Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.32347/2411-4049.2022.4.44-52
Оksana M. Тykhenko, I. Matvieieva, V. Groza
Today, the anthropogenic impact on the environment is increasing, especially in urbanized areas and territories where active hostilities are taking place. Among a number of urgent environmental problems, it is possible to single out atmospheric air pollution, which occurs as a result of the concentration of road transport and industry in safe areas. The article presents the results of research into the state of atmospheric air pollution in the city of Vinnytsia using phytoindication methods, namely the degree of fluctuating asymmetry of warty birch leaves, and established the dependence of the fluctuating asymmetry on the level of traffic load. The research was conducted at the end of July in 2021 and 2022, after the end of the growing season of warty birch (Betula pendula). In the city of Vinnytsia, six representative experimental sites with different levels of anthropogenic load were identified. Fluctuation asymmetry coefficients of warty birch leaves were calculated for each experimental site and indicators of the asymmetry coefficient were determined. The level of motor vehicle load on experimental sites was established and a correlation-regression model of the dependence of the coefficient of fluctuation asymmetry of the leaves of the warty birch on the level of motor vehicle load was calculated. Conducting biomonitoring of aerotechnogenic pollution of urban ecosystems is necessary for finding ways to optimize its quality.
{"title":"Analysis of aerotechnogenic pollution of the Vinnytsia using phytoindication methods","authors":"Оksana M. Тykhenko, I. Matvieieva, V. Groza","doi":"10.32347/2411-4049.2022.4.44-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.4.44-52","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the anthropogenic impact on the environment is increasing, especially in urbanized areas and territories where active hostilities are taking place. Among a number of urgent environmental problems, it is possible to single out atmospheric air pollution, which occurs as a result of the concentration of road transport and industry in safe areas. The article presents the results of research into the state of atmospheric air pollution in the city of Vinnytsia using phytoindication methods, namely the degree of fluctuating asymmetry of warty birch leaves, and established the dependence of the fluctuating asymmetry on the level of traffic load. The research was conducted at the end of July in 2021 and 2022, after the end of the growing season of warty birch (Betula pendula). In the city of Vinnytsia, six representative experimental sites with different levels of anthropogenic load were identified. Fluctuation asymmetry coefficients of warty birch leaves were calculated for each experimental site and indicators of the asymmetry coefficient were determined. The level of motor vehicle load on experimental sites was established and a correlation-regression model of the dependence of the coefficient of fluctuation asymmetry of the leaves of the warty birch on the level of motor vehicle load was calculated. Conducting biomonitoring of aerotechnogenic pollution of urban ecosystems is necessary for finding ways to optimize its quality.","PeriodicalId":313972,"journal":{"name":"Environmental safety and natural resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133208517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.32347/2411-4049.2022.4.128-134
V. Vashchenko, V. Skalozubov, I. Korduba, Serhiy I. Kosenko, Olena H. Zhukova
The main lessons of the major accident at the Fukushima-Daiichi NPP in 2011 for the nuclear power industry identify the need to model, analyze and develop emergency measures for relatively unlikely events with catastrophic environmental consequences, taking into account multiple failures of safety systems. Steam-gas explosions became one of the main causes of the catastrophic environmental consequences of the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents. Criteria and conditions for the occurrence of steam-gas explosions in dynamic emergency modes in the "tight" reactor circuit of nuclear power reactor units (NPP) with water-water reactors (WWER) with failures of safety systems valves and emergency steam gas removal are determined by the rate of change of thermodynamic and physico-chemical parameters. A method for determining the criteria and conditions for the occurrence of steam-gas explosions in dynamic accident modes with a "tight" reactor circuit and failure of safety valves for modeling the initial emergency events – seismic effects, falling of massive objects, etc. is presented. The conditions for the occurrence of hydrogen explosions are determined by the maximum rate of increase in the temperature of fuel oil shells, and the conditions for steam explosions are determined by the maximum rate of pressure increase as a result of the intensification of vaporization processes. The criteria for the occurrence of steam explosions in dynamic emergency modes are determined by the maximum pressure amplitude and the propagation speed of acoustic disturbances in the steam volume. And the criteria for hydrogen detonation in dynamic emergency modes are determined by the maximum amplitude of the increase in the temperature of the fuel shells and the average flow rate of the coolant in the active zone of the reactor.
