Environmental Science & Policy最新文献_第3页

Mapping barriers to food, energy, and water systems equity in the United States 绘制美国粮食、能源和水系统公平的障碍图

IF 4.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103941

Haleigh N. Summers , Tiffanie F. Stone , Loulou C. Dickey , Chris R. Rehmann , Emily K. Zimmerman , John C. Tyndall , Lu Liu

Barriers to affordable, accessible, high-quality food, energy, and water systems (FEWS) harm social equity. Connections within and across FEWS suggest that co-occurring barriers to equity can compound vulnerability. We hypothesized that barriers to FEW resources are strongly associated with geographic location, both within and across FEWS, as they rely heavily on localized sociopolitical and natural environments. This study explored the geographic relationships between FEWS barriers and social equity through a spatial analysis of census tracts within the United States. Cluster analyses showed that all FEWS barriers had a positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I = 0.12–0.94), with energy barriers being the most spatially clustered and affordability barriers being the least spatially clustered. In 54 % of census tracts, we observed the co-occurrence of low barriers to water quality and access. Barriers to FEWS affordability almost always co-occurred in parallel (e.g., high barriers to affordability in one system co-occurred with high barriers to affordability in another system). Finally, we developed a spatial index of the barriers to FEWS equity to determine vulnerability at the census tract scale, which had a positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I = 0.41). Clusters and intersections of FEWS equity barriers suggest that resources are interconnected, resulting in additional challenges for people living in these areas. The maps of barriers to equity in FEWS are useful tools that could help stakeholders (e.g., federal agencies, city planners, utilities) distribute FEWS resources fairly and begin engagement with communities about FEWS barriers in their local context.

可负担、可获得的高质量食品、能源和水系统（FEWS）的障碍会损害社会公平。粮食、能源和水系统内部和之间的联系表明，同时存在的公平障碍会加剧脆弱性。我们假设，在 FEWS 内部和 FEWS 之间，获得 FEW 资源的障碍与地理位置密切相关，因为它们在很大程度上依赖于当地的社会政治和自然环境。本研究通过对美国人口普查区的空间分析，探讨了家庭预警系统障碍与社会公平之间的地理关系。聚类分析显示，所有的粮食预警系统障碍都具有正的空间自相关性（莫兰氏 I = 0.12-0.94），其中能源障碍的空间聚类最大，而负担能力障碍的空间聚类最小。在 54% 的人口普查区中，我们观察到水质和用水障碍同时存在。与供水系统可负担性相关的障碍几乎总是同时存在（例如，一个系统中的高可负担性障碍与另一个系统中的高可负担性障碍同时存在）。最后，我们开发了一个用于确定人口普查区脆弱性的家庭预警系统公平性障碍空间指数，该指数具有正空间自相关性（莫伦 I = 0.41）。FEWS 公平障碍的集群和交叉表明，资源是相互关联的，这给生活在这些地区的人们带来了额外的挑战。FEWS 公平障碍地图是有用的工具，可帮助利益相关者（如联邦机构、城市规划者、公用事业）公平分配 FEWS 资源，并开始与社区就其当地环境中的 FEWS 障碍进行接触。

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引用次数: 0

Sámi trust in hydropower governance: A survey study 萨米人对水电管理的信任：调查研究

IF 4.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103918

Katarina Inga , Peter M. Rudberg , Rasmus Kløcker Larsen

The collaborative water governance literature, especially that concerned with trust, has paid scant attention to Indigenous Peoples. In this paper, we present the results from a survey targeting the Sámi population in Sweden, exploring trust in key state and industry actors in the governance of hydropower. The results demonstrate a widespread signal of low trust, which is correlated with a confluence of factors: a strong concern with negative impacts from hydropower on Sámi culture, experiences of limited opportunities to influence decisions, and a perceived low competence as well as limiting attitude from governance actors. Regarding the role of demographic variables, we report on some notable deviations from previous research about institutional trust. We discuss how collaborative governance initiatives often-times are launched to strengthen trust, but that design and implementation failures can, counter-productively, serve to erode trust among Indigenous constituencies. If Sámi trust is to be strengthened, then it will require state authorities and hydropower companies to genuinely engage with Sámi rights claims and ensure influence in decision-making. Our findings also have direct policy relevance, pointing to the need for a steep learning curve if the pending review of hydropower licenses, launched by the Swedish government, is to play a meaningful role in addressing past and ongoing impacts of hydropower on the Sámi People.

