The Hungarian noble privileges (e.g. tax exemption) that existed until the mid-19th century restricted the Hungarian kings’ room for manoeuvre, and from the 16th century onwards they were regarded by the rulers as a forced burden. These prerogatives were based on the Golden Bull of King Andrew II of 1222, and from the second half of the 18th century onwards there was a serious legal and historical controversy about the justification of these noble rights. In these writings, which differed in quality, the classical Hungarian conception of law was sought to be challenged and defended. The present paper describes a political attack and the responses to it that took place some 240 years ago, which tried to attack the whole of the noble rights and the Golden Bull with historical and legal-historical arguments. Franz Rudolf Grossing’s work, published in Latin and German in 1786, argues at length and in various ways for the legal invalidity of the Golden Bull, and also suggests that it is in fact a later forgery, and thus invalidates all Hungarian noble prerogatives. Several anonymous and non-anonymous works opposed Grossing’s view, and the influence of Grossing’s work was still felt among Hungarians in the second half of the 19th century.
{"title":"Egy negyedévezredes vita az Aranybulla körül","authors":"Tibor Szőcs","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"The Hungarian noble privileges (e.g. tax exemption) that existed until the mid-19th century restricted the Hungarian kings’ room for manoeuvre, and from the 16th century onwards they were regarded by the rulers as a forced burden. These prerogatives were based on the Golden Bull of King Andrew II of 1222, and from the second half of the 18th century onwards there was a serious legal and historical controversy about the justification of these noble rights. In these writings, which differed in quality, the classical Hungarian conception of law was sought to be challenged and defended. The present paper describes a political attack and the responses to it that took place some 240 years ago, which tried to attack the whole of the noble rights and the Golden Bull with historical and legal-historical arguments. Franz Rudolf Grossing’s work, published in Latin and German in 1786, argues at length and in various ways for the legal invalidity of the Golden Bull, and also suggests that it is in fact a later forgery, and thus invalidates all Hungarian noble prerogatives. Several anonymous and non-anonymous works opposed Grossing’s view, and the influence of Grossing’s work was still felt among Hungarians in the second half of the 19th century.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Owing to the propaganda campaign which accompanied the actual military campaign of the Invincible Armada against England in 1588 and which was employed very consciously by both belligerent parties, a huge amount of sources has come down to us representing a wide variety of genres from ballads to spy letters and from paintings to coins. The topic of the paper is the analysis of a single news pamphlet containing a detailed list regarding the size and the equipment of the fleet as well as the names of the most important participants. These data were gathered and recorded at the muster of the Spanish Armada held in Lisbon in May 1588, and consequently quickly published and distributed throughout Europe. The paper examines both the content and the form of the pamphlet. What was the point of publishing and distributing such a rather dull text full of numbers and data? What kind of readership might it have been interesting to and what could they learn from it? And finally, what was the significance and function of using the form of the list?
{"title":"A legyőzhetetlenség listája","authors":"Krisztina Péter","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the propaganda campaign which accompanied the actual military campaign of the Invincible Armada against England in 1588 and which was employed very consciously by both belligerent parties, a huge amount of sources has come down to us representing a wide variety of genres from ballads to spy letters and from paintings to coins. The topic of the paper is the analysis of a single news pamphlet containing a detailed list regarding the size and the equipment of the fleet as well as the names of the most important participants. These data were gathered and recorded at the muster of the Spanish Armada held in Lisbon in May 1588, and consequently quickly published and distributed throughout Europe. The paper examines both the content and the form of the pamphlet. What was the point of publishing and distributing such a rather dull text full of numbers and data? What kind of readership might it have been interesting to and what could they learn from it? And finally, what was the significance and function of using the form of the list?","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzes the main conceptual changes in the public perception of talent and talent identification with a historical approach. It shows that the concept of talent has moved away from intelligence tests in a much more complex direction today. It indicates that the social context of talent and the topics of talent management have become much more important than before. The debate between the concepts of egalitarian and elitist talent is philosophically rooted, so it cannot be resolved by empirical research. The analysis also provides a brief overview of the current state of the test industry used to identify talent, with particular reference to the paradigms behind the tests. Finally, the study argues for the need to innovate methods for talent identification.