{"title":"Criteria of thermochemical conditions of steam gas explosions in dynamic accident modes at nuclear power units with WWER reactors","authors":"V. Vashchenko, V. Skalozubov, I. Korduba, Serhiy I. Kosenko, Olena H. Zhukova","doi":"10.32347/2411-4049.2022.4.128-134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.4.128-134","url":null,"abstract":"The main lessons of the major accident at the Fukushima-Daiichi NPP in 2011 for the nuclear power industry identify the need to model, analyze and develop emergency measures for relatively unlikely events with catastrophic environmental consequences, taking into account multiple failures of safety systems. Steam-gas explosions became one of the main causes of the catastrophic environmental consequences of the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents. Criteria and conditions for the occurrence of steam-gas explosions in dynamic emergency modes in the \"tight\" reactor circuit of nuclear power reactor units (NPP) with water-water reactors (WWER) with failures of safety systems valves and emergency steam gas removal are determined by the rate of change of thermodynamic and physico-chemical parameters. A method for determining the criteria and conditions for the occurrence of steam-gas explosions in dynamic accident modes with a \"tight\" reactor circuit and failure of safety valves for modeling the initial emergency events – seismic effects, falling of massive objects, etc. is presented. The conditions for the occurrence of hydrogen explosions are determined by the maximum rate of increase in the temperature of fuel oil shells, and the conditions for steam explosions are determined by the maximum rate of pressure increase as a result of the intensification of vaporization processes. The criteria for the occurrence of steam explosions in dynamic emergency modes are determined by the maximum pressure amplitude and the propagation speed of acoustic disturbances in the steam volume. And the criteria for hydrogen detonation in dynamic emergency modes are determined by the maximum amplitude of the increase in the temperature of the fuel shells and the average flow rate of the coolant in the active zone of the reactor.","PeriodicalId":313972,"journal":{"name":"Environmental safety and natural resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123364935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.32347/2411-4049.2022.4.80-90
Ihor V. Satin, S. Khytruk, O. Panchenko
Solving the problem of household waste management is based on determining the amount of waste generated. It is important to conduct research for both urban and rural settlements with different degrees of coverage of the population by a centralized system of collection and removal of household waste in order to obtain more reliable results. The purpose of the work is to improve methodological approaches to determining the norms of providing services for the transportation of household waste in populated areas. Analysis of literature data shows that there is no valid data on field measurements and their results, and there are no consistent forms of presentation of the obtained results. This makes it impossible to compare them and carry out a deeper analysis to identify the dependence of the calculated accumulation rates on the population and the level of coverage by the centralized collection system and transportation of household waste in cities, territorial communities and villages. This article presents field studies performed to determine the volume of household waste generation from the sources of its generation. On-site measurements were carried out on the territory of the Hirska Amalgamated Territorial Community.
{"title":"Determination of the norms for the transportation of household waste for Hirska amalgamated territorial community settlements","authors":"Ihor V. Satin, S. Khytruk, O. Panchenko","doi":"10.32347/2411-4049.2022.4.80-90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.4.80-90","url":null,"abstract":"Solving the problem of household waste management is based on determining the amount of waste generated. It is important to conduct research for both urban and rural settlements with different degrees of coverage of the population by a centralized system of collection and removal of household waste in order to obtain more reliable results. The purpose of the work is to improve methodological approaches to determining the norms of providing services for the transportation of household waste in populated areas. Analysis of literature data shows that there is no valid data on field measurements and their results, and there are no consistent forms of presentation of the obtained results. This makes it impossible to compare them and carry out a deeper analysis to identify the dependence of the calculated accumulation rates on the population and the level of coverage by the centralized collection system and transportation of household waste in cities, territorial communities and villages. This article presents field studies performed to determine the volume of household waste generation from the sources of its generation. On-site measurements were carried out on the territory of the Hirska Amalgamated Territorial Community.","PeriodicalId":313972,"journal":{"name":"Environmental safety and natural resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115186873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.56-63
Eldar A. Qurbanov, M. Mustafayev
It was determined that degradation of pasture soils in semi-desert and arid field landscapes of the Kur depression intensified under the condition of modern climate changes. Temperature rose 1,2°C, the precipitations amount was 65,7 mm in 1995–2015 in comparison with 1970–1994. These changes are resulted in landscape desertification and soils degradation. Main criteria were adopted for degradation assessment, and plant cover degradation, water erosion, defilation and salinization are concerned here. The features of these processes were defined depending on desertification degrees. The pastures were divided into 3 parts: useful, limited useful, useless. The relief of the useful zone occupies the zones with unchanged morphological signs less than 7° of inclined degree, and not exposed to negative processes, with the precipitations amount more than 300 mm. The limited useful pastures are: morphological signs changed to a mean degree (inclination of soils is 17–15°), exposed to changed negative processes to a weak and mean degree, precipitation number is 300–250 mm. The useless soils are: inclination is more than 15°, morphological features are fully disturbed, strongly exposed to negative processes, the precipitation number is less than 250 mm.