水合作治理文献，尤其是与信任有关的文献，很少关注原住民。在本文中，我们介绍了针对瑞典萨米人进行的一项调查的结果，该调查探讨了在水电治理过程中对主要国家和行业参与者的信任度。调查结果显示，信任度低是一个普遍的信号，这与多种因素有关：人们强烈关注水电对萨米文化的负面影响、影响决策的机会有限、认为管理者能力低下以及态度限制。关于人口变量的作用，我们报告了与以往有关机构信任研究的一些显著差异。我们讨论了合作治理倡议如何经常被用来加强信任，但设计和实施的失败可能会适得其反地削弱土著选民之间的信任。如果要加强萨米人的信任，就需要国家当局和水电公司真正参与萨米人的权利诉求，并确保对决策的影响力。我们的研究结果还具有直接的政策相关性，表明如果瑞典政府即将启动的水电许可证审查工作要在解决水电过去和现在对萨米人的影响方面发挥有意义的作用，就需要一个陡峭的学习曲线。

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引用次数: 0

Questionable devices: Applying a large language model to deliberate carbon removal 有问题的装置：将大型语言模型应用于故意除碳

IF 4.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103940

Dr. Laurie Waller , Dr. David Moats , Dr. Emily Cox , Dr. Rob Bellamy

This paper presents a device-centred approach to deliberation, developed in deliberative workshops appraising methods for removing carbon dioxide from the air. Our approach involved deploying the Large Language Model application ChatGPT (sometimes termed “generative AI”) to elicit questions and generate texts about carbon removal. We develop the notion of the “questionable” device to foreground the informational unruliness ChatGPT introduced into the deliberations. The analysis highlights occasions where the deliberative apparatus became a focus of collective critique, including over: issue definitions, expert-curated resources, lay identities and social classifications. However, in this set-up ChatGPT was all too often engaged unquestioningly as an instrument for informing discussion; its instrumental lure disguising the unruliness it introduced into the workshops. In concluding, we elaborate the notion of questionable devices and reflect on the way carbon removal has been “devised” as a field in want of informed deliberation.

本文介绍了一种以设备为中心的商议方法，该方法是在评估从空气中去除二氧化碳的方法的商议研讨会上开发的。我们的方法包括部署大型语言模型应用程序 ChatGPT（有时被称为 "生成式人工智能"），以诱发问题并生成有关碳清除的文本。我们提出了 "有问题 "设备的概念，以突出 ChatGPT 在讨论中引入的信息不规则性。我们的分析强调了审议机制成为集体批评焦点的场合，包括问题定义、专家资源、非专业身份和社会分类。然而，在这种情况下，ChatGPT 常常被不加质疑地当作一种为讨论提供信息的工具；其工具性的诱惑掩盖了它给研讨会带来的不和谐因素。最后，我们阐述了可疑工具的概念，并反思了碳清除作为一个需要知情讨论的领域的 "设计 "方式。

引用次数: 0

What do you mean 'Climate Change'? An analysis of climate change framings in three climate assemblies 气候变化 "是什么意思？对三个气候大会中气候变化框架的分析

