Environmental Impact Assessment Review最新文献

{"title":"Knowledge graph embeddings for extrapolation life cycle inventory data: A novel approach to bridge data gaps in environmental impact assessment","authors":"Mohamed Saad ,&nbsp;Yingzhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jia Jia ,&nbsp;Mohamed Magdy ,&nbsp;Feng Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incompleteness and scarcity of life cycle inventory (LCI) data constitute a critical challenge for life cycle assessment (LCA), limiting database coverage for a wide range of current activities and emerging technologies. This paper proposes a novel computational framework that leverages statistical relational learning for knowledge graphs to extrapolate LCI data for machining activities when data are incomplete or don't exist within LCI databases. First, an ontology-based knowledge graph for LCI data (LCIKG) of machining activities in the Ecoinvent database is developed, which provides an explicit semantic representation of LCI data concepts and interrelations. Second, the LCIKG is embedded into a real-valued vector space using a tensor factorization-based relational learning model, which captures the latent semantic similarity of entities and relations in LCIKG. Missing data are modeled as incomplete triples, and a score vector was computed for each to predict the missing flow type or value. Finally, the model's efficacy was demonstrated through two validation pathways: accurately estimating intentionally omitted data within the Ecoinvent database and successfully extrapolating data for a new machining activity from an external database. Quantitative evaluation yields a high predictive accuracy, with a mean squared error (MSE) of 5.30 and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.36 %. This research establishes a new, knowledge-driven paradigm for bridging LCI data gaps, offering a robust and scalable solution to enhance data completeness and reliability in LCA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108261"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145518522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transitioning to smart circular construction: A conceptual framework for circular economy implementation through Construction 4.0 technologies","authors":"Oluwapelumi Abiodun ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abadi ,&nbsp;Obuks Ejohwomu ,&nbsp;Patrick Manu","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of Construction 4.0 technologies, such as digital technologies, with circular economy (CE) concepts, offers significant potential to advance smart circular construction (SCC). Yet, the literature lacks a cohesive understanding of the measurable, value-driven outcomes, termed smart circular values, that can guide SCC's systemic adoption. This study addresses this gap by developing a conceptual framework for strategically deploying Construction 4.0 technologies to enhance material circularity in the construction sector, grounded in the human-centric, resilient, and sustainable principles of Industry 5.0. A systematic literature review of 96 peer-reviewed articles was conducted to map interdependencies between Construction 4.0 technologies and CE concepts. Using a novel operationalisation technique, the direct clustering algorithm, technologies were grouped according to their support for CE concepts, revealing five distinct smart circular values: smart energy management, smart construction methods, smart resource optimisation, smart tracking and tracing, and smart waste management. These values form the foundation for defining SCC and reveal distinct, technology-enabled pathways for its realisation. Potential adverse impacts of adopting Construction 4.0 technologies were also identified to guide implementation strategies and inform assessments of the net benefits of SCC adoption. Overall, the framework outlines key adoption priorities, highlights pressing challenges, and emphasises the importance of organisation-level assessments to accelerate progress toward a more circular built environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108260"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145518046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glacier service value changes and adaptive management under cryospheric retreat in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Xianglong Gao ,&nbsp;Chengpeng Lu ,&nbsp;Qi Feng ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Jutao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) are vital ecological and economic assets, playing a crucial role in regional ecosystems and socio-economic development. As global warming accelerates cryospheric retreat, it becomes increasingly important to accurately quantify changes in glacier ecosystem services and develop adaptive management strategies. This study focuses on glaciers in the QTP, utilizing data from the First (1978–2002) and Second (2004–2011) Chinese Glacier Inventories, multi-source remote sensing imagery, and socio-economic statistical yearbooks. Employing economic valuation methods such as shadow