Environmental Science & Policy最新文献_第10页

Users’ awareness and expectations from the climate change adaptation digital twin 用户对气候变化适应数字孪生的认识和期望

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104236

Marta Terrado , Eulàlia Baulenas , Gerrit Versteeg , Dragana Bojovic , Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes

Several digital twins of the climate (climate DTs) have emerged around the world, primarily developed by private companies as well as large scientific and governmental organisations. Despite being in early development stages, they operationalise the on-demand production of climate information for adaptation. Although climate DTs will certainly be catalysts for unprecedented scientific and technological innovation, considering human aspects is indispensable to achieve societal uptake. Through participatory activities including an online survey, interviews and participant observation, we assess the perspectives of some potential users of the digital twins, in particular adaptation researchers and practitioners who use or could use climate information for adaptation. Results show that participants in our research are familiar with the digital twin concept but generally poorly informed about the DTs for climate adaptation. Participants’ expectations from the climate DTs include the simulation of different climate change adaptation options at scales where impacts are felt, the possibility to run on-demand model simulations and the benefits provided by higher model resolution, whereas the lack of guidance on how to use the information from the DTs and deal with uncertainties are the main challenges. Although moving towards the democratisation of climate DTs will empower users, it requires a clear roadmap for aspects related to governance, early communication, stakeholder engagement and dissemination of the DT results. Here we provide recommendations to bring the DTs closer to different target groups, making its outcomes more accessible and transparent for all.

世界各地已经出现了几个气候数字双胞胎（气候DTs），主要由私营公司以及大型科学和政府组织开发。尽管还处于早期发展阶段，但它们实现了适应气候信息的按需生产。虽然气候技术肯定会成为前所未有的科技创新的催化剂，但要实现社会吸收，考虑人的方面是必不可少的。通过包括在线调查、访谈和参与性观察在内的参与性活动，我们评估了数字孪生的一些潜在用户的观点，特别是使用或可能使用气候信息进行适应的适应研究人员和实践者。结果表明，我们研究的参与者熟悉数字孪生概念，但通常对气候适应的DTs知之甚少。与会者对气候模拟模型的期望包括在感受到影响的尺度上模拟不同的气候变化适应方案、运行按需模式模拟的可能性以及更高模式分辨率所带来的好处，而缺乏关于如何使用模拟模型信息和处理不确定性的指导则是主要挑战。尽管气候技术转移的民主化将赋予用户权力，但它需要在治理、早期沟通、利益相关者参与和技术转移结果传播等方面制定明确的路线图。在此，我们提出了一些建议，以使替代性评估更接近不同的目标群体，使其结果对所有人更容易获得和透明。

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引用次数: 0

Accessibility analysis and optimization strategies of green spaces for enhancing climate resilience: Equity-oriented insights from megacities 提高气候适应能力的绿色空间可达性分析与优化策略：来自特大城市的公平导向见解

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104234

Yaping Zhang , Jianjun Zhang , Xuelian Shi , Yixin Dai

With the rapid growth of urban populations, disparities in green space allocation have become more evident. As critical components of green space, parks play a vital role in mitigating climate risks and supporting residents’ physical and mental well-being. However, in rapidly expanding megacities, spatial and social inequities in park accessibility hinder green space from fully delivering its climate adaptation functions. This paper develops a framework for social equity in access to urban parks in megacities, providing a practical tool to guide equitable and climate-resilient urban green space planning. Using residential buildings as the unit of analysis, park equity among different population groups was assessed based on the three transportation modes of walking, cycling and public transportation. The results showed that 1) The park coverage is 70.82 %, with a Gini coefficient of 0.3547, indicating inadequate coverage and localized disparities; 2) Significant variations in equity exist across the three transportation modes. As residents’ mobility options improve (from walking to public transportation), their activity range expands, increasing park access opportunities; 3) The Gini Coefficient reveals pronounced inequities among vulnerable groups, with the elderly experiencing greater disparities in resource allocation, especially in urban centers where they are concentrated. 4) Areas with dense populations and limited park accessibility show higher land surface temperatures (LSTs), reflecting reduced heat resilience and limited capacity to alleviate the heat island effect. This demonstrates that equitable access to urban parks plays a key role in strengthening local climate resilience.

