This article describes the narratives of second-generation migrants in Nepal. The paper explores the reasons for migration as shared with their offspring by first-generation migrants. The article also shares the narratives by second-generation migrants on experiences of family, school, community, and the State. Second-generation migrants or adult offspring of first-generation migrants from Tibet and India comprised the sampling frame for the qualitative study. Data were collected through a non-probability sampling technique, and in-depth semi-structured interview schedules were used. Nine in-depth interviews were conducted for the study. Thematic analysis was employed to examine the data. Key reasons to migrate to Nepal featured in the narratives of the migrants were opportunities for business, availability of good education, and a suitable climate in Nepal. Furthermore, lack of opportunities for employment and education and instances of violence at their place of origin pushed the migrants towards Nepal. Most of the interviewees shared having solid bonds with their families. They shared mixed experiences (both encouraging and humiliating) at school and varied experiences in their interaction with the broader society (both supportive and conflicting). Furthermore, all interviewees shared challenges in dealing with or receiving help from the Nepali State.
{"title":"Linked Lives: Exploring the Narratives of Second-Generation Migrants in Nepal","authors":"Chhabilal Devkota, Sanjeev Dahal","doi":"10.3126/mef.v11i0.37834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/mef.v11i0.37834","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the narratives of second-generation migrants in Nepal. The paper explores the reasons for migration as shared with their offspring by first-generation migrants. The article also shares the narratives by second-generation migrants on experiences of family, school, community, and the State. Second-generation migrants or adult offspring of first-generation migrants from Tibet and India comprised the sampling frame for the qualitative study. Data were collected through a non-probability sampling technique, and in-depth semi-structured interview schedules were used. Nine in-depth interviews were conducted for the study. Thematic analysis was employed to examine the data. Key reasons to migrate to Nepal featured in the narratives of the migrants were opportunities for business, availability of good education, and a suitable climate in Nepal. Furthermore, lack of opportunities for employment and education and instances of violence at their place of origin pushed the migrants towards Nepal. Most of the interviewees shared having solid bonds with their families. They shared mixed experiences (both encouraging and humiliating) at school and varied experiences in their interaction with the broader society (both supportive and conflicting). Furthermore, all interviewees shared challenges in dealing with or receiving help from the Nepali State.","PeriodicalId":313268,"journal":{"name":"Molung Educational Frontier","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115239910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates how earthquake reconstruction was practiced without considering socio-cultural values in the dislocated community after the 2015 earthquake. The process of disaster resilience tended to focus only on technical structures like the number of houses and school buildings as the main indicators of recovery from earthquake. The resilience programs conducted by the government and NGOs did not pay due attention to caste/ethnic tensions, religious division, political clash, and cultural loss among the villagers. In this study I thus wanted to know what were the meanings/ interpretations of reconstruction and community resilience; how reconstruction programs considered socio-cultural resilience; what socio-cultural aspects in practices of reconstruction were missing, and what were the challenges of cultural resilience among the displaced communities. The study was done at Kunchok-Nabalpur of Sidhupalchok. Local people’s perspectives of reconstruction, values, cultural life (ethnographic study) and narratives were collected by using observation, interview, case study and field visit methods. The study found that caste/ethnic, religious and cultural cohesion had not been reinstalled. Socio-cultural diversity and diverse social needs of displaced people were ignored by the resilience programs of the government. This shows how technocratic reconstruction programs were not as effective as expected due to the devaluation of socio-cultural life of the disaster displaced people who otherwise could contribute to the policy and programs of sustainable and inclusive development of the society.