pricing and market valuation, this study comprehensively quantifies glacier service values in terms of freshwater supply, hydropower generation, climate regulation, runoff regulation, habitat support, aesthetic and recreational value, and scientific research. Additionally, glacier vulnerability across the different basins of the QTP is analyzed through dynamic indicators. The results indicate that the total glacier ecosystem service value on the QTP amounts to approximately 1.34 trillion CNY, with regulatory services accounting for 95.04 %. Compared to the First Glacier Inventory, service values decreased by 22.07 % in the Second Inventory. Service values are higher in the south and west, with the Brahmaputra and Tarim Basins contributing 27.45 % and 26.56 %, respectively. However, rising temperatures and reduced precipitation increase glacier vulnerability, particularly in high-value regions like the Indus Basin, where vulnerability is also influenced by population growth. The findings highlight the urgency of implementing adaptive management strategies, such as glacier disaster risk warning, glacier resource utilization, social participation, and industrial development, to mitigate ecological and economic risks and achieve sustainable regional development. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of glacier service values and vulnerabilities on the QTP, offering a holistic understanding of the impacts of glacier retreat in the region and informing more effective decision-making and management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108259"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145518045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decision-making model for more sustainable municipal solid waste management","authors":"Arno P. Clasen,&nbsp;Feni Agostinho,&nbsp;Cecília M.V.B. Almeida,&nbsp;Biagio F. Giannetti","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) globally requires sustainable management strategies, especially in resource-constrained regions where landfilling remains predominant due to economic limitations. This study proposes a decision-support model focused on sustainability to guide the choice of technological routes for MSW management, comparing a conventional sanitary landfill with an integrated and innovative biorefinery (2IB), positioned at the top of the waste management hierarchy. The evaluation includes a diagnosis phase, which addressed only the treatment plants, and a simulation phase, which incorporated transportation distances and variations in MSW composition. Both phases were based on the five-sector sustainability model (5SEnSU), here applied for the first time to MSW management systems. Results focused on treatment showed that 2IB performs approximately 15 times better in terms of the sustainability synthetic indicator of the system (SSIS: 0.53) compared to sanitary landfill (SSIS: 8.12). Results from simulations revealed that 2IB remains the more sustainable option for additional transport distances up to 11,000 km/day and for any combination of organic and inorganic waste fraction. The study concludes that the adoption of 2IB should be prioritized in MSW public policies, particularly through intermunicipal consortia, which can facilitate implementation. This study contributes scientifically by assessing, for the first time using the 5SEnSU, the sustainability of an innovative biorefinery for MSW. Practically, it delivers a replicable and adaptable model to help local governments make informed, sustainability-based decisions. It further offers clear operational threshold, on transport distance and waste composition, that can be readily applied in real-world planning and policy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108258"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145518524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A combined territorial life cycle assessment and ecosystem services valuation to analyse the environmental performance of coastal planning scenarios: Insights from a case study in southern France","authors":"Katia Philippot ,&nbsp;Hélène Rey-Valette ,&nbsp;Jérôme Lavoie ,&nbsp;Cécile Bulle ,&nbsp;Jean Michel Salles ,&nbsp;Rutger de Wit ,&nbsp;Valérie Derolez ,&nbsp;Nicole Lautrédou-Audouy ,&nbsp;Carmen Cordonnier ,&nbsp;Eléonore Loiseau","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A territory, which is a geographical area qualified by a legal affiliation or by a natural or cultural feature, presents an appropriate scale for establishing responsibilities and initiating sustainable development actions. At the same time, globalization implies constant interaction of territories with the rest of the world. The management of territorial projects therefore requires a revised set of environmental assessment tools that consider local and global issues with a multi-scale perspective. The environmental benefits of land use policies can, however, remain hidden behind global approaches such as life cycle assessment (LCA), which are generally product-oriented and tend to ignore ecosystem services (ES). This paper aims to propose new decision-making tools for land use planning based on the joint use of ecosystem services assessment (ESA) and territorial Life Cycle Assessment (T-LCA). Within the T-LCA framework, two main types of indicators were quantified. On the one hand, the services provided by land planning scenarios were computed by the ESA by considering provisioning, cultural and regulation ES. On the other hand, environmental impacts were characterized using the Impact World+ Life Cycle Impacts Assessment (LCIA) method.