随着城市人口的快速增长，城市绿地配置的差异日益明显。公园作为绿色空间的重要组成部分，在缓解气候风险和支持居民身心健康方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，在快速扩张的特大城市中，公园可达性的空间和社会不平等阻碍了绿色空间充分发挥其气候适应功能。本文开发了一个超大城市城市公园使用的社会公平框架，为指导公平和气候适应型城市绿地规划提供了实用工具。以居住建筑为分析单元，基于步行、骑行和公共交通三种交通方式，对不同人群之间的公园公平性进行了评估。结果表明：1)公园盖度为70.82 %，基尼系数为0.3547，表明公园盖度不足，存在局部性差异；2)三种交通方式的公平性存在显著差异。随着居民出行选择的改善（从步行到公共交通），他们的活动范围扩大了，增加了进入公园的机会；③基尼系数显示弱势群体之间的不平等现象明显，老年人在资源分配上的差距更大，尤其是在老年人集中的城市中心。④人口密集、公园可达性有限的地区地表温度较高，反映出热恢复能力较差，缓解热岛效应的能力有限。这表明，公平使用城市公园在加强当地气候适应能力方面发挥着关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

To innovate and to adapt: Tackling crises in the Ganges delta 创新与适应：应对恒河三角洲的危机

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104235

Sanchayan Nath , Nishat Shermin

The list of crises facing humanity grows longer every day. How can humanity adapt to such crises? What factors does humanity need to nurture for adapting to crises? Recent research suggests that innovation is one such factor. Nonetheless, empirical research on the interconnections between innovation and adaptation is limited. Only a few studies may have explored the innovation-adaptation relationship in the face of “multiple interacting” crises. Therefore, drawing on the coupled, social-biophysical systems approach, this study examines the link between innovation capacity and adaptive capacity by focusing on the Khulna division of Bangladesh in the Ganges delta, a region severely impacted by climate change, salinity intrusion, and polderization and utilizing a comprehensive methodology that combines interviews with 330 households, spatial mapping, secondary data analysis and advanced regression techniques. This study reveals that households with higher innovation capacity exhibit enhanced adaptive capacity, particularly in areas characterized by complex salinity-sedimentation dynamics. This study contributes to the growing body of literature in sustainability science by highlighting the importance of fostering grassroots innovation so that marginalized communities can tackle crises and emphasizing the need for targeted policy interventions that support local innovation, leading to resilient and sustainable livelihoods in the face of escalating social, environmental, and humanitarian challenges.

人类面临的危机日益增多。人类如何适应这样的危机？为了适应危机，人类需要培养哪些因素？最近的研究表明，创新就是其中一个因素。然而，关于创新与适应之间相互关系的实证研究有限。面对“多重互动”危机，只有少数研究探讨了创新与适应的关系。因此，本研究利用耦合的社会-生物-物理系统方法，通过关注受气候变化、盐度入侵和授粉严重影响的恒河三角洲孟加拉国库尔纳地区，并利用综合方法，结合对330户家庭的访谈、空间制图、二次数据分析和先进的回归技术，考察了创新能力和适应能力之间的联系。研究表明，创新能力越强的农户适应能力越强，特别是在盐沉动态复杂的地区。本研究强调了促进基层创新的重要性，从而使边缘化社区能够应对危机，并强调了有针对性的政策干预的必要性，以支持地方创新，从而在面临不断升级的社会、环境和人道主义挑战时实现有弹性和可持续的生计。

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引用次数: 0

Plastic blindness: Lifting the blindfold through citizen science 可塑性失明：通过公民科学揭开眼罩

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104218

Kate Whitman , Cressida Bowyer , Marta Nieto-Garcia , Georgios Georgiou , Tegan Evans , Stephen Fletcher