IF 4.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103936

Corinna Zeitfogel , Tim Daw , David Collste

How climate change is framed within CAs is critical for both the democratic legitimacy and transformative potential of CAs. Narrow technical frames can exclude valid perspectives and policy options and close down debate on broader systemic and potentially more transformative issues. Conversely, such ‘system-supporting’ framings may yield more specific and applicable policy recommendations, increasing the likelihood of implementation. In this study, we present a framework and approach to analyse framings in climate assemblies. We apply this framework to examine the evidence provided to a German, a UK and a Global citizen assembly. Our analysis suggests that despite differences in scale, remit and commissioning bodies, evidence in these three assemblies had a similar range of framings. General evidence most frequently incorporated frames related to safety, governance, and fairness. Although all assemblies incorporated some degree of system-challenging frames, many of them were used little. Topic-specific evidence on energy in both the German and UK assemblies almost exclusively used energy technologies frames, potentially at the expense of critical perspectives. Interestingly, we did not observe major differences in the amount of system-challenging frames used between the assemblies commissioned by civil society actors and those commissioned by parliament; however, we observed some differences in the way some frames were used. We propose that integrating system-challenging frames with actionable steps could enhance the transformative potential of future assemblies. Our framework can be used to study how the framing of evidence influences deliberations and outcomes and to assess assemblies’ claims to provide balanced information.

如何在 CA 中确定气候变化的框架对于 CA 的民主合法性和变革潜力都至关重要。狭隘的技术框架可能会排除有效的观点和政策选择，关闭对更广泛的系统性问题和可能更具变革性问题的辩论。相反，这种 "系统支持 "框架可能会产生更具体、更适用的政策建议，从而提高实施的可能性。在本研究中，我们提出了一个分析气候大会框架的框架和方法。我们运用这一框架来研究向德国、英国和全球公民大会提供的证据。我们的分析表明，尽管在规模、职权范围和委托机构方面存在差异，但这三个大会中的证据具有相似的框架。一般证据最常包含与安全、治理和公平相关的框架。虽然所有会议都在一定程度上采用了挑战系统的框架，但其中许多框架很少使用。在德国和英国议会中，有关能源的特定主题证据几乎都使用了能源技术框架，这可能牺牲了批判性视角。有趣的是，我们并没有观察到民间社会行动者委托的议会与议会委托的议会在系统挑战框架的使用量上存在重大差异；但是，我们观察到某些框架的使用方式存在一些差异。我们建议，将挑战制度的框架与可操作的步骤相结合，可以增强未来大会的变革潜力。我们的框架可用于研究证据框架如何影响审议和审议结果，以及评估大会关于提供平衡信息的主张。

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引用次数: 0

Gender-based climate (in)justice: An overview 基于性别的气候（不）公正：概述

IF 4.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103934

Walef Pena Guedes , Bruna Angela Branchi , Cibele Roberta Sugahara , Denise Helena Lombardo Ferreira

Addressing climate justice involves recognizing the disparities in climate change impacts, identifying the most vulnerable groups, and prioritizing adaptation strategies to support them. Since the patriarchal societal structure influences these inequalities, this paper focuses on how gender intersects with climate (in)justice. Following the PRISMA protocol, 49 out of 134 English articles selected from Scopus and Web of Science databases, published between 2012 and May 2023, were included in the review. As a result, we categorized the studies into three major themes of theoretical developments: (i) Climate justice strategies, adaptation, and governance, (ii) Intersectionality and climate justice, (iii) Activism and movements for climate justice. The results draw attention to the regions of the global South, as well as to low-income women and specific feminist approaches such as ecofeminism. These categories present valuable opportunities to enhance understanding and action at the intersection of climate issues, social justice, and gender. Climate justice cannot be fully achieved without including a gender perspective.