</div><div>Two contrasting scenarios and a business as usual scenario (BAU) were studied and compared as a proof of concept. Scenario 1 focused on productive economy by maintaining and diversifying the shellfish farming sector, which is a strong component of the area's social identity. Scenario 2 favoured the development of tourism. Overall, the results indicated that environmental damages varied only slightly between scenarios, with tourism activities (i.e., transport and accommodation) emerging as the primary contributors. In contrast, there were very different profiles in terms of socio-economic benefits depending on the scenario. Provisioning ES were very high in scenario 1, while scenario 2 led to a clear increase in cultural ES. This research emphasizes the importance of developing integrated assessment approaches when creating local planning policies, in order to identify potential trade-offs between environmental impacts and benefits, and local and global issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108256"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Optimization of rice husk ash concrete design towards economic and environmental assessment” [Environmental impact assessment review 103 (2023) 107229]","authors":"Bin Xi ,&nbsp;Ning Zhang ,&nbsp;Huabo Duan ,&nbsp;Jintao He ,&nbsp;Guanghan Song ,&nbsp;Huanyu Li ,&nbsp;Xiong Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108237","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 108237"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a statistical index for estimating groundwater recharge potential in Brazil","authors":"Lara Mota Corinto ,&nbsp;Samara Martins Barbosa ,&nbsp;Zilmar Divino de Carvalho Júnior ,&nbsp;Leandro Campos Pinto ,&nbsp;Marta Vasconcelos Ottoni ,&nbsp;Junior Cesar Avanzi ,&nbsp;Nilton Curi ,&nbsp;Bruno Montoani Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given global water scarcity and climate change, groundwater represents a viable source of high-quality water, whose recharge potential depends on soil physical quality. This study proposes the Soil Quality Index for Groundwater Recharge Potential (SQIgr), developed for Brazilian soils as a tool to support sustainable land and water management. Eleven physical attributes from the Hydrophysical Database for Brazilian Soils (HYBRAS v.2) were analyzed using Supervised Principal Component Analysis (SPCA) to identify the most influential indicators. Three key attributes were selected to generate the SQIgr: Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity (Kslablog), Drainable Porosity (DP), and Silt content. Two land uses (Agriculture and Forestry) and four soil classes (G2: Acrisols and Lixisols; G4: Ferralsols) were included for validation. SQIgr and the Basic Infiltration Rate (BIRn) showed no significant differences for the Agr_G2 and For_G4 groups. SQIgr values were 0.76 (For_G4), 0.58 (Agr_G4), and 0.50 (Agr_G2) showing that agricultural land use reduced soil quality for recharge, whereas Ferralsols exhibited higher potential, as expected. The spatial feasibility of the index was validated using baseflow contribution. Overall, SQIgr proved to be a useful tool for sustainable watershed management and conservation planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108252"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing an extreme weather exposure index for urban green infrastructure: A comparative indicator weighting approach applied to South Korea","authors":"Miguel Enrico Robles,&nbsp;Yugyeong Oh,&nbsp;Md Tashdedul Haque,&nbsp;Marvin John Uy,&nbsp;Cloie Chie Mueca,&nbsp;Lee-Hyung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The occurrence of extreme weather phenomena is projected to intensify globally in the coming decades, particularly under future climate scenarios. As a result, the long-term resilience of urban green infrastructure (UGI) remains uncertain. Although several studies have attempted to quantify UGI vulnerability to climate change, exposure indicators beyond precipitation-related variables have often been overlooked, limiting the understanding of the full range of climatic stressors. To address this gap, an extreme weather exposure index development framework was established to support climate-resilient planning and environmental impact assessments. The framework was applied to two UGI types, permeable pavements and green roofs, across eight major cities in South Korea using three weighting methods. