Environmental Science & Policy最新文献_第5页

A pragmatic framework for local operationalisation of national-level biodiversity impact mitigation commitments 一个在地方实施国家级减轻生物多样性影响承诺的务实框架

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104288

Thomas B. Atkins , Natalie E. Duffus , Amber J. Butler , Hannah C. Nicholas , Sophus O.S.E. zu Ermgassen , Prue Addison , E.J. Milner-Gulland

Countries around the world are attempting to navigate complex trade-offs between biodiversity and other land use objectives such as infrastructure expansion, with many adopting “net outcomes” policies that aim to ensure economic development leaves biodiversity better off than before. The implementation of net outcomes policies often occurs on a project-by-project basis, which can lead to implementation missing opportunities for integrated thinking that delivers across multiple objectives. Here, we present a new practical framework for delivering a biodiversity mitigation strategy that achieves multiple societal objectives whilst being applicable at the scale of an individual project. We apply the framework to the case study of a major development in Oxfordshire subject to Biodiversity Net Gain legislation. We first calculate the requirement for off-site biodiversity offsetting, given the realistic limits in scope of on-site biodiversity impact mitigation. Three offsetting strategies are co-created with local stakeholders, which all meet the required biodiversity gains, but differ with regards to social equity and the bundle of ecosystem services delivered. Making these contrasting project characteristics transparent and comparable empowers local stakeholders to choose the offset strategy that meets their local preferences across these often-competing priorities, whilst helping contribute to overarching strategic development goals.

世界各国正试图在生物多样性和其他土地利用目标（如基础设施扩张）之间进行复杂的权衡，许多国家采取了旨在确保经济发展使生物多样性比以前更好的“净结果”政策。净结果策略的实现通常发生在一个项目接一个项目的基础上，这可能导致实现错过了跨多个目标交付的集成思考的机会。在这里，我们提出了一个新的实用框架，用于提供生物多样性缓解战略，实现多个社会目标，同时适用于单个项目的规模。我们将该框架应用于牛津郡受生物多样性净收益立法约束的重大发展案例研究。考虑到现场生物多样性影响缓解范围的现实限制，我们首先计算了场外生物多样性抵消的需求。与当地利益相关者共同制定了三种抵消战略，它们都符合所需的生物多样性收益，但在社会公平和提供的生态系统服务方面有所不同。使这些截然不同的项目特征透明且具有可比性，使当地利益相关者能够在这些经常相互竞争的优先事项中选择符合当地偏好的抵消策略，同时有助于实现总体战略发展目标。

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引用次数: 0

Troubled environmental governance in the age of the “twin” green and digital transitions 在绿色和数字化“双生”的时代，环境治理陷入困境

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104233

Zora Kovacic, Lucía Argüelles

引用次数: 0

Indigenous women-led climate crisis solutions from decolonial feminist perspectives in Western Canada 从非殖民主义女权主义视角看加拿大西部土著妇女主导的气候危机解决方案

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104272

Jebunnessa Chapola , Ranjan Datta , Teena Starlight , Margot Hurlbert , Sofie Poggendorf

This paper critically explores Indigenous women-led climate change solutions through an anti-racist lens. Indigenous communities, particularly women, have long been disproportionately affected by the adverse impacts of climate change. However, they also possess invaluable knowledge and resilience rooted in their deep connection to the land and environment. Centering Indigenous women's voices and experiences, this reflection aims to shed light on their innovative strategies, highlighting the importance of acknowledging and countering their intersecting oppressions. Following decolonial and relational theoretical frameworks, we learned that Indigenous women's leadership and traditional land-based knowledge offer unique perspectives and solutions for mitigating and adapting to climate change. It emphasizes the importance of building respectful and reciprocal relationships, actively listening to Indigenous voices, and amplifying their calls for justice and equity. Indigenous women helped us to learn how to challenge systemic injustices and work towards collaborative, inclusive, and sustainable climate solutions that center Indigenous women's knowledge, leadership, and self-determination. We can forge a path toward a more just and resilient future for all by uplifting Indigenous voices.