This paper examines the impact of a nationwide citizen science campaign on participants’ plastic waste behaviours, environmental attitudes, and political engagement. Drawing on three integrated data sources, The Big Plastic Count (a citizen science initiative involving over 160,000 UK households), a linked attitudes survey (N = 8130), and a natural experiment tracking petition signatures, we analyse how participation influenced awareness and action. Despite many participants reporting efforts to choose recyclable packaging, soft plastics, rarely recycled in practice, were the most frequently discarded items. Participants also significantly underestimated their overall plastic consumption, a disconnect we term plastic blindness, particularly pronounced among those shopping online. By making plastic waste visible, the campaign increased awareness, concern, and support for circular economy practices such as reuse and refill. Participation was also associated with a marked increase in petition signatures, suggesting that citizen science can not only be used to collect data and drive behavioural change, but also mobilise political action. This suggests that citizen science participation can serve as a catalyst for policy engagement, influencing public support for international environmental negotiations, such as the Global Plastics Treaty.

本文考察了全国公民科学运动对参与者塑料废物行为、环境态度和政治参与的影响。利用三个综合数据来源，即“塑料大统计”（涉及超过16万英国家庭的公民科学倡议）、相关态度调查（N = 8130）和跟踪请愿签名的自然实验，我们分析了参与如何影响意识和行动。尽管许多参与者报告说他们努力选择可回收的包装，但实际上很少回收的软塑料是最常被丢弃的物品。参与者还严重低估了他们的整体塑料消费，我们称之为“塑料失明”，这种脱节在网上购物中尤为明显。通过让人们看到塑料垃圾，该活动提高了人们对循环经济实践（如再利用和再填充）的认识、关注和支持。参与还与请愿签名的显著增加有关，这表明公民科学不仅可以用于收集数据和推动行为改变，还可以动员政治行动。这表明，公民科学参与可以成为政策参与的催化剂，影响公众对《全球塑料条约》等国际环境谈判的支持。

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引用次数: 0

When it rains, it pours: Wastewater infrastructure in the face of natural hazards and social vulnerability 祸不单行：面对自然灾害和社会脆弱性的废水基础设施

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104232

Haoluan Wang , Hao Chen

Wastewater infrastructure is increasingly vulnerable to climate change and sea-level rise, particularly in coastal regions. Existing research also highlights disparities in access to wastewater infrastructure across different socio-demographic groups. This study investigates the spatial distribution of two distinct yet complementary types of wastewater infrastructure—septic systems and sanitary sewer pump stations—within the context of natural hazards and social vulnerability in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. By incorporating the National Risk Index that measures physical risks into our analysis, we demonstrate that a disproportionately high number of wastewater infrastructure per capita are located in census tracts with high natural hazard risks, underscoring the challenges of future infrastructure maintenance. Additionally, using the Social Vulnerability Index that measures social needs, we identify a negative correlation between the number of wastewater infrastructure per capita and social vulnerability, revealing evident social inequities in access to critical wastewater treatment services. We also apply spatial regressions, including spatial lag and error models, to show the presence of spatial dependence. Analyzing the availability of wastewater infrastructure through the lens of natural hazards and social vulnerability provides new insights into inequality assessment. Targeted interventions based on both physical risks and social needs are essential for enhancing urban resilience in the face of climate change.

污水处理基础设施越来越容易受到气候变化和海平面上升的影响，特别是在沿海地区。现有研究还强调了不同社会人口群体在获得废水基础设施方面的差异。本研究在美国佛罗里达州迈阿密-戴德县的自然灾害和社会脆弱性背景下，调查了两种不同但互补的污水基础设施类型——化粪池系统和卫生污水泵站的空间分布。通过将衡量物理风险的国家风险指数纳入我们的分析，我们证明，人均废水基础设施位于自然灾害风险高的人口普查区的比例过高，这突显了未来基础设施维护的挑战。此外，利用衡量社会需求的社会脆弱性指数，我们发现人均废水基础设施数量与社会脆弱性之间存在负相关关系，揭示了在获得关键废水处理服务方面存在明显的社会不平等。我们还应用空间回归，包括空间滞后和误差模型，以显示空间依赖性的存在。从自然灾害和社会脆弱性的角度分析废水基础设施的可用性，为不平等评估提供了新的见解。基于自然风险和社会需求的有针对性的干预措施对于增强城市抵御气候变化的能力至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental justice through epistemic diversification: A critical reflection on One Health for just environmental public health 认识多样化的环境正义：对“同一个健康”环境公共卫生公正的批判性反思