{"title":"Assessment of degradation of semidesert and arıd steppe field landscapes and pasture lands under the condition of modern climate change","authors":"Eldar A. Qurbanov, M. Mustafayev","doi":"10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.56-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.56-63","url":null,"abstract":"It was determined that degradation of pasture soils in semi-desert and arid field landscapes of the Kur depression intensified under the condition of modern climate changes. Temperature rose 1,2°C, the precipitations amount was 65,7 mm in 1995–2015 in comparison with 1970–1994. These changes are resulted in landscape desertification and soils degradation. Main criteria were adopted for degradation assessment, and plant cover degradation, water erosion, defilation and salinization are concerned here. The features of these processes were defined depending on desertification degrees. The pastures were divided into 3 parts: useful, limited useful, useless. The relief of the useful zone occupies the zones with unchanged morphological signs less than 7° of inclined degree, and not exposed to negative processes, with the precipitations amount more than 300 mm. The limited useful pastures are: morphological signs changed to a mean degree (inclination of soils is 17–15°), exposed to changed negative processes to a weak and mean degree, precipitation number is 300–250 mm. The useless soils are: inclination is more than 15°, morphological features are fully disturbed, strongly exposed to negative processes, the precipitation number is less than 250 mm.","PeriodicalId":313972,"journal":{"name":"Environmental safety and natural resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127855375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.5-21
O. Oliynyk, Sergiy V. Telyma, Y. Kalugin, Yevheniy O. Oliynyk
The mathematical models and the parameter calculations of the simultaneous waste water treatment from the organic contaminants and ammonium nitrogen compounds in the bioreactors-aerotanks with additional fixed biocenosis as a biofilm in their volume are proposed. The questions connected with heterogeneous structure of biofilm from different bacteria and the substantiation of the balance equations system with kinetic reactions for following their realization which are describing of the simultaneous removing organic contaminations (OC) and nitrogen (N) in biofilm taking into account on the oxygen regime O2 are considered. Detailed analysis of aerotank operation with additional fixed biocenosis shown about the possibility of creation of the new conditions for simultaneous removing of the OC and nitrogen by the suspended and fixed biocenosis. At the same time the arrangement of the aerotank-mixture from the three sections where the simultaneous treatment have a place is recommended taking into account on the theoretical substantiation of these sections in one reactor. It is shown that on the different loads the complex heterogeneous structure of the biofilm is formed which consist of from different bacteria. So near the biofilm surface it consists of the heterotrophs during the removing of OC and at during of removing of nitrogen from the autotrophs. At the same time more active heterotrophs may to grow as in anaerobic as in anoxic conditions and the processes that have a place in the biofilm at the simultaneous treatment are connected with the growing of the competition between the heterotrophs and autotrophs in the fight to oxygen. Heterotrophy that are situated are near surface of the biofilm are using of more oxygen than autotrophy that are in the lower part of one. As a result of realization of the created models taking into account on the influence of the different factors on the simultaneous waste water treatment from OC and N processes the recommendations to parameter calculations are proposed. Besides of the boundary conditions of necessary bacteria presence at which the simultaneous removing of the OC and N are occurred and at which conditions some of substrates will limit the waste water treatment processes are determined.
