Within the world of modern scientific theories, probability theory is one of the basic tools with which hypotheses are constructed. Scientists using probability theory often rely on its objective interpretation. In practice, this means that probability assertions should be independent of the beliefs of the individual. Accordingly, the following question arises: what do the contents of scientific assertions based on an objective interpretation of probability theory refer to? To answer that question, the author analyzes objective probability in the context of the scientific debate on determinism, addressing two types of arguments. On the one hand, a position will be examined according to which the only viable plane allowing for objective probability is indeterministic. Subsequently, the discussion will focus on arguments to the contrary, which presume coexistence of objective probability and determinism. The aim of this paper is to answer the question concerning the meaning of a sentence referring to the objective interpretation of probability, and aim to resolve whether it is in the context of either deterministic or indeterministic plane that one can speak of objective probability. As a result, the following thesis will be advanced: both the acceptance of a deterministic and an indeterministic plane as possible areas where objective probability can occur is extremely problematic. Depending on the chosen area, different types of problems arise, whose common denominator is misunderstood objectification. Consequently, the postulated objectivity of probability (and pertinent assumptions) can be reduced to the epistemic variant.
{"title":"Probabilistic kingdom – problem of objectivity in contemporary science","authors":"Paweł Pruski","doi":"10.14746/h.2020.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2020.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Within the world of modern scientific theories, probability theory is one of the basic tools with which hypotheses are constructed. Scientists using probability theory often rely on its objective interpretation. In practice, this means that probability assertions should be independent of the beliefs of the individual. Accordingly, the following question arises: what do the contents of scientific assertions based on an objective interpretation of probability theory refer to? To answer that question, the author analyzes objective probability in the context of the scientific debate on determinism, addressing two types of arguments. On the one hand, a position will be examined according to which the only viable plane allowing for objective probability is indeterministic. Subsequently, the discussion will focus on arguments to the contrary, which presume coexistence of objective probability and determinism. The aim of this paper is to answer the question concerning the meaning of a sentence referring to the objective interpretation of probability, and aim to resolve whether it is in the context of either deterministic or indeterministic plane that one can speak of objective probability. As a result, the following thesis will be advanced: both the acceptance of a deterministic and an indeterministic plane as possible areas where objective probability can occur is extremely problematic. Depending on the chosen area, different types of problems arise, whose common denominator is misunderstood objectification. Consequently, the postulated objectivity of probability (and pertinent assumptions) can be reduced to the epistemic variant.","PeriodicalId":312956,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora. Czasopismo Internetowe","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114704447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wstęp","authors":"Zbigniew Drozdowicz","doi":"10.14746/h.2019.4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2019.4.1","url":null,"abstract":"Filozofia XVII wieku – wielkie osobowości","PeriodicalId":312956,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora. Czasopismo Internetowe","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115107884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pretext to write the essay was contact with paintings and installations of Lech Twardowski, which arouse involuntary anxiety. You can see in them impatience with those trends in the humanities that are too sure of their arguments and are reluctant to open themselves to possible changes and corrections. Meanwhile, it should be the opposite. This principle should apply not only to artistic activities, but to all conceptualization efforts, especially in theology. It is theology, the science that deals with God and spirituality, is especially called to review its projects because it deals with matters that by their nature escape all concepts. Today we are witnessing a real eruption of new theological concepts. A particularly intriguing proposition has recently been proposed by Peter Phan, who has an interesting formula of “multiple religious belonging,” which in his opinion adequately describes the state of religious consciousness of the inhabitants of the Far East. This kind of thinking can be seen in post-secularism.
{"title":"Postsekularny niepokój","authors":"Stanisław Obirek","doi":"10.14746/h.2019.4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2019.4.7","url":null,"abstract":"The pretext to write the essay was contact with paintings and installations of Lech Twardowski, which arouse involuntary anxiety. You can see in them impatience with those trends in the humanities that are too sure of their arguments and are reluctant to open themselves to possible changes and corrections. Meanwhile, it should be the opposite. This principle should apply not only to artistic activities, but to all conceptualization efforts, especially in theology. It is theology, the science that deals with God and spirituality, is especially called to review its projects because it deals with matters that by their nature escape all concepts. Today we are witnessing a real eruption of new theological concepts. A particularly intriguing proposition has recently been proposed by Peter Phan, who has an interesting formula of “multiple religious belonging,” which in his opinion adequately describes the state of religious consciousness of the inhabitants of the Far East. This kind of thinking can be seen in post-secularism.","PeriodicalId":312956,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora. Czasopismo Internetowe","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127167158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1705, the book titled Occasional Thoughts in Reference to a Vertuous or Christian Life was edited. Damaris Masham (1659–1708), the author of this writing, the daughter of Ralph Cudworth and the friend of John Locke presents in the work her view on women’s education. This article examines the elements of rational reflection upon the world and the concept of a human being, which has led Masham to a radical for her contemporaries conclusion that the proper women’s education should be necessary. Masham’s arguments refer to the equality of people as rational creatures of God, their desire for salvation, defence of faith, and conveying religious teachings, but also they appeal to the significance of women’s social roles as a wife and a mother.