{"title":"Devaluation of Cultural Life: A Study of Reconstruction-Resilience Practices of an Earthquake Displaced Community","authors":"Madhu S. Giri","doi":"10.3126/mef.v11i0.37836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/mef.v11i0.37836","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates how earthquake reconstruction was practiced without considering socio-cultural values in the dislocated community after the 2015 earthquake. The process of disaster resilience tended to focus only on technical structures like the number of houses and school buildings as the main indicators of recovery from earthquake. The resilience programs conducted by the government and NGOs did not pay due attention to caste/ethnic tensions, religious division, political clash, and cultural loss among the villagers. In this study I thus wanted to know what were the meanings/ interpretations of reconstruction and community resilience; how reconstruction programs considered socio-cultural resilience; what socio-cultural aspects in practices of reconstruction were missing, and what were the challenges of cultural resilience among the displaced communities. The study was done at Kunchok-Nabalpur of Sidhupalchok. Local people’s perspectives of reconstruction, values, cultural life (ethnographic study) and narratives were collected by using observation, interview, case study and field visit methods. The study found that caste/ethnic, religious and cultural cohesion had not been reinstalled. Socio-cultural diversity and diverse social needs of displaced people were ignored by the resilience programs of the government. This shows how technocratic reconstruction programs were not as effective as expected due to the devaluation of socio-cultural life of the disaster displaced people who otherwise could contribute to the policy and programs of sustainable and inclusive development of the society.","PeriodicalId":313268,"journal":{"name":"Molung Educational Frontier","volume":"2756 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127436181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study focuses on the communication strategy of an insurgent group. It explores and critiques the acts of violence aimed at creating terror employed by the then Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) during the 10-year-long "People's War" in Nepal. In course of exploring information and communication system maintained by the party and its outreach strategy during the insurgency, the research outlines the features of the then CPN (Maoist) regarding the communication during the period. The process and tools of internal as well as external communication used by a clandestine organization thus become the major study of the work. The study is based on the literature published by the party and interviews with the Maoist leaders. It reveals a well-functioned communication system was its lifeline of the rebel. The mode of the dissemination of favourable message was mainly based on the violence; they use the term red terror.
{"title":"Violence as Communication: A Study of Propaganda of the Deed under Nepal's Maoist Rebellion","authors":"Krishna Aryal","doi":"10.3126/mef.v10i0.34077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/mef.v10i0.34077","url":null,"abstract":"The study focuses on the communication strategy of an insurgent group. It explores and critiques the acts of violence aimed at creating terror employed by the then Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) during the 10-year-long \"People's War\" in Nepal. In course of exploring information and communication system maintained by the party and its outreach strategy during the insurgency, the research outlines the features of the then CPN (Maoist) regarding the communication during the period. The process and tools of internal as well as external communication used by a clandestine organization thus become the major study of the work. The study is based on the literature published by the party and interviews with the Maoist leaders. It reveals a well-functioned communication system was its lifeline of the rebel. The mode of the dissemination of favourable message was mainly based on the violence; they use the term red terror.","PeriodicalId":313268,"journal":{"name":"Molung Educational Frontier","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123646988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the impact of climate change on the farm-based adaptive strategies of the communities in Suryabinayak Municipality, Bhaktapur district. The mixed-method (QUAN-QUL) research design was applied to data collection, although, quantitative method is predominant. There were 107 households sampled purposively from Ward No. 5 and 9. Primary data were collected from field observation, personal interviews, focus group discussion (FGD), and Key informant survey (KIS) methods. Then these data have been analyzed through triangulation. Secondary data were collected from archives and e-resources. Individual experiences, perceptions and views have been analyzed from the Likert (1-5) scale and the Cronbach alpha was applied to the significant test. The findings showed that more than 65 percent of households said they received information on climate change from Radio, TV, and Newspapers. One of the Key persons stated that for almost two decades, cereal crop production is declining since the last two decades. In this regard, more than 72 percent of households reported that the temperature rise is the main reason for declining in yielding of cereal crops. It has followed by the frequent floods in the second (19.6%) and droughts in the least (8.4%). They seem to have adapted diversified livelihood strategies to mitigate the adverse conditions of climate change, such as vegetable farming, floriculture, mushroom farming, poultry, animal husbandry, and fishing according to their socioeconomic systems. However, their responses are varying across time and space based on the adaptive capacity of the local community. In this situation, the cooperation of local governments, non-governmental organizations, financial institutions, and other external supports need to increase adaptive capacity. But there does not seem to be any cooperation between the stakeholders to mitigate the effects of climate change. As a result, the majority of the community still has to rely on traditional farming methods. Thus, the farm-based adaptive strategy seems to be at risk day-by-day.