本文通过反种族主义的视角批判性地探讨了土著妇女主导的气候变化解决方案。长期以来，土著社区，特别是妇女，受到气候变化不利影响的影响尤为严重。然而，由于他们与土地和环境的紧密联系，他们也拥有宝贵的知识和复原力。本次反思以土著妇女的声音和经历为中心，旨在揭示她们的创新策略，强调承认和对抗相互交织的压迫的重要性。根据非殖民化和相关理论框架，我们了解到土著妇女的领导地位和传统的陆地知识为减缓和适应气候变化提供了独特的视角和解决方案。它强调建立尊重和互惠关系的重要性，积极倾听土著的声音，并扩大他们对正义和公平的呼吁。土著妇女帮助我们学会了如何挑战系统性的不公正，并努力寻求以土著妇女的知识、领导力和自决为中心的协作、包容和可持续的气候解决方案。我们可以通过提高土著人民的声音，为所有人开辟一条通往更公正、更有复原力的未来的道路。

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引用次数: 0

Social attitudes towards climate interventions: Are European publics uninformed about carbon removal and solar radiation management? 社会对气候干预的态度：欧洲公众是否不了解碳去除和太阳辐射管理？

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104287

Benjamin K. Sovacool , Livia Fritz , Chad M. Baum , Lucilla Losi , Ramit Debnath , Hans Jakob Walnum , Finn Müller-Hansen , Elina Brutschin

Climate interventions such as carbon removal and solar radiation management are now being considered by researchers, policymakers, and the private sector to address climate change. We examine European public perceptions of these interventions through five nationally representative surveys: Austria (N = 1005), Germany (N = 1025), Italy (N = 1002), Norway (N = 1002) and the United Kingdom (N = 1028). We combine this quantitative data with qualitative data from a total of 10 focus groups, with one urban and one rural focus group in each country. We find that public concerns within the five countries can be organized into themes such as climate change attitudes, technology perceptions, and governance. We also offer a comparative assessment of public perceptions organized around the relational themes of familiarity, policy support, aversion to tampering with nature, environmental identity, trust in actors, and experiences of climate change. Stated knowledge and familiarity with carbon removal and solar radiation management influence attitudes towards climate interventions. The great variety of attitudes and preferences confounds attempts to push climate policy or oversight of climate interventions towards applying “one-size-fits-all” policy options. Engaging with these diverse views in the policy process is therefore crucial for equitable deployment and minimizing societal backlash.

研究人员、政策制定者和私营部门现在正在考虑采取诸如碳去除和太阳辐射管理等气候干预措施来应对气候变化。我们检查欧洲公众的这些干预措施通过五个全国代表性调查:奥地利(N = 1005)、德国(N = 1025),意大利(N = 1002)、挪威(N = 1002)和英国(N = 1028)。我们将这些定量数据与来自10个焦点小组的定性数据结合起来，每个国家分别有一个城市和一个农村焦点小组。我们发现，这五个国家的公众关注可以被组织成气候变化态度、技术认知和治理等主题。我们还对围绕熟悉度、政策支持、对破坏自然的厌恶、环境认同、对行为者的信任和气候变化经验等相关主题组织的公众看法进行了比较评估。对碳清除和太阳辐射管理的已知知识和熟悉程度影响对气候干预的态度。各种各样的态度和偏好使推动气候政策或对气候干预的监督采取“一刀切”的政策选择的努力变得混乱。因此，在政策过程中吸收这些不同的观点对于公平部署和尽量减少社会反弹至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

A multidisciplinary framework for research prioritization at the science-policy interface: Insights for wildlife conservation and management 科学-政策界面研究优先次序的多学科框架：野生动物保护和管理的见解