{"title":"Filozoficzne i teologiczne podstawy argumentacji na rzecz edukacji kobiet w Occasional Thoughts Damaris Masham","authors":"Joanna Usakiewicz","doi":"10.14746/h.2019.4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2019.4.6","url":null,"abstract":"In 1705, the book titled Occasional Thoughts in Reference to a Vertuous or Christian Life was edited. Damaris Masham (1659–1708), the author of this writing, the daughter of Ralph Cudworth and the friend of John Locke presents in the work her view on women’s education. This article examines the elements of rational reflection upon the world and the concept of a human being, which has led Masham to a radical for her contemporaries conclusion that the proper women’s education should be necessary. Masham’s arguments refer to the equality of people as rational creatures of God, their desire for salvation, defence of faith, and conveying religious teachings, but also they appeal to the significance of women’s social roles as a wife and a mother.","PeriodicalId":312956,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora. Czasopismo Internetowe","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129059264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
My deliberations seek to demonstrate that Descartes’s philosophy is programmatically anti-naturalistic, while its being presented and interpreted as one of the possible forms of naturalism evinces misunderstanding of its basic principles. For this reason, Descartes’s “naturalism” is referred to using quotation marks. Admittedly, his philosophy does advance such postulations and assertions which lend themselves to interpretation in naturalistic categories, but only when they are abstracted from the broader entirety of the Cartesian philosophical system. The text provides only two such examples, though more could be found in the seventeenth-century though. In each case, they constituted a departure from the very foundations of that system.
{"title":"The “naturalism” of Descartes and the naturalism of “Cartesians”","authors":"Zbigniew Drozdowicz","doi":"10.14746/h.2019.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2019.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"My deliberations seek to demonstrate that Descartes’s philosophy is programmatically anti-naturalistic, while its being presented and interpreted as one of the possible forms of naturalism evinces misunderstanding of its basic principles. For this reason, Descartes’s “naturalism” is referred to using quotation marks. Admittedly, his philosophy does advance such postulations and assertions which lend themselves to interpretation in naturalistic categories, but only when they are abstracted from the broader entirety of the Cartesian philosophical system. The text provides only two such examples, though more could be found in the seventeenth-century though. In each case, they constituted a departure from the very foundations of that system.","PeriodicalId":312956,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora. Czasopismo Internetowe","volume":"275 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116498802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article is an attempt to answer the question of whether Galileo has overcome the doctrine of double truth in Copernican letters. The answer to this question is not unequivocal, just as the ‘Galileo case’ is unequivocal. As it is well known, the attempt to defend Copernicanism ended tragically for him. He had to revoke his view that the Earth revolves around the Sun. Also, as for the „evidence” presented by him on this matter, it proved to be either insufficient or false. However, the principle of the autonomy of science and faith, his emphasis on the authority of scientific knowledge and the authority of the Bible survived the period of condemnation of his thoughts and made itself felt in the nineteenth century, and today they determine the fides et ratio relation.
{"title":"Próba przezwyciężenia doktryny podwójnej prawdy przez Galileusza","authors":"M. Sołtysiak","doi":"10.14746/h.2019.4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2019.4.2","url":null,"abstract":"The article is an attempt to answer the question of whether Galileo has overcome the doctrine of double truth in Copernican letters. The answer to this question is not unequivocal, just as the ‘Galileo case’ is unequivocal. As it is well known, the attempt to defend Copernicanism ended tragically for him. He had to revoke his view that the Earth revolves around the Sun. Also, as for the „evidence” presented by him on this matter, it proved to be either insufficient or false. However, the principle of the autonomy of science and faith, his emphasis on the authority of scientific knowledge and the authority of the Bible survived the period of condemnation of his thoughts and made itself felt in the nineteenth century, and today they determine the fides et ratio relation.","PeriodicalId":312956,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora. Czasopismo Internetowe","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122763001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article reconstructs the concept of body in the philosophy of John Locke; body is understood in a twofold sense: as a part of nature and as belonging to my own unique experience. Several threads interweave in the way Locke understands body: the historical method presenting the shaping of empirical concepts within human experience, the epistemological pessimism concerning the knowledge of real essences, and philosophical explication of religious truths which allows Locke to give his own interpretation of resurrection: the resurrection of bodies but not of souls, if they are to be understood as a substance independent from body. The analyses carried out on various planes: psychological description of human experience, natural philosophy, metaphysics and the philosophy of religion reveal the extent to which Locke’s philosophy is rooted in Cartesianism and shows how his empiricism overcomes it.