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104222

Laura Dominique Pesliak , Anton Killin

Environmental public health discussions embrace the significant role of the natural environment for the health of human and non-human living entities. This is exemplified in major, overarching and institutionally consolidated research and policy frameworks such as One Health, focusing on the intersection of human, animal, and ecosystem health. One Health promotes collaborative efforts across sectors to prevent and address health threats such as zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and ecosystem degradation. In this article, its approach is outlined and critically examined with particular attention to its alignment with a predominantly Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (i.e., ‘WEIRD’) worldview. The specific manifestations and implications of this epistemic orientation are analyzed in order to demonstrate how WEIRD characteristics are embedded in One Health thinking. Building on this analysis, the article shows how hegemonic asymmetries due to the One Health framework produce environmental injustices, rooted in and reinforcing epistemic injustice. By examining research narratives and global policy developments through the lens of environmental justice, the article reveals how certain ways of knowing and relating to the environment are privileged, while others are marginalized. This critique serves as the foundation for advocating an epistemic and conceptual diversification of the One Health approach. Unlearning WEIRD biases in One Health is proposed as a necessary step towards more just and inclusive social-ecological trajectories of environmental public health. Diversifying the epistemic grounds of One Health will lead to better alignment with environmental justice principles, fostering more inclusive, tailored, equitable, and environmentally just trajectories for public health.

环境公共卫生讨论包括自然环境对人类和非人类生物实体健康的重要作用。这一点在主要的、全面的、体制上巩固的研究和政策框架中得到了体现，例如“同一个健康”，重点关注人类、动物和生态系统健康的交叉点。“同一个健康”促进跨部门合作，预防和应对人畜共患疾病、抗微生物药物耐药性和生态系统退化等健康威胁。在这篇文章中，它的方法被概述和批判性地审查，特别注意它与西方主导的、受过教育的、工业化的、富裕的和民主的（即“怪异”）世界观的一致性。分析了这种认知取向的具体表现和含义，以证明WEIRD特征如何嵌入到一个健康的思维中。在此分析的基础上，本文展示了由于“同一个健康”框架所导致的霸权不对称是如何产生环境不公正的，这种不公正根植于并强化了认知上的不公正。通过从环境正义的角度审视研究叙述和全球政策发展，本文揭示了了解和与环境相关的某些方式是如何享有特权的，而其他方式则被边缘化。这一批评是倡导统一健康方法的认识和概念多样化的基础。建议在“一种健康”中摒弃WEIRD偏见，这是迈向更公正和包容的环境公共卫生社会生态轨迹的必要步骤。使“同一个健康”的认识基础多样化，将有助于更好地与环境正义原则保持一致，促进更加包容、量身定制、公平和环境公正的公共卫生发展轨迹。

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引用次数: 0

Carbon sequestration ought to be permanent on climate-relevant timescales 在与气候相关的时间尺度上，碳封存应该是永久性的

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104223

Stephanie H. Arcusa , Klaus S. Lackner

Markets for durable carbon removal credits are expanding despite conflicting rules and standards. A major unresolved issue surrounds the permanence of sequestration and what it means. We draw from the principles of ‘intergenerational equity’ and the ‘polluter-pays’ to argue that sequestration ought to be permanent on climate-relevant timescales which geoscience has determined to be in excess of 10000 years. This is far longer than the typical durability of carbon credits. In this perspective, we examine the implications of having to guarantee the permanence of carbon removal either by permanent sequestration or by a sequence of temporary storage. We will review the science underlying the definition of climate-relevant permanence. We will ask why we should care, who gets to reap the benefits from not guaranteeing permanence, who will suffer the consequences, who pays for permanence, and who gets to decide.