{"title":"Impact of Climate Change on the Farm-based Adaptive Strategies in Bhaktapur District","authors":"S. Shrestha, S. Khatiwada","doi":"10.3126/mef.v10i0.34087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/mef.v10i0.34087","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the impact of climate change on the farm-based adaptive strategies of the communities in Suryabinayak Municipality, Bhaktapur district. The mixed-method (QUAN-QUL) research design was applied to data collection, although, quantitative method is predominant. There were 107 households sampled purposively from Ward No. 5 and 9. Primary data were collected from field observation, personal interviews, focus group discussion (FGD), and Key informant survey (KIS) methods. Then these data have been analyzed through triangulation. Secondary data were collected from archives and e-resources. Individual experiences, perceptions and views have been analyzed from the Likert (1-5) scale and the Cronbach alpha was applied to the significant test. The findings showed that more than 65 percent of households said they received information on climate change from Radio, TV, and Newspapers. One of the Key persons stated that for almost two decades, cereal crop production is declining since the last two decades. In this regard, more than 72 percent of households reported that the temperature rise is the main reason for declining in yielding of cereal crops. It has followed by the frequent floods in the second (19.6%) and droughts in the least (8.4%). They seem to have adapted diversified livelihood strategies to mitigate the adverse conditions of climate change, such as vegetable farming, floriculture, mushroom farming, poultry, animal husbandry, and fishing according to their socioeconomic systems. However, their responses are varying across time and space based on the adaptive capacity of the local community. In this situation, the cooperation of local governments, non-governmental organizations, financial institutions, and other external supports need to increase adaptive capacity. But there does not seem to be any cooperation between the stakeholders to mitigate the effects of climate change. As a result, the majority of the community still has to rely on traditional farming methods. Thus, the farm-based adaptive strategy seems to be at risk day-by-day. ","PeriodicalId":313268,"journal":{"name":"Molung Educational Frontier","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124995625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the profound questions that troubled many philosophers is– “Who am I?” where do I come from? ‘Why am I, where I am? Or “How I see myself?” and maybe more technically -What is my subjectivity? How my subjectivity is formed and transformed? My attempt, in this paper, is to look at “I”, and see how it got shaped. To understand self, this paper tries to show, how subjectivity got transformed or persisted over five generations with changing social structure and institutions. In other words, I am trying to explore self-identity. I have analyzed changing subjectivity patterns of family, and its connection with globalization. Moreover, the research tries to show the role of the Meta field in search of subjectivity based on the following research questions; how my ancestor’s subjectivity changed with social fields? Which power forced them to change their citizenship? And how my identity is shaped within the metafield? The methodology of my study is qualitative. Faced to face interview is taken with the oldest member of family and relatives. The finding of my research is the subjectivity of Namita Poudel (Me) is shaped by the meta field, my position, and practices in the social field.
{"title":"Globalization, Citizenship, and Subjectivity in Self Construction","authors":"Namita Poudel","doi":"10.3126/mef.v10i0.34080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/mef.v10i0.34080","url":null,"abstract":"One of the profound questions that troubled many philosophers is– “Who am I?” where do I come from? ‘Why am I, where I am? Or “How I see myself?” and maybe more technically -What is my subjectivity? How my subjectivity is formed and transformed? My attempt, in this paper, is to look at “I”, and see how it got shaped. To understand self, this paper tries to show, how subjectivity got transformed or persisted over five generations with changing social structure and institutions. In other words, I am trying to explore self-identity. I have analyzed changing subjectivity patterns of family, and its connection with globalization. Moreover, the research tries to show the role of the Meta field in search of subjectivity based on the following research questions; how my ancestor’s subjectivity changed with social fields? Which power forced them to change their citizenship? And how my identity is shaped within the metafield? The methodology of my study is qualitative. Faced to face interview is taken with the oldest member of family and relatives. The finding of my research is the subjectivity of Namita Poudel (Me) is shaped by the meta field, my position, and practices in the social field.","PeriodicalId":313268,"journal":{"name":"Molung Educational Frontier","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121361511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic has considerably distorted the social and cultural life of people on a global scale. It has a profound impact on the dynamics of human mobility, in & out - migration, economy, and socio-cultural correlation that underpin population diversity. It seen that some of these effects are short-lived, but others will have long-lasting implications that can see in the future. The COVID-19 crisis is exposing the fragility of all our systems, our complex dependence upon one another, livelihood patterns and health, and healthcare as the most basic of human rights. Health security is one of the essential parts of social safety, which encompasses material or economic security; the security of life, and protection from violence and conflict, and these all are apprehensive and questionable in this pandemic. Like other developed and developing countries, Nepal is also facing the challenges contrived by the pandemic. This article describes the impacts of COVID-19 in socio-culture sectors and the diverse categories of the people of Nepal.