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104279

Nikol Damato , Alex McInturff

At the science-policy interface for wildlife conservation, numerous barriers prevent the integration of science into policy, and decision-makers must make tradeoffs between investing in research and implementing management interventions based on existing but limited information. The consequences of these decisions are particularly high for “wicked” problems like endangered species management, where there is often urgency, uncertainty, conflict, and irreversible and potentially harmful outcomes for both wildlife and human communities. As a result, there is growing recognition about the need to strategically prioritize research that effectively reduces uncertainty, is relevant to decision-makers, and improves management outcomes. We conducted a narrative literature review of the wildlife conservation sciences, the decision sciences, and the policy sciences to synthesize insights and best practices for research prioritization and meet a critical need for integrating social dimensions into prioritization decisions. Our goal was to develop an accessible framework to help decision-makers and natural and social scientists make more effective, defensible, and just decisions about research priorities. We propose four categories of considerations scientists and decision-makers can take into account in prioritization decisions: (1) the source, reducibility, and relevance of uncertainties, (2) practical and socio-political feasibility, (3) conflict and contestation, and (4) direct and indirect risk perceptions. We offer strategies and tools to operationalize and adapt the framework across management contexts and needs. We draw on examples from endangered Southern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) to provide insight into how decision-makers and scientists can apply the framework’s considerations within their unique social-ecological systems.

在野生动物保护的科学-政策界面上，许多障碍阻碍了将科学纳入政策，决策者必须在投资研究和基于现有但有限的信息实施管理干预之间做出权衡。对于濒危物种管理等“棘手”问题，这些决定的后果尤其严重，因为这些问题往往具有紧迫性、不确定性、冲突性，对野生动物和人类社区都有不可逆转的潜在危害。因此，越来越多的人认识到，需要在战略上优先考虑那些有效减少不确定性、与决策者相关并改善管理结果的研究。我们对野生动物保护科学、决策科学和政策科学进行了文献综述，以综合研究优先级的见解和最佳实践，并满足将社会维度纳入优先级决策的迫切需求。我们的目标是开发一个可访问的框架，以帮助决策者、自然和社会科学家在研究优先级方面做出更有效、更合理、更公正的决定。我们提出了科学家和决策者在优先级决策中可以考虑的四类考虑因素：(1)不确定性的来源，可还原性和相关性，(2)实际和社会政治可行性，(3)冲突和争论，以及(4)直接和间接的风险感知。我们提供策略和工具来实现跨管理环境和需求的操作和调整框架。我们以濒临灭绝的南方虎鲸（Orcinus orca）为例，为决策者和科学家如何在其独特的社会生态系统中应用框架的考虑提供见解。

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引用次数: 0

Research shaped through context: Lessons from transdisciplinary projects 通过背景形成的研究：来自跨学科项目的经验教训

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104286

Julia Schegg , Rea Pärli , Manuel Fischer , Eva Lieberherr

Transdisciplinary research (TDR) targets societal challenges through equitable knowledge co-production with non-academic actors for a given case context. Frequently, results of TDR projects are harder to generalize compared to those of non-TD projects, primarily because TD projects are designed to address specific, context-dependent situations. Including context (factors, such as COVID-19, public discourse, and action resources of project actors) when assessing TDR projects is thus important for the transferability of effects of TDR projects to other contexts. This study investigates the influence of context factors on TDR projects and their effects. Empirically, we rely on interviews with 23 researchers and non-academic actors involved in 9 TDR projects in the field of natural resources in Switzerland. We find that, particularly, the effects of knowledge integration into practice and into politics are most affected by context factors. We find the context factors: action resources of political support, organisation and consensus, and the system conditions of private economy and external natural events to be most influential for the achievement of aspired effects in TDR projects.