尽管规则和标准相互矛盾，但持久性碳清除信用额度的市场仍在扩大。一个悬而未决的主要问题围绕着自动减赤的持久性及其意义。我们从“代际公平”和“污染者自付”的原则中得出结论，认为在与气候相关的时间尺度上，封存应该是永久性的，而地球科学已经确定，封存的时间尺度超过1万年。这比碳信用额度的典型持久性要长得多。从这个角度来看，我们研究了必须通过永久封存或一系列临时储存来保证碳去除的持久性的影响。我们将回顾与气候相关的持久性定义的科学基础。我们会问为什么我们应该关心，谁将从不保证永久性中获益，谁将承受后果，谁将为永久性买单，以及谁将做出决定。

引用次数: 0

The Wetland Explorer: A digital tool for improved community engagement with water quality modelling for decision-making 湿地探索者：一个数字工具，用于改善社区参与，为决策建立水质模型

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104226

Catharina Landström , Helge Peters , Andrew G. Hughes , Christopher R. Jackson , Andrew A. McKenzie , Liam Spencer , Rebecca Turnpenney , John Bryden

Participatory modelling is a way to include local people’s knowledge in environmental computer modelling. It has primarily been analysed as a process enhancing scientific understanding and public understanding of science, rarely for generating decision-supporting knowledge in environmental management. This article presents a co-design project creating a digital interface that makes it possible for local communities to deploy the outputs of participatory environmental modelling after the conclusion of the research activity. The empirical context is water management in a location in north London in the UK, a country with an advanced system for community involvement with surface water governance. However, research shows that scientific and technical expertise continue to dominate decision-making, even within organisations designed to include local communities. Hence, the objective of the project was to create a digital tool that would enable community groups to engage with outputs from participatory scientific modelling in the context of water management. A co-design project, in collaboration with the local environmental charity Thames21, focused on making outputs from a previous participatory modelling project comprehensible and open to probing by community groups. The project created the interactive Wetland Explorer tool, a web-based interface for visualisation of modelling results. The Wetland Explorer demonstrates the potential of digital tools for public engagement with scientific models. User feedback from a trial with the tool also points to future research needs. This account of the creation of the Wetland Explorer contributes to the advancement of public engagement with water science in the context of environmental management.

参与式模型是一种将当地居民的知识纳入环境计算机模型的方法。它主要被分析为一个增进科学理解和公众对科学的理解的过程，很少被分析为在环境管理方面产生支持决策的知识。本文提出了一个共同设计项目，该项目创建了一个数字界面，使当地社区能够在研究活动结束后部署参与式环境建模的输出。实证背景是英国伦敦北部某地的水管理，这是一个拥有先进的社区参与地表水治理系统的国家。然而，研究表明，科学和技术专长继续主导着决策，甚至在旨在包括当地社区的组织中也是如此。因此，该项目的目标是创建一个数字工具，使社区团体能够参与水管理背景下参与式科学建模的产出。与当地环境慈善机构Thames21合作的一个共同设计项目，重点是使以前的参与式建模项目的产出易于理解，并向社区团体开放探索。该项目创建了交互式湿地探索者工具，这是一个基于网络的界面，用于可视化建模结果。湿地探索者展示了数字工具在公众参与科学模型方面的潜力。试用该工具的用户反馈也指出了未来的研究需求。这篇关于“湿地探索者”创建的文章有助于在环境管理的背景下促进公众对水科学的参与。

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引用次数: 0

A threat to democracy? Water protests in France and Germany 对民主的威胁？法国和德国的水抗议活动

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104229

Lena Partzsch

Environmental crisis narratives are used to justify the exercise of power, including against democratic state authority. In the cases of Danone in Volvic, France, and Tesla in Grünheide, Germany, activists are challenging the official state approval of multinationals’ exploitation of local resources amid declining water levels. This article compares the narratives that activists use in their campaigns regarding power and democracy. There are differences in the perception of the state and its potential. The Volvic water crisis in France is attributed to the state’s lethargy. In contrast, the Grünheide protest in eastern Germany is about more fundamental asymmetries. Activists reject the power of a global investor at the expense of the local institutions. This protest is about more than just protecting local water sources.