{"title":"Modeling and calculations of parameters of the joint treatment of organic contaminations (OC) and nitrogen (N) compounds in bioreactors with using of the fixed biocenosis (biofilm)","authors":"O. Oliynyk, Sergiy V. Telyma, Y. Kalugin, Yevheniy O. Oliynyk","doi":"10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.5-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.5-21","url":null,"abstract":"The mathematical models and the parameter calculations of the simultaneous waste water treatment from the organic contaminants and ammonium nitrogen compounds in the bioreactors-aerotanks with additional fixed biocenosis as a biofilm in their volume are proposed. The questions connected with heterogeneous structure of biofilm from different bacteria and the substantiation of the balance equations system with kinetic reactions for following their realization which are describing of the simultaneous removing organic contaminations (OC) and nitrogen (N) in biofilm taking into account on the oxygen regime O2 are considered. Detailed analysis of aerotank operation with additional fixed biocenosis shown about the possibility of creation of the new conditions for simultaneous removing of the OC and nitrogen by the suspended and fixed biocenosis. At the same time the arrangement of the aerotank-mixture from the three sections where the simultaneous treatment have a place is recommended taking into account on the theoretical substantiation of these sections in one reactor. It is shown that on the different loads the complex heterogeneous structure of the biofilm is formed which consist of from different bacteria. So near the biofilm surface it consists of the heterotrophs during the removing of OC and at during of removing of nitrogen from the autotrophs. At the same time more active heterotrophs may to grow as in anaerobic as in anoxic conditions and the processes that have a place in the biofilm at the simultaneous treatment are connected with the growing of the competition between the heterotrophs and autotrophs in the fight to oxygen. Heterotrophy that are situated are near surface of the biofilm are using of more oxygen than autotrophy that are in the lower part of one. As a result of realization of the created models taking into account on the influence of the different factors on the simultaneous waste water treatment from OC and N processes the recommendations to parameter calculations are proposed. Besides of the boundary conditions of necessary bacteria presence at which the simultaneous removing of the OC and N are occurred and at which conditions some of substrates will limit the waste water treatment processes are determined.","PeriodicalId":313972,"journal":{"name":"Environmental safety and natural resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129183804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.110-118
Denys O. Zorin
The Dniester Canyon is a deep gorge, 100-120-140 m, between the Podil Upland on the left bank and the Carpathian and Prut-Dniester Uplands on the right bank. The canyon is famous for its classic geological sections of the Silurian and Devonian systems, between which there is a gradual transition. There are only four such incisions in the world: ours, as well as in the Czech Republic, Scotland and the United States. Great geomorphological attractiveness of the canyon: two Upper Pleocene supra-canyon and five Quaternary intra-canyon river terraces; caves, waterfalls, travertine formations, bizarre rocks of physical and chemical weathering. The rocky flora and fauna are protected by natural monuments, reserves, regional landscapes and natural national parks. These objects are listed in the Red and Green Books. Therefore, the Dniester Canyon was chosen as one of the seven wonders of nature. That is why it is necessary to preserve this national heritage for present and future generations. To do this, environmental safety systems are developed by GIS mapping methods. The electronic cartographic material in geoinformation systems are digital or vector maps. The Vector maps are created based on the registration of raster scanned map material or satellite images. Vector layers can be interpolated or created from thematic maps using databases. Most often, measuring operations in GIS packages are implemented in the form of special functions and presented as a separate menu item. Such functions include: measurement (determination) of point coordinates; measurement of distances between two specified coordinates (with or without taking into account the three-dimensional coordinate system); measuring the length of a straight or broken line; measuring the length of the perimeter of the polygon; measuring the area of the landfill; measurement of volumes using the surface and cutting plane. Selection operations help the user to get exactly the information he needs at the moment of working with GIS. The selection of the necessary part of information from one or more cartographic databases is carried out using queries.