跨学科研究（TDR）通过在特定案例背景下与非学术行为体公平地共同生产知识来针对社会挑战。通常，与非输配电项目相比，TDR项目的结果更难概括，主要是因为输配电项目旨在解决特定的、依赖于上下文的情况。因此，在评估TDR项目时纳入背景（诸如COVID-19、公众话语和项目行为者的行动资源等因素）对于TDR项目的效果可转移到其他背景非常重要。本研究探讨了环境因素对TDR项目的影响及其效果。在经验上，我们依靠对23名研究人员和参与瑞士自然资源领域9个TDR项目的非学术行为者的采访。我们发现，特别是知识融入实践和融入政治的效果最受情境因素的影响。研究发现，政治支持、组织和共识等行动资源、民营经济制度条件和外部自然事件等背景因素对TDR项目实现预期效果的影响最大。

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引用次数: 0

A novel tool for translating Research and Innovation project outputs into measurable contributions to the UN Sustainable Development Goals 将研究和创新项目成果转化为对联合国可持续发展目标的可衡量贡献的新工具

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104284

Ali Rhouma , Antonella Autino , Fabio Maria Montagnino , Anna Malagó , Davide Dallera , Giovanni Bidoglio , Gill José Maria

This study presents the application of a novel evaluation SDG-Tool to assess the contributions of 25 research and innovation projects funded by the PRIMA Partnership to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Designed for systematic and replicable assessment, the tool overcomes the current lack of suitable Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) tools with this specific aim, by combining a Key Performance Indicators questionnaire with a dual-matrix framework weight, and relevance matrices aligned with SDG targets. It enables the normalization of scores and comparative analysis across five thematic areas, considering the economic, environmental, social, governance, and scientific-technological dimensions. The results reveal strong contributions by 25 studied projects to SDG2, SDG6, SDG9, SDG 12 SDG 13 and SDG15, with scientific-technological performance scoring highest (44.2/100), while governance impacts remain underdeveloped (17.5/100). The integration of evidence from the IPBES Nexus Assessment within the tool allows the exploration of interlinkages across biodiversity, food, water, health, climate, and energy, confirming climate and food systems as central to SDG synergies. The tool enhances transparency, strategic alignment, and orientation towards the UN 2030 Agenda. The proposed interface is user-friendly and the overall flexible structure allows adaptation and fine-tuning of the matrices. These features make the tool suitable for further refinements and reuse across various Research & Innovation programmes. Nevertheless, the study is limited by its reliance on expert-based weighting procedures and its application to a single portfolio of projects; further validation with larger datasets and use cases will be essential to strengthen its robustness and generalizability.

本研究介绍了一种新的可持续发展目标评估工具的应用，以评估由PRIMA伙伴关系资助的25个研究和创新项目对联合国可持续发展目标（sdg）的贡献。该工具是为系统和可复制的评估而设计的，通过将关键绩效指标问卷与双矩阵框架权重相结合，以及与可持续发展目标相一致的相关性矩阵，克服了目前缺乏适合这一特定目标的监测和评估工具。它使五个主题领域的得分和比较分析正常化，考虑到经济、环境、社会、治理和科学技术方面。结果显示，25个研究项目对SDG2、SDG6、SDG9、SDG 12、SDG 13和SDG15的贡献很大，其中科技绩效得分最高（44.2/100），而治理影响仍不充分（17.5/100）。将IPBES Nexus评估的证据整合到该工具中，可以探索生物多样性、粮食、水、健康、气候和能源之间的相互联系，确认气候和粮食系统是可持续发展目标协同效应的核心。该工具提高了透明度、战略一致性和对联合国2030年议程的导向。所提出的界面是用户友好的，整体灵活的结构允许矩阵的适应和微调。这些特性使该工具适合于在各种研究和创新计划中进一步改进和重用。然而，这项研究的局限性在于它依赖于基于专家的加权程序，并将其应用于单一的项目组合；用更大的数据集和用例进一步验证对于增强其鲁棒性和泛化性至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Mapping energy sustainability: An integrated analysis of research landscapes and policy alignment 绘制能源可持续性：研究景观和政策调整的综合分析