环境危机叙事被用来为权力的行使辩护，包括反对民主国家权威。在法国Volvic的达能（Danone）和德国gr nheide的特斯拉（Tesla）的案例中，活动人士对政府在水位下降之际批准跨国公司开采当地资源的做法提出了挑战。这篇文章比较了活动人士在他们的运动中使用的关于权力和民主的叙述。对国家及其潜力的看法存在差异。法国的Volvic水危机被归咎于政府的怠惰。相比之下，德国东部的grangnheide抗议活动涉及更根本的不对称。活动人士反对全球投资者以牺牲当地机构为代价获得权力。这次抗议不仅仅是为了保护当地的水资源。

引用次数: 0

Policy intermediation for agri-food system transition: food policy groups from middle Europe, Australia and United States 农业粮食系统转型的政策中介：来自中欧、澳大利亚和美国的粮食政策团体

IF 5.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104227

Friederike Elsner , Christian Herzig , Carola Strassner

Food policy groups (FPGs) are locally grounded approaches that engage with agri-food policy and challenge unsustainable practices. Thereby, FPGs intermediate between actors at the interface of civil society, science, policy and practice. As transition intermediaries, FPGs hold the potential to advance sustainability transitions. Yet, both their policy-related functions and the factors shaping their activities warrant closer investigation. Through the prism of transition intermediary research, we investigate the functions, policy priorities, organizational forms and relationships to government that constitute the policy intermediation of FPGs across three geographical contexts. Based on survey data of FPGs (n‎ = 260) across United States, middle Europe (mainly Germany) and Australia, we conduct a mixed-methods analysis, applying qualitative coding and statistical measures. We find that FPGs primarily intermediate in processes of social innovation, characterized by changing practices and social relations, rather than in the facilitation of technological innovations. We identify nine intermediary functions that remain similar across the three geographical contexts but differ from the functions typically associated with intermediation around technological innovations. FPGs engage in empowerment processes, network-building and work towards achieving collective goals. Due to FPGs’ nature as multi-actor platforms, they are conflict-ridden and arbitrate between distinct agri-food actors. The policy priorities, organizational forms and relationships to government differ across the three geographical contexts and thus seem to be context dependent. A stronger linkage to government does not appear to be associated with the policy priorities an FPG focusses on, suggesting that even FPGs with strong connections to government retain their independence.

粮食政策小组（FPGs）是基于当地的方法，参与农业粮食政策并挑战不可持续的做法。因此，FPGs是介于民间社会、科学、政策和实践之间的角色。作为过渡中介，fpga具有推进可持续性转型的潜力。然而，它们与政策有关的职能和影响其活动的因素都值得进一步研究。通过过渡中介研究的棱镜，我们研究了构成三种地理背景下FPGs政策中介的功能、政策优先事项、组织形式和与政府的关系。基于美国、中欧（主要是德国）和澳大利亚的FPGs （n = 260）的调查数据，我们采用定性编码和统计方法进行了混合方法分析。我们发现，FPGs主要是社会创新过程的中介，其特征是改变实践和社会关系，而不是促进技术创新。我们确定了九种中介功能，它们在三种地理环境中保持相似，但与技术创新中介的典型功能不同。fpg参与授权过程、网络建设和实现集体目标的工作。由于fps作为多参与者平台的性质，它们充满了冲突，并在不同的农业食品参与者之间进行仲裁。政策重点、组织形式和与政府的关系在三个地理环境中有所不同，因此似乎与环境有关。与政府的紧密联系似乎与FPG关注的政策优先事项无关，这表明即使与政府有紧密联系的pg也会保持其独立性。

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引用次数: 0