{"title":"A tehetségfogalom változásai és a tehetségazonosítás","authors":"Dalma Lilla Dominek, János Setényi","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the main conceptual changes in the public perception of talent and talent identification with a historical approach. It shows that the concept of talent has moved away from intelligence tests in a much more complex direction today. It indicates that the social context of talent and the topics of talent management have become much more important than before. The debate between the concepts of egalitarian and elitist talent is philosophically rooted, so it cannot be resolved by empirical research. The analysis also provides a brief overview of the current state of the test industry used to identify talent, with particular reference to the paradigms behind the tests. Finally, the study argues for the need to innovate methods for talent identification.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In spite of the fact that the Society of Jesus had a quasi-monopoly position in Catholic ecclesiastical secondary education in the Kingdom of Hungary and Transylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries, until recently, registers of Jesuit grammar schools have not been utilised sufficiently. As referred to in the title, the study examines the possibilities of the electronical processing of the school register of the early modern Jesuit Grammar School in Kassa (Košice, present-day: Slovakia), introducing the first results. The project has started within the confines of the subproject of the “MTA–ELTE History of Universities Research Group” as a continuation of the project called “Catholic Schooling in Hungary in the Early Modern Period: the Students of the Győr, Nagyszombat and Pozsony Jesuit Colleges”. As results of the latter project, the school registers of the Jesuit grammar schools in Győr, Pozsony (Bratislava, present-day: Slovakia) and Nagyszombat (Trnava, present-day: Slovakia) had been already processed electronically and student databases had been created, which are currently available at the Hungaricana – Hungarian Cultural Heritage Portal. The importance of these student databases, including the Kassa one, lies primarily in the potential of complex queries. Statistical data series can be produced by using of them from an essentially pre-statistical period, which could provide a sharper insight into a well-defined broad segment of society of the early modern Kingdom of Hungary. Moreover, cohort analyses based on them could contribute to revealing school studies and educational paths, providing opportunities to make inductive reasonings. Nevertheless, especially combined with other databases, hopefully those will be also useful for researchers dealing with information history, because they aid to draw higher-order conclusions through the various logical queries.
{"title":"Miről mesélnek a kora újkori középiskolai adatsorok?","authors":"János Barta M.","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of the fact that the Society of Jesus had a quasi-monopoly position in Catholic ecclesiastical secondary education in the Kingdom of Hungary and Transylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries, until recently, registers of Jesuit grammar schools have not been utilised sufficiently. As referred to in the title, the study examines the possibilities of the electronical processing of the school register of the early modern Jesuit Grammar School in Kassa (Košice, present-day: Slovakia), introducing the first results. The project has started within the confines of the subproject of the “MTA–ELTE History of Universities Research Group” as a continuation of the project called “Catholic Schooling in Hungary in the Early Modern Period: the Students of the Győr, Nagyszombat and Pozsony Jesuit Colleges”. As results of the latter project, the school registers of the Jesuit grammar schools in Győr, Pozsony (Bratislava, present-day: Slovakia) and Nagyszombat (Trnava, present-day: Slovakia) had been already processed electronically and student databases had been created, which are currently available at the Hungaricana – Hungarian Cultural Heritage Portal. The importance of these student databases, including the Kassa one, lies primarily in the potential of complex queries. Statistical data series can be produced by using of them from an essentially pre-statistical period, which could provide a sharper insight into a well-defined broad segment of society of the early modern Kingdom of Hungary. Moreover, cohort analyses based on them could contribute to revealing school studies and educational paths, providing opportunities to make inductive reasonings. Nevertheless, especially combined with other databases, hopefully those will be also useful for researchers dealing with information history, because they aid to draw higher-order conclusions through the various logical queries.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Csanád county was under Romanian military occupation from the end of April 1919 to the end of March 1920. The only exception to this was Makó, which was under French supervision for about two months, so the town was not taken over by the Romanians until mid-June 1919. The occupation of the county was in keeping with Romanian territorial aspirations, as the memorandum containing their demands for the Paris Peace Conference called for the borders which had been set out in the secret Treaty of Bucharest in August 1916. This would have included the whole of Csanád County. However, the great powers at the peace conference rejected the Romanian demands to annex these thoroughly Hungarian territories, and on June 13, 1919, they drew a narrower demarcation line, essentially corresponding to today’s border, which has not been subsequently changed. Romanian diplomacy, of course, used every means to get the boundary promised in the Treaty of Bucharest, which was much more favorable to them. One way to do this was to take advantage of the dissatisfaction and secessionist aspirations of the nationalities living in the disputed territory. This study takes into account the manifestations of Romanian territorial propaganda in Csanád – and more tangentially in neighboring Békés county – which targeted not only the relatively small number of ethnic Romanians, but also the Slovaks, who formed a slightly larger community. Although the focus of this study is on Romanian propaganda, for the sake of completeness, reference is also made to Serbian propaganda, as the Serbs also had territorial aspirations affecting Csanád county. One of the main findings of the study is that while Romanian propaganda focused primarily on the acquisition of territories, Serbian propaganda focused on winning over the people, which ultimately took the form of strengthening the intentions for the right of option which was also enshrined in the Treaty of Trianon.