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to reflect expert judgment, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify co-varying environmental stressors, and entropy weighting to capture indicators with discriminatory power. Climate projections were obtained from CMIP6 models under the SSP1–2.6 and SSP5–8.5 scenarios and bias-corrected using quantile mapping. AHP emphasized temperature extremes, PCA highlighted multivariate contrasts such as heat wave and rainfall extremes, and entropy weighting prioritized unevenly distributed indicators such as cold wave days and heavy rainfall. Exposure levels varied by UGI type, city, and climate zone, with cities classified into humid continental (Dfa) and humid subtropical (Cfa) climate zones. A strong alignment was observed between AHP- and PCA-based indices (ρ = 0.74–0.93), indicating consistency between expert-informed and variance-driven approaches. Among the methods, AHP was found most reliable, making it the recommended basis for index construction. Meanwhile, the framework remains broadly applicable across planning contexts, offering a structured tool for assessing climate exposure and supporting resilient urban infrastructure under climatic uncertainties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108250"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling multiscale and nonlinear effects of land use change drivers through interpretable machine learning model: Insights from “Ecological-cost and Economic-benefit” trade-off perspective","authors":"Jian Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Liu ,&nbsp;Dayu Zhu ,&nbsp;Sen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid rapid global urbanization, urban expansion has led to dynamic shifts between urban built-up land and ecological land. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the interdependencies between ecosystem service value costs (ESVC) and land development economic profit (LDEP) resulting from land use changes. This study quantitatively assesses the spatial correlation characteristics between ESVC and LDEP. Then, an interpretable machine learning model combining XGBoost and SHAP was developed to examine the nonlinear effects of multidimensional influencing factors on these cost–benefit relationships across multiscales. The results reveal that high-value ESVC areas formed a ring around the central city, whereas high-value LDEP areas followed a concentric pattern radiating outward. The central urban zone predominantly exhibited a “low cost–high benefit” pattern, whereas suburban new towns were mainly characterized by a “low cost–low benefit” configuration. Grid clusters of “low-low” and “high-high” types were mainly located in the central zone, while “high-low” and “low-low” clusters were concentrated in peripheral suburban areas. Trade-off intensity was low in the central zone and high in suburban new towns. The influence of driving factors on cost–benefit relationships was nonlinear and varied across scales. Variables such as Shannon's diversity index (SHDI), Night light (NL), Building density (BD), Green space density (GD) had strong negative effects, while the Contagion index (Contag), and Distance to rural (Dis_Rur) and industrial (Dis_Ind) areas showed positive impacts. Threshold effects were observed for SHDI ([0.6–0.8]), NL ([15–25] nW/cm²/sr), GD ([5 %–15 %]), BD ([10 %–15 %]). Interactions among variables revealed both synergistic and antagonistic relationships. By integrating a multiscale analytical framework with interpretable machine learning, this study provides a novel methodological approach to understanding the trade-offs between environmental degradation and economic expansion. Our findings provide actionable insights for promoting sustainable urban land use, balancing development goals with ecological preservation, and guiding urban land-use planning strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108254"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does digital transformation enhance carbon reduction? New evidence from micro-enterprises and listed enterprises in China","authors":"Liwei Tang ,&nbsp;Shiqi Cao ,&nbsp;Ke Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corporate actions are crucial for achieving net zero carbon emissions targets. By using Chinese listed companies' data and Micro Corporate Tax Surveys data from 2007 to 2016, we investigate the impact of digital transformation (DT) on carbon emissions. Our findings show that as DT increases, corporate carbon emissions decrease. The mechanism analysis reveals that DT can reduce carbon emissions through enterprise green innovation, cost reduction, and efficiency improvement. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the carbon reduction effect of DT is strongest for upstream industries, manufacturing enterprises, central and western regions, and state-owned enterprises, and varies across the carbon-emission distribution. We bolster our core findings by rigorously addressing endogeneity. Further research indicates that cognitive inhibition related to environmental policy uncertainty (EPU) impedes the effect of DT on reducing corporate carbon emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108255"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}