要实现气候正义，就必须认识到气候变化影响的差异，确定最脆弱的群体，并优先考虑支持他们的适应战略。由于父权制社会结构影响了这些不平等现象，本文重点关注性别与气候（不）公正之间的相互关系。根据 PRISMA 协议，我们从 Scopus 和 Web of Science 数据库中选取了 134 篇英文文章，其中 49 篇发表于 2012 年至 2023 年 5 月。因此，我们将这些研究分为三大理论发展主题：(i) 气候正义战略、适应和治理，(ii) 交叉性和气候正义，(iii) 促进气候正义的行动主义和运动。研究结果引起了人们对全球南部地区以及低收入妇女和特定女权主义方法（如生态女权主义）的关注。这些类别为加强对气候问题、社会正义和性别问题交叉点的理解和行动提供了宝贵的机会。如果不纳入性别视角，就无法充分实现气候正义。

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引用次数: 0

The Dublin Declaration: Gain for the Meat Industry, Loss for Science 都柏林宣言》：肉类行业的收益，科学的损失

IF 4.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103922

Jochen Krattenmacher , Romain Espinosa , Edel Sanders , Richard Twine , William J. Ripple

We critically analyzed the "Dublin Declaration of Scientists on the Societal Role of Livestock" (DD), a document promoting animal farming, and its implications for public discourse and policy. Our analysis reveals that the DD is scientifically problematic, particularly in its neglect of issues such as meat overconsumption in high-income countries and the dominance of industrial animal production, thereby downplaying associated risks and harms. We also show that the DD’s authors essentially suggest that societies should simply rely on technological progress to fix any “challenges” associated with the sector, a suggestion that aligns with the authors’ private interests. We identify several academically questionable practices, including denial of credentials to dissenting actors, omission of significant conflicts of interest, and excessive self-edition and self-citation, all while purporting to provide a scientific and balanced overview. Relatedly, we bring into view conflicts of interests of the Irish semi-state authority Teagasc, which hosted a DD-related summit, and of Animal Frontiers and the animal production science associations behind it, which published a special issue edited by the DD’s authors containing the DD. We explore potential responsibilities by these organizations, the DD’s authors, and Nature Food, which published a follow-up correspondence by two of the DD’s authors. Our perspective contributes to the growing literature exposing the influence of the meat industry on science and its representation in public discourse. We discuss broader policy measures to mitigate and counteract this influence.

我们批判性地分析了《科学家关于畜牧业社会作用的都柏林宣言》（DD）这一提倡畜牧业的文件及其对公共讨论和政策的影响。我们的分析表明，《都柏林宣言》在科学上存在问题，尤其是它忽视了高收入国家肉类消费过度和工业化畜牧生产占主导地位等问题，从而淡化了相关风险和危害。我们还发现，《发展报告》的作者从根本上建议，社会应简单地依靠技术进步来解决与畜牧业相关的任何 "挑战"，这一建议符合作者的私人利益。我们发现了一些在学术上值得商榷的做法，包括拒绝给予持不同意见者证书、遗漏重大利益冲突、过度自编和自引，而所有这些都是为了提供科学和平衡的概述。与此相关的是，我们将爱尔兰半官方机构Teagasc和《动物前沿》及其背后的动物生产科学协会的利益冲突纳入视野，前者主办了一次与DD相关的峰会，后者出版了由DD作者编辑的特刊，其中包含DD内容。我们探讨了这些组织、DD 作者以及《自然食品》（该杂志发表了 DD 两位作者的后续通信）可能应承担的责任。越来越多的文献揭露了肉类行业对科学的影响及其在公共讨论中的代表性，我们的观点为这些文献做出了贡献。我们讨论了减轻和抵消这种影响的更广泛的政策措施。

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引用次数: 0

The mandate of “heaven”: How forestland property rights were undermined under the Chinese discourse of Ecological Civilization 天命"：林地产权如何在中国的生态文明话语中受到损害