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104282

Jiayu Li, Michael C.P. Sing

Fragmentation in energy sustainability (ES) research and potential academic-policy misalignment impede global ES progress. This dual challenge motivates the innovations of this work: to synthesize ES literature and examine the academic-policy alignment. Theoretically, it enriches academic discourse by integrating dispersed ES research and offering new perspectives on the academia–policy divide. Practically, it identifies opportunities to help researchers address critical gaps and supports policymakers in designing effective measures to bridge this divide. Methodologically, we combine bibliometric and content analyses to map the ES research landscape, and employ a coupling coordination degree (CCD) model to quantify academia–policy alignment. Key findings reveal: (1) ES research is geographically concentrated in China and Europe; (2) while the definition of ES has evolved from narrow focus on sustainability to include inclusivity, accessibility, affordability, and energy efficiency, resilience remains underrepresented despite its importance for reflecting dynamic nature of ES; (3) three primary assessment frameworks prevail: social–economic–environmental, energy security–equity–environmental sustainability, and SDG-based framework; (4) while MCDM is the most common evaluation tool, dynamic methods such as predictive modelling are urgently needed; (5) Drivers of ES span economic, technological, political, and environmental dimensions, with social factors often overlooked; (6) CCD analysis reveals a U-shaped pattern in China, indicating alternating leadership between academia and policy, whereas France and Poland demonstrate steady CCD growth led by academic research. Conversely, the U.S. presents fluctuating CCD, where academic research is frequently disrupted by policy volatility. These patterns inform context-specific recommendations for improving academia-policy alignment.

能源可持续性研究的碎片化和潜在的学术政策偏差阻碍了全球能源可持续性的发展。这种双重挑战激发了这项工作的创新：综合ES文献并检查学术政策一致性。从理论上讲，它通过整合分散的ES研究丰富了学术话语，并为学术-政策鸿沟提供了新的视角。实际上，它确定了帮助研究人员解决关键差距的机会，并支持决策者设计有效的措施来弥合这一差距。在方法上，我们结合文献计量学和内容分析来绘制ES研究景观，并采用耦合协调度（CCD）模型来量化学术与政策的一致性。主要研究结果表明：(1)ES研究在地理上主要集中在中国和欧洲；(2)虽然可持续能源的定义已经从狭隘的可持续性发展到包括包容性、可及性、可负担性和能源效率，但弹性仍然没有得到充分的代表，尽管它对反映可持续能源的动态性质很重要；(3)社会-经济-环境、能源安全-公平-环境可持续性和基于可持续发展目标的评估框架占主导地位；(4)虽然MCDM是最常用的评估工具，但迫切需要预测建模等动态方法；(5)可持续发展的驱动因素包括经济、技术、政治和环境等维度，而社会因素往往被忽视；(6)中国的CCD呈u型增长，表现为学术与政策交替主导，而法国和波兰则表现为学术主导的CCD稳步增长。相反，美国呈现出波动的CCD，学术研究经常受到政策波动的干扰。这些模式为改善学术与政策的一致性提供了具体的建议。

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引用次数: 0

A bibliometric review of research on climate change in Africa 非洲气候变化研究的文献计量学综述

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104285

Obianuju Patience Ilo , Stephen Sunday Emmanuel , Ademidun Adeola Adesibikan , Odunayo T. Ore , Ajibola A. Bayode , Hamza Badamasi , Saheed O. Sanni , Mulala D. Simatele

The increasing frequency and severity of climate change-related disasters have made it a dominant issue in global public policy debates. In Africa, scholarly climate change research publications have gradually evolved, reflecting growing academic engagement with the continent’s unique climate challenges. This study makes a novel contribution by conducting a bibliometric analysis that not only maps the volume of scholarly output but also explores key trends, geographic distribution, keywords, leading researchers, collaboration networks, and research visibility. Using the VOSviewer visualisation tool, network maps were generated from a dataset of 662 research publications. The findings indicate that scholarly interest in this area gained momentum around 2016 and has continued to grow, with South Africa, Nigeria, and Ghana emerging as leading contributors. However, the analysis also highlights limited collaboration among authors and institutions, which may impede the coherence and impact of climate-related policy and practice. Moreover, the study identifies a disconnect between the production of climate knowledge and its practical application. To address this gap, the paper recommends that climate scientists reassess their approaches to collaboration and strengthen partnerships with media professionals to enhance the dissemination of accurate and actionable climate information.