{"title":"Electronic cartographic GIS models of the environmental state of the Dniester canyon","authors":"Denys O. Zorin","doi":"10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.110-118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.110-118","url":null,"abstract":"The Dniester Canyon is a deep gorge, 100-120-140 m, between the Podil Upland on the left bank and the Carpathian and Prut-Dniester Uplands on the right bank. The canyon is famous for its classic geological sections of the Silurian and Devonian systems, between which there is a gradual transition. There are only four such incisions in the world: ours, as well as in the Czech Republic, Scotland and the United States. Great geomorphological attractiveness of the canyon: two Upper Pleocene supra-canyon and five Quaternary intra-canyon river terraces; caves, waterfalls, travertine formations, bizarre rocks of physical and chemical weathering. The rocky flora and fauna are protected by natural monuments, reserves, regional landscapes and natural national parks. These objects are listed in the Red and Green Books. Therefore, the Dniester Canyon was chosen as one of the seven wonders of nature. That is why it is necessary to preserve this national heritage for present and future generations. To do this, environmental safety systems are developed by GIS mapping methods. The electronic cartographic material in geoinformation systems are digital or vector maps. The Vector maps are created based on the registration of raster scanned map material or satellite images. Vector layers can be interpolated or created from thematic maps using databases. Most often, measuring operations in GIS packages are implemented in the form of special functions and presented as a separate menu item. Such functions include: measurement (determination) of point coordinates; measurement of distances between two specified coordinates (with or without taking into account the three-dimensional coordinate system); measuring the length of a straight or broken line; measuring the length of the perimeter of the polygon; measuring the area of the landfill; measurement of volumes using the surface and cutting plane. Selection operations help the user to get exactly the information he needs at the moment of working with GIS. The selection of the necessary part of information from one or more cartographic databases is carried out using queries.","PeriodicalId":313972,"journal":{"name":"Environmental safety and natural resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128276098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.43-55
Мarina V. Kravchenko, Lesya Vasylenko
The article discusses the relevance and features of the use of reverse osmosis when adjusting the physico-chemical composition of aqueous solutions and especially the composition of drinking water. The main element of any reverse osmosis plant is a semi-permeable membrane, which is a polymer composite material of uneven density. It has been shown that reverse osmosis membranes must meet certain requirements, the main of which are selectivity to the components that are removed at this functional stage, compliance with a high level of permeability, i.e. stable physical and chemical properties during their operation. The main physicochemical properties of membranes (selectivity, specific productivity, concentration reduction factor, separation factor) and methods for their calculation are described. The effect of temperature on the change in the selectivity and specific productivity of a semipermeable membrane for MgCl2 and CaCl2 salts has been experimentally studied. It has been proven that an increase in the temperature of the solution leads to an increase in the selectivity of the membrane and a linear decrease in the specific productivity. Experimental studies were carried out on model solutions to study the effect of pressure on the change in membrane selectivity. It is shown that the shrinkage of the membrane structure is especially noticeable in the first hours of its operation, which leads to a decrease in the selectivity of the membrane. A practically steady state in terms of selectivity usually occurs in 4–5 hours. It was studied that with an increase in the concentration of salts in the initial solution, a decrease in the specific productivity of the membrane and an increase in selectivity occur. It is shown that the selectivity of the studied membrane in the presented range of concentrations is higher for electrolytes of the 2:2 type than for electrolytes of the 2-1 type. The parametric dependences of the change in selectivity and the concentration reduction factor of the Filmtec TW30-1812-50 membrane over time for the components of a “model multicomponent solution” at a pressure of P = 18 atm are given.
{"title":"Investigation of the main properties of reverse osmosis membranes and their influence on changes in the physico-chemical composition of aqueous solutions","authors":"Мarina V. Kravchenko, Lesya Vasylenko","doi":"10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.43-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.43-55","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the relevance and features of the use of reverse osmosis when adjusting the physico-chemical composition of aqueous solutions and especially the composition of drinking water. The main element of any reverse osmosis plant is a semi-permeable membrane, which is a polymer composite material of uneven density. It has been shown that reverse osmosis membranes must meet certain requirements, the main of which are selectivity to the components that are removed at this functional stage, compliance with a high level of permeability, i.e. stable physical and chemical properties during their operation. The main physicochemical properties of membranes (selectivity, specific productivity, concentration reduction factor, separation factor) and methods for their calculation are described. The effect of temperature on the change in the selectivity and specific productivity of a semipermeable