{"title":"Pojęcie ciała. Stanowisko Johna Locke’a","authors":"Adam Grzeliński","doi":"10.14746/h.2019.4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2019.4.5","url":null,"abstract":"The article reconstructs the concept of body in the philosophy of John Locke; body is understood in a twofold sense: as a part of nature and as belonging to my own unique experience. Several threads interweave in the way Locke understands body: the historical method presenting the shaping of empirical concepts within human experience, the epistemological pessimism concerning the knowledge of real essences, and philosophical explication of religious truths which allows Locke to give his own interpretation of resurrection: the resurrection of bodies but not of souls, if they are to be understood as a substance independent from body. The analyses carried out on various planes: psychological description of human experience, natural philosophy, metaphysics and the philosophy of religion reveal the extent to which Locke’s philosophy is rooted in Cartesianism and shows how his empiricism overcomes it.","PeriodicalId":312956,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora. Czasopismo Internetowe","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133553292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article deals with the less popular part of Descartes’ philosophy, namely his medicine. Outlined, it has not reached its mature form. Its basic examples are above all the anatomical works of the philosopher: “Man,” “Description of the Human Body” and in a sense the text of “Passion of the Soul”; in addition, several statements from “Dissertation on the Method” or “Metaphysical Meditations,” finally some youthful letters . In the following text I try to link various threads in this area to answer some basic questions: what was Cartesian medicine supposed to be? What was its foundation? What beliefs and hopes did the author associate with this part of science? How did he want to build medicine on the solid grounds of his metaphysics? I divide the text of the article into two parts. In the first part I deal with the objectives medicine was to serve. I present its role in consolidating the view of the material nature of life and its impact on thinking in man. I present five main purposes of medical science, such as: self-knowledge; a pain relief technique; a way to extend life; neutralization of corporality as a state of mind; finally the existance of medicine as the basis for ethics. In the second part I talk about the methodological conditions of Descartes’s rationalism. I show how it was possible to fund knowledge on the practical application of medical techniques. I try to show the effect of this perspective.
{"title":"Medycyna kartezjańska – jej cele i uwarunkowania","authors":"Tomasz Stegliński","doi":"10.14746/h.2019.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2019.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the less popular part of Descartes’ philosophy, namely his medicine. Outlined, it has not reached its mature form. Its basic examples are above all the anatomical works of the philosopher: “Man,” “Description of the Human Body” and in a sense the text of “Passion of the Soul”; in addition, several statements from “Dissertation on the Method” or “Metaphysical Meditations,” finally some youthful letters . In the following text I try to link various threads in this area to answer some basic questions: what was Cartesian medicine supposed to be? What was its foundation? What beliefs and hopes did the author associate with this part of science? How did he want to build medicine on the solid grounds of his metaphysics? I divide the text of the article into two parts. In the first part I deal with the objectives medicine was to serve. I present its role in consolidating the view of the material nature of life and its impact on thinking in man. I present five main purposes of medical science, such as: self-knowledge; a pain relief technique; a way to extend life; neutralization of corporality as a state of mind; finally the existance of medicine as the basis for ethics. In the second part I talk about the methodological conditions of Descartes’s rationalism. I show how it was possible to fund knowledge on the practical application of medical techniques. I try to show the effect of this perspective.","PeriodicalId":312956,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora. Czasopismo Internetowe","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131884834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Argumentum ad absurdum, as a way of thinking or acting which is pointless from the point of view of rationality and predictability of a human’s action, is intentionally planned in order to justify the uniqueness and thus veracity of the existence of something compared to commonly accepted standards of behaviour. The universality of these standards is questioned by introducing factors that go beyond the patterns of commonly accepted standards. In the Bible, there are also absurd situations from the point of view of human predictability which are directly attributed to God. This absurdity of God’s action, in comparison to the rights guiding pagan religions and the rationally accepted human behaviour strengthens the faith in His existence. Going beyond the area of “normalcy” proves in the strongest way that these facts, which are seemingly at variance with logical thinking, are indeed true. These facts are paradoxically a strong and durable foundation of the Christian faith.
{"title":"Biblijne argumenty ad absurdum świadectwem prawdziwości wiary chrześcijańskiej","authors":"J. Nawrot","doi":"10.14746/h.2019.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/h.2019.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Argumentum ad absurdum, as a way of thinking or acting which is pointless from the point of view of rationality and predictability of a human’s action, is intentionally planned in order to justify the uniqueness and thus veracity of the existence of something compared to commonly accepted standards of behaviour. The universality of these standards is questioned by introducing factors that go beyond the patterns of commonly accepted standards. In the Bible, there are also absurd situations from the point of view of human predictability which are directly attributed to God. This absurdity of God’s action, in comparison to the rights guiding pagan religions and the rationally accepted human behaviour strengthens the faith in His existence. Going beyond the area of “normalcy” proves in the strongest way that these facts, which are seemingly at variance with logical thinking, are indeed true. These facts are paradoxically a strong and durable foundation of the Christian faith.","PeriodicalId":312956,"journal":{"name":"Humaniora. Czasopismo Internetowe","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126342575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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