与气候变化有关的灾害日益频繁和严重，使其成为全球公共政策辩论中的一个主要问题。在非洲，学术气候变化研究出版物已经逐渐发展，反映了越来越多的学术参与非洲大陆独特的气候挑战。这项研究通过文献计量分析做出了一个新颖的贡献，它不仅绘制了学术产出的数量，而且还探索了关键趋势、地理分布、关键词、主要研究人员、合作网络和研究可见性。使用VOSviewer可视化工具，从662份研究出版物的数据集中生成网络地图。研究结果表明，该领域的学术兴趣在2016年前后获得了动力，并继续增长，南非、尼日利亚和加纳成为主要贡献者。然而，该分析还强调了作者和机构之间有限的合作，这可能会阻碍气候相关政策和实践的一致性和影响。此外，该研究还指出，气候知识的生产与其实际应用之间存在脱节。为了解决这一差距，该论文建议气候科学家重新评估他们的合作方法，并加强与媒体专业人员的伙伴关系，以加强准确和可操作的气候信息的传播。

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引用次数: 0

PFAS and the pollution trap: contested knowledge in environmental justice struggles PFAS和污染陷阱：环境正义斗争中有争议的知识

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104281

Layla Lomé van der Donk, Marcel Llavero-Pasquina

Emerging evidence on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination hotspots has put these persistent chemicals under growing scrutiny. However, chemical corporations’ deliberate efforts at veiling risks associated with PFAS have led regulatory bodies to give a slow response to this ominous environmental and public health threat. This article analyses 25 environmental conflicts over PFAS contamination using the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice, paying particular attention to the contestation of knowledge and the roles of PFAS’ chemical properties in shaping these conflicts. In doing so, it situates environmental justice struggles in the arena of post-normal science and adds to the empirical demonstration of manufactured uncertainty by PFAS-emitting industries. It highlights how the invisible nature of PFAS allows those responsible for contamination to keep the environmental threat under the radar, which supports the case for treating embodied experiences of people in affected communities as valuable sources of data informing timely policy interventions. The analysis contributes to environmental justice literature by pointing at the emergence of new environmental justice communities and sacrifice zones through what we liken to a “pollution trap” created by invisible yet persistent toxics. Our findings call for urgent preventive action, research, dissemination, and regulation, particularly out of concern over the expansion of toxic frontiers to the Global South.

关于全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）污染热点的新证据使这些持久性化学品受到越来越多的审查。然而，化学公司刻意掩盖与PFAS相关的风险，导致监管机构对这一不祥的环境和公共健康威胁反应迟缓。本文利用全球环境正义地图集分析了25起关于PFAS污染的环境冲突，特别关注了知识的争论以及PFAS化学性质在形成这些冲突中的作用。在这样做的过程中，它将环境正义斗争置于后常态科学的舞台上，并增加了pfas排放行业制造不确定性的实证证明。它强调了PFAS的不可见性如何允许那些对污染负责的人将环境威胁隐藏在雷达之下，这支持了将受影响社区中人们的具体经验作为及时通知政策干预的宝贵数据来源的案例。该分析对环境正义文献做出了贡献，指出了新的环境正义社区和牺牲区的出现，我们将其比作由无形但持久的有毒物质造成的“污染陷阱”。我们的研究结果呼吁采取紧急的预防行动、研究、传播和监管，特别是出于对有毒边界向全球南方扩张的担忧。

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引用次数: 0