{"title":"Socio-Cultural Impacts of COVID-19 in Nepal","authors":"Gokarna Prasad Gyanwali","doi":"10.3126/mef.v10i0.34054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/mef.v10i0.34054","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has considerably distorted the social and cultural life of people on a global scale. It has a profound impact on the dynamics of human mobility, in & out - migration, economy, and socio-cultural correlation that underpin population diversity. It seen that some of these effects are short-lived, but others will have long-lasting implications that can see in the future. The COVID-19 crisis is exposing the fragility of all our systems, our complex dependence upon one another, livelihood patterns and health, and healthcare as the most basic of human rights. Health security is one of the essential parts of social safety, which encompasses material or economic security; the security of life, and protection from violence and conflict, and these all are apprehensive and questionable in this pandemic. Like other developed and developing countries, Nepal is also facing the challenges contrived by the pandemic. This article describes the impacts of COVID-19 in socio-culture sectors and the diverse categories of the people of Nepal.","PeriodicalId":313268,"journal":{"name":"Molung Educational Frontier","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114781169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gas sensors are devices that can convert the concentration of an analyte gas into an electronic signal. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most important n-type metal oxide semiconductor which has been utilized as gas sensor for many years. In this work, ZnO nanostructured films were synthesized by a hydrothermal growth from ZnO seeds and used as a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor. At first ZnO seed layers were deposited on glass substrates by using spin coating method, then ZnO nanostructured were grown on these substrates by using hydrothermal growth method. The effect of seed layers of ZnO nanostructured on its structural, optical, and electrical properties was studied. These nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, optical spectroscopy, and sheet resistance measurement unit. The sensing performances of the synthetic ZnO nanostructures were investigated for LPG. XRD showed that all the ZnO nanostructures were hexagonal crystal structure. ZnO nanostructured thin film showed high sensitivity towards LPG gas. The sensitivity of the film is observed to increase with increase in number of seed layers. The sensitivity of the film was investigated by measured change in sheet resistance under with LPG gas.
{"title":"Studying the Effect of Seed-layers of Zinc Oxide Nanostructured Thin Film for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Sensor Application","authors":"G. Gyanwali","doi":"10.3126/mef.v10i0.34056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/mef.v10i0.34056","url":null,"abstract":"Gas sensors are devices that can convert the concentration of an analyte gas into an electronic signal. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most important n-type metal oxide semiconductor which has been utilized as gas sensor for many years. In this work, ZnO nanostructured films were synthesized by a hydrothermal growth from ZnO seeds and used as a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor. At first ZnO seed layers were deposited on glass substrates by using spin coating method, then ZnO nanostructured were grown on these substrates by using hydrothermal growth method. The effect of seed layers of ZnO nanostructured on its structural, optical, and electrical properties was studied. These nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, optical spectroscopy, and sheet resistance measurement unit. The sensing performances of the synthetic ZnO nanostructures were investigated for LPG. XRD showed that all the ZnO nanostructures were hexagonal crystal structure. ZnO nanostructured thin film showed high sensitivity towards LPG gas. The sensitivity of the film is observed to increase with increase in number of seed layers. The sensitivity of the film was investigated by measured change in sheet resistance under with LPG gas.","PeriodicalId":313268,"journal":{"name":"Molung Educational Frontier","volume":"236 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122958028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A person's wellbeing is highly dependent on both the quality and the availability of water, and efficient management of this precious resource. Both biological disease agents and chemical pollutants are compromising drinking-water quality. Contaminated water causes a range of often life-threatening diseases. Of the waterborne diseases affecting a person's health, mostly children, the deadliest are diarrhoeal infections. To manage the supply of quality water with the required quantity, it needs proper policy and programme in place to ensure improved and total sanitation for public wellbeing. Though the implementation strategies are constrained by resource scarcity, poor designing, environmental catastrophes, Nepal has done ample policy and planning efforts in the water and sanitation sector.
{"title":"Water and Sanitation for Population Health and Wellbeing: The Nepalese Initiatives","authors":"K. Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/mef.v10i0.34075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/mef.v10i0.34075","url":null,"abstract":"A person's wellbeing is highly dependent on both the quality and the availability of water, and efficient management of this precious resource. Both biological disease agents and chemical pollutants are compromising drinking-water quality. Contaminated water causes a range of often life-threatening diseases. Of the waterborne diseases affecting a person's health, mostly children, the deadliest are diarrhoeal infections. To manage the supply of quality water with the required quantity, it needs proper policy and programme in place to ensure improved and total sanitation for public wellbeing. Though the implementation strategies are constrained by resource scarcity, poor designing, environmental catastrophes, Nepal has done ample policy and planning efforts in the water and sanitation sector.","PeriodicalId":313268,"journal":{"name":"Molung Educational Frontier","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115757290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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