IF 4.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103932

Wenyuan Liang , Bas Arts , Annah Lake Zhu , Jiayun Dong

The relationship between upholding forestland property rights and achieving environmental conservation is not always straightforward. Occasionally, property rights can be undermined in the pursuit of environmental conservation. This article adopts the concept of “rule of mandates” to explain how a Chinese reform of property rights over forestland, namely the Collective Forest Tenure Reform (CFTR) initiated in 2003, was subsequently undermined under the discourse of Ecological Civilization. In doing so, the article updates the framework for analysing policy implementation under the rule of mandates. Unlike the rule of law, the rule of mandates enables a government to assign a set of mandates that are ambiguous, contradictory, and with hierarchical priorities. Under the top-down authoritarian hierarchy, lower-level governments are obliged to implement the high-priority mandates of higher-level government. Tracing the forest governance dynamics of two counties in Fujian province from 2010 to 2019, the case study reveals that, in the early 2010s, the central government prioritized environmental conservation over forestland property rights under the discourse of Ecological Civilization. At local levels, this manifested in undermining property rights through restricted timber harvest levels for the sake of environmental conservation. Unlike policy implementation under the rule of law, restrictions on timber harvest were implemented by direct government mandates. This analysis points to the vulnerability of property rights under the rule of mandates. In a developing country context characterized by pressing environmental concerns and a dysfunctional rule of law, this study demonstrates the challenges of prioritizing environmental conservation over legal tenure.

维护林地产权与实现环境保护之间的关系并非总是简单明了。在追求环境保护的过程中，产权有时会受到损害。本文采用 "委任统治 "的概念来解释中国的林地产权改革，即 2003 年启动的集体林权制度改革（CFTR），是如何在生态文明的话语下遭到破坏的。在此过程中，文章更新了任务规则下的政策执行分析框架。与法治不同，委任统治使政府能够分配一系列模棱两可、自相矛盾且具有等级优先权的任务。在自上而下的专制等级制度下，下级政府必须执行上级政府的高度优先任务。通过对福建省两个县从 2010 年到 2019 年的森林治理动态进行追踪，案例研究发现，在 2010 年代初，中央政府在生态文明话语下将环境保护置于林地产权之上。在地方层面，这表现为为保护环境而限制木材采伐量，从而损害了产权。与法治下的政策执行不同，对木材采伐的限制是通过政府的直接授权来实施的。这一分析表明了授权规则下产权的脆弱性。在环境问题紧迫、法治失灵的发展中国家，本研究表明了环境保护优先于合法使用权所面临的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Climate change and environmental degradation in Yanomami People’s Land: Intersectional threats and the need for improved policy-making 雅诺马米人居住地的气候变化和环境退化：交叉威胁和改进决策的必要性

IF 4.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103931

Walter Leal Filho , Yara Martinelli , Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis , Clarissa Rosa , Cassiano Gustavo Messias

The Yanomami are an Amazonian Indigenous people in northern Brazil and southern Venezuela. The Yanomami are considered a ‘recent contact Indigenous People’, with the first contacts with non-indigenous recorded between 1910 and 1940 and with some groups in voluntary isolation. They are one of the resilient peoples that practise their traditional way of life, which involves a strong connection to the land and the environment. Following an expert-driven literature review based on a set of available documentation on the Brazilian Indigenous Peoples, focusing on the overlapping threats that affect Indigenous Lands and triangulating the information collected with data produced on Brazilian Amazon Rainforest Monitoring Program by Satellite (PRODES) within the Space Research National Institute (INPE), this communication presents a case analysis of the main pressures and threats Yanomami People faces. The overlapped threats manifest in structural and cyclical issues, linked to the environmental crisis arising from extractives’ illegal activities, such as logging, and mining invasions, the recurrent attacks, mercury contamination of the river water, malnutrition caused by contaminated fish, scarcity of hunting, and violence committed against the people, especially women and children. Added to these multiple social, political, and environmental threats are the impacts of climate change, which disproportionately affect forest peoples. Deforestation, fires, drought, and other extreme events that are linked to climate change effects are analysed, leading to reflections on Brazilian government policies' influence and on the urgency to implement policies in defence of Indigenous Lands, the Amazon Forest, and its guardians.