{"title":"A területgyarapítást célzó román és szerb propaganda Csanád vármegyében","authors":"Attila Marosvári","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"Csanád county was under Romanian military occupation from the end of April 1919 to the end of March 1920. The only exception to this was Makó, which was under French supervision for about two months, so the town was not taken over by the Romanians until mid-June 1919. The occupation of the county was in keeping with Romanian territorial aspirations, as the memorandum containing their demands for the Paris Peace Conference called for the borders which had been set out in the secret Treaty of Bucharest in August 1916. This would have included the whole of Csanád County. However, the great powers at the peace conference rejected the Romanian demands to annex these thoroughly Hungarian territories, and on June 13, 1919, they drew a narrower demarcation line, essentially corresponding to today’s border, which has not been subsequently changed. Romanian diplomacy, of course, used every means to get the boundary promised in the Treaty of Bucharest, which was much more favorable to them. One way to do this was to take advantage of the dissatisfaction and secessionist aspirations of the nationalities living in the disputed territory. This study takes into account the manifestations of Romanian territorial propaganda in Csanád – and more tangentially in neighboring Békés county – which targeted not only the relatively small number of ethnic Romanians, but also the Slovaks, who formed a slightly larger community. Although the focus of this study is on Romanian propaganda, for the sake of completeness, reference is also made to Serbian propaganda, as the Serbs also had territorial aspirations affecting Csanád county. One of the main findings of the study is that while Romanian propaganda focused primarily on the acquisition of territories, Serbian propaganda focused on winning over the people, which ultimately took the form of strengthening the intentions for the right of option which was also enshrined in the Treaty of Trianon.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The state stud-farms, although established primarily for military purposes, are the most prestigious units of modern Hungarian agriculture. The Mezőhegyes estate – later state farm, even later food-industry and agricultural combine – is one of the oldest of these, founded in 1784. After the decline of the military use of horse, Mezőhegyes and the other stud-farms developed into a model farm-role, with research and development (as a laboratory for technical and scientific processes), but also as a production-oriented plant farm. In this role, it had particular importance during the Kádár era, especially in the context of the reform process that began in the mid-1960s. The programme, known as the New Economic Mechanism, aimed to build market socialism, and although it was stopped at the macroeconomic level in the early 1970s, it remained in force in the agriculture. During this period, a distinctive symbiosis developed between the economic- and agricultural policy and the state farms (led by Mezőhegyes): the state model farms were the showcase for the reform policy (that was repeatedly put on the agenda), while they received unprecedented infrastructure upgrading and state support. All this allowed Mezőhegyes to achieve hyper-intensive growth in production indicators and to use impressive technical equipment, but by the end of the period serious rentability problems had emerged. This paper take a broad overview of the ’company history’ of the Mezőhegyes State Farm, based on the above aspects, and will be structured according to the terms of office of the estate’s directors during the period.
