus can hardly be considered a precursor of transylvanianism.
{"title":"Kalapács és üllő között","authors":"Zoltán Tomkó","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"In 1571, Christian Schesaeus (1535?–1585) published his most important work, the four-book historical account entitled Ruina Pannonica, in Wittenberg. This verse work covers the history of Hungary from 1540 until 1552. The Wittenberg edition also contains the three-book Historia de bello Pannonico about Suleiman I’s final campaign in Hungary, which took place in 1566. Centuries later manuscripts were found containing five books which were identified as books V-VIII and XII of the Ruina Pannonica. Josef Trausch proposed that the apparently missing books IX-XI were in fact the three books of the Historia de bello Pannonico. István Hegedűs even asserted that from the beginning Schesaeus wanted to write a great epos in twelve books on the model of Vergil’s Aeneid, centering around the life and rule of John II (1540-1571). He also viewed Schesaeus as a precursor of transylvanianism. On the basis of these assumptions, Ferenc Csonka, the editor of the Schesaeus corpus, published a twelve-book edition of the Ruina Pannonica. Péter Kulcsár argued that this editorial decision was problematic on several grounds, holding that while Schesaeus did have the intention of expanding his work, he never completed this project. In this paper, I argue that the four books of the Ruina Pannonica published in Wittenberg constitute a complete work with its own cohesive message and objectives, that the original idea has certainly not been to write a long work covering the period from 1540 until 1571 and concentrating on John II, who was still alive when the work was written, and that Schesaeus can hardly be considered a precursor of transylvanianism.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By the first third of the 15th century, the use of war wagons on the Eastern and Central European battlefields was raised to a new level by the hussite rebels. The vehicle was adapted by the Hungarian Kingdom, as well, and there are sources containing evidences for its use in the late 16th century. Though, the rebels’ warfare is rich in bibliography, the structure of the wagon is barely known. This article aims to give a detailed account on the structure of the vehicle, and on the difference between a “civilian” and a war wagon.
{"title":"How the war wagon looked like in the 15th century?","authors":"Dominika Tóth","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"By the first third of the 15th century, the use of war wagons on the Eastern and Central European battlefields was raised to a new level by the hussite rebels. The vehicle was adapted by the Hungarian Kingdom, as well, and there are sources containing evidences for its use in the late 16th century. Though, the rebels’ warfare is rich in bibliography, the structure of the wagon is barely known. This article aims to give a detailed account on the structure of the vehicle, and on the difference between a “civilian” and a war wagon.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MEFESZ (Association of University and College Students, AHUCS), which is considered to have been the spark of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, was founded at the University of Szeged on 16 October 1956. The acronym (MEFESZ) appeared three times in the Hungarian history of the second half of the 20th century (in 1945, 1948, and 1956), and all three of them were youth and education organisations. The few years of the existence of each ‘MEFESZ’ has many lessons to teach. The three organisations, abbreviated identically but different in long forms of their names, each had different objectives and roles. In this paper, we show that the 1956 AHUCS (the third MEFESZ) was not a successor to either of the earlier organisations: the first MEFESZ of the period of the “tentative democracy” (1945–1948) and the second MEFESZ (in the first period of the communist dictatorship, 1948–1950). The precursor of the 1956 revolution (MEFESZ3 , AHUCS) was a new grassroots initiative, grounded in democratic principles in its aims, programs, and missions. The 1956 AHUCS organisation was not an umbrella organisation of student associations like the first MEFESZ organisation. The founders of the 1956 AHUCS were deliberate in not seeking to become the sole, unified organisation of university youth (like MEFESZ).
{"title":"Whose Association Is It?","authors":"Csaba Jancsák","doi":"10.14232/belv.2021.4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.4.5","url":null,"abstract":"MEFESZ (Association of University and College Students, AHUCS), which is considered to have been the spark of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, was founded at the University of Szeged on 16 October 1956. The acronym (MEFESZ) appeared three times in the Hungarian history of the second half of the 20th century (in 1945, 1948, and 1956), and all three of them were youth and education organisations. The few years of the existence of each ‘MEFESZ’ has many lessons to teach. The three organisations, abbreviated identically but different in long forms of their names, each had different objectives and roles. In this paper, we show that the 1956 AHUCS (the third MEFESZ) was not a successor to either of the earlier organisations: the first MEFESZ of the period of the “tentative democracy” (1945–1948) and the second MEFESZ (in the first period of the communist dictatorship, 1948–1950). The precursor of the 1956 revolution (MEFESZ3 , AHUCS) was a new grassroots initiative, grounded in democratic principles in its aims, programs, and missions. The 1956 AHUCS organisation was not an umbrella organisation of student associations like the first MEFESZ organisation. The founders of the 1956 AHUCS were deliberate in not seeking to become the sole, unified organisation of university youth (like MEFESZ).","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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