membrane for MgCl2 and CaCl2 salts has been experimentally studied. It has been proven that an increase in the temperature of the solution leads to an increase in the selectivity of the membrane and a linear decrease in the specific productivity. Experimental studies were carried out on model solutions to study the effect of pressure on the change in membrane selectivity. It is shown that the shrinkage of the membrane structure is especially noticeable in the first hours of its operation, which leads to a decrease in the selectivity of the membrane. A practically steady state in terms of selectivity usually occurs in 4–5 hours. It was studied that with an increase in the concentration of salts in the initial solution, a decrease in the specific productivity of the membrane and an increase in selectivity occur. It is shown that the selectivity of the studied membrane in the presented range of concentrations is higher for electrolytes of the 2:2 type than for electrolytes of the 2-1 type. The parametric dependences of the change in selectivity and the concentration reduction factor of the Filmtec TW30-1812-50 membrane over time for the components of a “model multicomponent solution” at a pressure of P = 18 atm are given.","PeriodicalId":313972,"journal":{"name":"Environmental safety and natural resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134137979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.64-72
O. Zhukova, N. Nehoda
The problem of global climate change is one of the most important problems of society. Such relevance is due to the fact that the change in climatic parameters has a significant impact on the economic sphere, the ecological situation, social and political life, and the construction industry. The change in the parameters of climate systems has long been beyond doubt. In recent years, due to the perceived threat of global climate warming, interest in long-term interannual climate fluctuations has increased significantly. Therefore, one of the unquestionably relevant tasks is the monitoring of trends in changes in climatic indicators at the local (regional) level. It is these observations on a regional scale that allow us to detect cyclical fluctuations in meteorological values and further judge the change in the Earth's climate in general. When building urban quarters in difficult natural and climatic conditions, along with urban planning and architectural and planning methods of organizing residential structures, one of the key points is the correct selection of fencing materials and structures. Special attention should be paid to their physical properties, thermal conductivity, specific resistance, optical reflectivity, etc. It is also necessary to take into account the location of the construction site, because due to macro- and micro-scale climate-forming factors (radiation conditions, wind regime, form of meso- and microrelief, vegetation, soil, close proximity to the sea, surrounding buildings, etc.) and their due to joint influence in different areas of the city, the difference in temperature and humidity can be significant. The article examines the peculiarities of the manifestation of climatic changes for the city of Kyiv in the context of engineering and construction adaptation and the selection of building materials to create more comfortable living conditions for the residents of the metropolis. It was established that during the last decades in the city the average annual air temperature increased by 0.7–1.2°С, compared to the climatic norm. The most significant increase in the average monthly air temperature in the modern period in the city is observed in the winter and summer months. According to calculations, the average annual temperature will rise gradually and increase by an average of 2.0–2.5°С. On the basis of this, the necessity of conducting further research, creating scientific and practical recommendations, especially in the conditions of modern megacities, which are a factor in climate formation, has been proven. The article analyzes the impact of changes in climatic factors on the life cycle of buildings.
{"title":"Forecast of changes in climate factors of the city of Kyiv and their impact on the life cycle of buildings","authors":"O. Zhukova, N. Nehoda","doi":"10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.64-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.64-72","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of global climate change is one of the most important problems of society. Such relevance is due to the fact that the change in climatic parameters has a significant impact on the economic sphere, the ecological situation, social and political life, and the construction industry. The change in the parameters of climate systems has long been beyond doubt. In recent years, due to the perceived threat of global climate warming, interest in long-term interannual climate fluctuations has increased significantly. Therefore, one of the unquestionably relevant tasks is the monitoring of trends in changes in climatic indicators at the local (regional) level. It is these observations on a regional scale that allow us to detect cyclical fluctuations in meteorological values and further judge the change in the Earth's climate in general. When building urban quarters in difficult natural and climatic conditions, along with urban planning and architectural and planning methods of organizing residential structures, one of the key points is the correct selection of fencing materials and structures. Special attention should be paid to their physical properties, thermal conductivity, specific resistance, optical reflectivity, etc. It is also necessary to take into account the location of the construction site, because due to macro- and micro-scale climate-forming factors (radiation conditions, wind regime, form of meso- and microrelief, vegetation, soil, close proximity to the sea, surrounding buildings, etc.) and their due to joint influence in different areas of the city, the difference in