国家种马场虽然主要是为了军事目的而建立的，但却是现代匈牙利农业中最负盛名的单位。Mezőhegyes庄园——后来的国有农场，甚至后来的食品工业和农业联合企业——是其中最古老的一个，成立于1784年。在军事用途下降后，Mezőhegyes和其他种马场发展成为一个模范农场，具有研究和开发(作为技术和科学过程的实验室)的作用，但也作为一个生产型的植物农场。在Kádár时代，特别是在1960年代中期开始的改革进程的背景下，它在这方面具有特别重要的作用。该计划被称为新经济机制，旨在建立市场社会主义，尽管它在20世纪70年代初在宏观经济层面停止，但它在农业方面仍然有效。在此期间，经济和农业政策与国有农场(由Mezőhegyes领导)之间形成了一种独特的共生关系:国有模范农场是改革政策(一再提上议程)的展示橱窗，同时它们得到了前所未有的基础设施升级和国家支持。所有这些都使Mezőhegyes在生产指标方面实现了高度密集的增长，并使用了令人印象深刻的技术设备，但到本期间结束时，出现了严重的租金问题。本文基于上述方面，对Mezőhegyes State Farm的“公司历史”进行了广泛的概述，并将根据该时期房地产董事的任期进行结构化。
{"title":"A Mezőhegyesi Állami Gazdaság a gazdasági reform tükrében","authors":"Péter István Pap","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The state stud-farms, although established primarily for military purposes, are the most prestigious units of modern Hungarian agriculture. The Mezőhegyes estate – later state farm, even later food-industry and agricultural combine – is one of the oldest of these, founded in 1784. After the decline of the military use of horse, Mezőhegyes and the other stud-farms developed into a model farm-role, with research and development (as a laboratory for technical and scientific processes), but also as a production-oriented plant farm. In this role, it had particular importance during the Kádár era, especially in the context of the reform process that began in the mid-1960s. The programme, known as the New Economic Mechanism, aimed to build market socialism, and although it was stopped at the macroeconomic level in the early 1970s, it remained in force in the agriculture. During this period, a distinctive symbiosis developed between the economic- and agricultural policy and the state farms (led by Mezőhegyes): the state model farms were the showcase for the reform policy (that was repeatedly put on the agenda), while they received unprecedented infrastructure upgrading and state support. All this allowed Mezőhegyes to achieve hyper-intensive growth in production indicators and to use impressive technical equipment, but by the end of the period serious rentability problems had emerged. This paper take a broad overview of the ’company history’ of the Mezőhegyes State Farm, based on the above aspects, and will be structured according to the terms of office of the estate’s directors during the period.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On January 4, 1989, a brief skirmish took place over the Mediterranean Sea between two US Navy F-14 Tomcats and two Libyan-operated MiG-23 “Flogger” fighter aircraft. The Navy pilots shot down both MiGs. The American press reacted violently, and the Pentagon had to go defensive and forced to explain. In my study I will examine what happened that day and why the press reacted in that way. To my study I use the lead F-14’s gun camera footage and onboard audio records supplemented with the contemporary press documentation of the incident and the following political events.
{"title":"Az 1989-es líbiai MiG „incidens”","authors":"Ádám Lengyel","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"On January 4, 1989, a brief skirmish took place over the Mediterranean Sea between two US Navy F-14 Tomcats and two Libyan-operated MiG-23 “Flogger” fighter aircraft. The Navy pilots shot down both MiGs. The American press reacted violently, and the Pentagon had to go defensive and forced to explain. In my study I will examine what happened that day and why the press reacted in that way. To my study I use the lead F-14’s gun camera footage and onboard audio records supplemented with the contemporary press documentation of the incident and the following political events.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In September 1949, the religious education in public education was abolished, and optional religious education was replaced. The Hungarian Working People’s Party (MDP) called on the Party, the ministerial and central government bodies (in co-operation with the trade unions and the mass movement) to make every effort to reduce the number of students enrolling in religious education. Between 1949 and 1953, administrative measures were mostly used, while between 1953 and 1956, the emphasis was more on persuasion by parents. The plans and instructions made by the various bodies had to be implemented by the regional Party and state administration bodies (city, county, district councils) and data had to be provided. These data were forwarded to the Party’s bodies (especially the MDP Agitation and Propaganda Department) and to the State Office for Church Affairs (established in 1951), which also submitted it to the MDP’s bodies.
{"title":"A fakultatív hitoktatás a Rákosi-korszakban az adatok tükrében","authors":"Gábor Sz. Nagy","doi":"10.14232/belv.2022.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"In September 1949, the religious education in public education was abolished, and optional religious education was replaced. The Hungarian Working People’s Party (MDP) called on the Party, the ministerial and central government bodies (in co-operation with the trade unions and the mass movement) to make every effort to reduce the number of students enrolling in religious education. Between 1949 and 1953, administrative measures were mostly used, while between 1953 and 1956, the emphasis was more on persuasion by parents. The plans and instructions made by the various bodies had to be implemented by the regional Party and state administration bodies (city, county, district councils) and data had to be provided. These data were forwarded to the Party’s bodies (especially the MDP Agitation and Propaganda Department) and to the State Office for Church Affairs (established in 1951), which also submitted it to the MDP’s bodies.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66823061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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