temperature and humidity can be significant. The article examines the peculiarities of the manifestation of climatic changes for the city of Kyiv in the context of engineering and construction adaptation and the selection of building materials to create more comfortable living conditions for the residents of the metropolis. It was established that during the last decades in the city the average annual air temperature increased by 0.7–1.2°С, compared to the climatic norm. The most significant increase in the average monthly air temperature in the modern period in the city is observed in the winter and summer months. According to calculations, the average annual temperature will rise gradually and increase by an average of 2.0–2.5°С. On the basis of this, the necessity of conducting further research, creating scientific and practical recommendations, especially in the conditions of modern megacities, which are a factor in climate formation, has been proven. The article analyzes the impact of changes in climatic factors on the life cycle of buildings.","PeriodicalId":313972,"journal":{"name":"Environmental safety and natural resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128811208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.81-109
D. Stefanyshyn
This paper explores some aspects relating to retrospective predicting the confirmed monetary losses caused by the disastrous floods of 1980, 1986, and 1998 in the Tisza River basin within the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine. The research was based on two time series – the losses because of past floods and the maxima water discharges gauged at the hydrological station near the village of Vylok, Vynohradiv district. The main aim of the research was to make out whether it had been the possibility to predict the losses due to those floods in advance.In solving the task, there was revealed and modelled the dependence of the risk of losses due to the floods in Transcarpathia on the maximum water discharges of the Tisza River gauged at the “Vylok” hydrological station. Predicting was based on the hypothesis of the stationary random process for maximum water discharges, which allowed using an empirical distribution function of a random variable regarding flood water discharges assessing the risk of flood losses.Retrospective predicting of the losses caused by the floods of 1980, 1986, and 1998 was carried out by means of a combined situational-inductive predictive modelling method (CSIPMM), being an original author’s development. The method relates to predicting the behaviour of complex dynamic systems based on monitoring findings presented as time series data reflecting evolutions of a resulting (dependent) variable and an explaining (independent) variable (predictor). The method uses extrapolation-regression type models. According to this method, the prediction task is performed in two stages. The first stage realises the retrospective situational modelling task aiming to obtain a set of simple regressions (situational models) built on data of sample time series. The situational models are accepted to be adequate or relevant ones only within certain periods of time determined as situations. In the second stage, based on the generalization (on an ensemble) of the obtained retrospective situational models, inductive “levels” models are built, which reflect the behaviour of a controlled parameter of the system or process (a resulting variable) at several fixed values of a predictor in time. The inductive models are used in extrapolative predicting situational models belonging to future periods (situations).In total, three predictions were made: (1) taking into account the annual maximum flood discharges from 1954 to 1979 (before the flood of 1980); (2) the same from 1954 to 1985 (before the flood of 1986); (3) the same from 1954 to 1997 (before the flood of 1998). The study found that there had been a possibility to predict the confirmed monetary losses inflicted by the flood of 1986 and 1998 (relative predicting errors of 7.2-8.7% and 6.0-12.8% depending on the prediction options).
{"title":"What could we have learnt from the previous flood data to predict losses caused by the 1980, 1986, and 1998 catastrophic floods in Ukrainian Transcarpathian?","authors":"D. Stefanyshyn","doi":"10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.81-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.81-109","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores some aspects relating to retrospective predicting the confirmed monetary losses caused by the disastrous floods of 1980, 1986, and 1998 in the Tisza River basin within the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine. The research was based on two time series – the losses because of past floods and the maxima water discharges gauged at the hydrological station near the village of Vylok, Vynohradiv district. The main aim of the research was to make out whether it had been the possibility to predict the losses due to those floods in advance.In solving the task, there was revealed and modelled the dependence of the risk of losses due to the floods in Transcarpathia on the maximum water discharges of the Tisza River gauged at the “Vylok” hydrological station. Predicting was based on the hypothesis of the stationary random process for maximum water discharges, which allowed using an empirical distribution function of a random variable regarding flood water discharges assessing the risk of flood losses.Retrospective predicting of the losses caused by the floods of 1980, 1986, and 1998 was carried out by means of a combined situational-inductive predictive modelling method (CSIPMM), being an original author’s development. The method relates to predicting the behaviour of complex dynamic systems based on monitoring findings presented as time series data reflecting evolutions of a resulting (dependent) variable and an explaining (independent) variable (predictor). The method uses extrapolation-regression type models. According to this method, the prediction task is performed in two stages. The first stage realises the retrospective situational modelling task aiming to obtain a set of simple regressions (situational models) built on data of sample time series. The situational models are accepted to be adequate or relevant ones only within certain periods of time determined as situations. In the second stage, based on the generalization (on an ensemble) of the obtained retrospective situational models, inductive “levels” models are built, which reflect the behaviour of a controlled parameter of the system or process (a resulting variable) at several fixed values of a predictor in time. The inductive models are used in extrapolative predicting situational models belonging to future periods (situations).In total, three predictions were made: (1) taking into account the annual maximum flood discharges from 1954 to 1979 (before the flood of 1980); (2) the same from 1954 to 1985 (before the flood of 1986); (3) the same from 1954 to 1997 (before the flood of 1998). The study found that there had been a possibility to predict the confirmed monetary losses inflicted by the flood of 1986 and 1998 (relative predicting errors of 7.2-8.7% and 6.0-12.8% depending on the prediction options).","PeriodicalId":313972,"journal":{"name":"Environmental safety and natural resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125574726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.35-42
O. Mandryk, V. Okhariev, T. Trysnyuk, Roman Y. Mykhailyuk
The work is about the solution of the scientific and practical task of substantiating the construction of geomodels of zones of probable flooding of the Dniester River on the basis of aerospace and contact measurements. In order to localize flooded areas and predict the dynamics of changes in geometric characteristics, natural and man-made factors that cause the rise of the groundwater level were analyzed. The main types of activity and load on the water resources of the Dniester basin are: residential and communal economy, industry, agriculture, including fisheries, hydropower and flood protection. Among the main cross-border problems typical for the Dniester River are: pollution by organic, biogenic and dangerous substances; hydromorphological changes; pollution by plastic and other household waste of the coastal strip of the river; spread of invasive species. The transboundary Dniester river is used for electricity generation. Dubossar hydroelectric power plant (HPP) (1954) in Moldova and Dnistrovsk HPP (1987) and Dnistrovsk HPP-2 (2000) in Ukraine were built on the river. Their activities led to hydromorphological changes of the river and its regulation.The main role in the pollution of the waters of the Dniester basin by biogenic substances on the territory of Ukraine and Moldova belongs to diffuse sources of agricultural origin. Water management activities and intensive chemicalization of agricultural land significantly affect the water quality of the Dniester River. The possibility of using available satellite images makes it possible to reduce the time and material costs of conducting additional contact measurements when determining zones of probable flooding, without reducing the accuracy of forecast parameters. The developed cartographic geomodels of areas of probable flooding make it possible to determine and visually assess the degree of flooding under different modes of operation of pressure horizons that have a hydraulic connection with groundwater.
{"title":"Monitoring of Dniester watershed pollution by reason of flooding and other environmental disasters","authors":"O. Mandryk, V. Okhariev, T. Trysnyuk, Roman Y. Mykhailyuk","doi":"10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.35-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.3.35-42","url":null,"abstract":"The work is about the solution of the scientific and practical task of substantiating the construction of geomodels of zones of probable flooding of the Dniester River on the basis of aerospace and contact measurements. In order to localize flooded areas and predict the dynamics of changes in geometric characteristics, natural and man-made factors that cause the rise of the groundwater level were analyzed. The main types of activity and load on the water resources of the Dniester basin are: residential and communal economy, industry, agriculture, including fisheries, hydropower and flood protection. Among the main cross-border problems typical for the Dniester River are: pollution by organic, biogenic and dangerous substances; hydromorphological changes; pollution by plastic and other household waste of the coastal strip of the river; spread of invasive species. The transboundary Dniester river is used for electricity generation. Dubossar hydroelectric power plant (HPP) (1954) in Moldova and Dnistrovsk HPP (1987) and Dnistrovsk HPP-2 (2000) in Ukraine were built on the river. Their activities led to hydromorphological changes of the river and its regulation.The main role in the pollution of the waters of the Dniester basin by biogenic substances on the territory of Ukraine and Moldova belongs to diffuse sources of agricultural origin. Water management activities and intensive chemicalization of agricultural land significantly affect the water quality of the Dniester River. The possibility of using available satellite images makes it possible to reduce the time and material costs of conducting additional contact measurements when determining zones of probable flooding, without reducing the accuracy of forecast parameters. The developed cartographic geomodels of areas of probable flooding make it possible to determine and visually assess the degree of flooding under different modes of operation of pressure horizons that have a hydraulic connection with groundwater.","PeriodicalId":313972,"journal":{"name":"Environmental safety and natural resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122704990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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