雅诺马米族是巴西北部和委内瑞拉南部的亚马逊土著民族。雅诺马米人被认为是 "最近接触的土著人"，与非土著人的首次接触记录在 1910 年至 1940 年之间，有些群体自愿与世隔绝。他们是保持传统生活方式的顽强民族之一，与土地和环境有着紧密的联系。根据现有的一套关于巴西土著民族的文献资料，以专家为主导进行了文献综述，重点关注影响土著土地的重叠威胁，并将收集到的信息与国家空间研究所（INPE）内的巴西亚马逊雨林卫星监测计划（PRODES）的数据进行了三角测量，之后，这篇通讯对雅诺玛米人面临的主要压力和威胁进行了案例分析。这些重叠的威胁表现为结构性和周期性问题，与采掘业非法活动（如伐木和采矿入侵）引发的环境危机、经常性袭击、河水的汞污染、受污染鱼类造成的营养不良、狩猎稀缺以及针对人民（尤其是妇女和儿童）的暴力行为有关。除了这些多重的社会、政治和环境威胁之外，气候变化的影响也对森林居民造成了极大的影响。通过分析森林砍伐、火灾、干旱和其他与气候变化影响相关的极端事件，对巴西政府政策的影响以及实施保护土著土地、亚马逊森林及其守护者的政策的紧迫性进行了思考。

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引用次数: 0

Tracing water governance across different levels in Iran 追踪伊朗不同层面的水治理情况

IF 4.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103933

Sedigheh Ghafari , Mehdi Ghorbani , Ali Salajegheh , Oliver Fritsch , Ahmad Naderi , Animesh Kumar Gain

Water governance involves complex interactions among diverse stakeholders across various scales and locations, necessitating a deep understanding of stakeholder network dynamics for effective management. This research aims to explore and contrast the dynamics within water governance networks by examining two specific contexts: first, the variation between upstream and downstream areas of a river basin, where water scarcity intensifies from upstream to downstream; and second, the differences between upper-level (provincial) and lower-level (county) administrative bodies. This study seeks to understand how these distinct spatial and administrative settings influence the management and governance of water resources. This study employs social network analysis to examine the water governance structures within Iran's Karkheh basin, focusing on the distinctions between comparing provincial and county levels, as well as upstream and downstream areas. Through semi-structured interviews and surveys with 43 institutions, it analyses relationships using network measures such as density, transitivity, and centrality. The analysis reveals stronger network structures in upstream counties than downstream and at the county level (lower administrative level) than provincial level. The results highlight the need for reform to enhance coordination and grassroots participation. Recommendations include forming a joint provincial-county committee to effectively improve governance and address water scarcity challenges.

水治理涉及不同规模和地点的不同利益相关者之间的复杂互动，因此需要深入了解利益相关者网络的动态，以便进行有效管理。本研究旨在通过考察以下两个特定背景来探索和对比水治理网络内部的动态：第一，流域上游和下游地区之间的差异，在这种情况下，水资源的稀缺性从上游向下游加剧；第二，上级（省级）和下级（县级）行政机构之间的差异。本研究试图了解这些不同的空间和行政环境如何影响水资源的管理和治理。本研究采用社会网络分析的方法来研究伊朗卡尔赫流域的水资源治理结构，重点是比较省级和县级以及上游和下游地区之间的区别。通过对 43 个机构进行半结构式访谈和调查，该研究使用密度、反转性和中心性等网络度量方法分析了各种关系。分析表明，上游县的网络结构强于下游，县级（较低的行政级别）的网络结构强于省级。分析结果凸显了改革的必要性，以加强协调和基层参与。建议包括成立省县联合委员会，以有效改善治理并应对缺水挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Carbon data and its requirements in infrastructure-related GHG standards 碳数据及其在基础设施相关温室气体标准中的要求

IF 4.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Science & Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103935

Jinying Xu , Kristen MacAskill

Accurate carbon data is crucial for informed decision-making to achieve net-zero targets within the next several decades. However, data collection in the infrastructure sector faces significant challenges. Carbon data is either manually collected or extracted from design models, and carbon factors often come from secondary databases with varying boundaries and assumptions. Distributed infrastructure presents complex data management issues throughout its lifecycle, leading to uncertainty in accurately estimating emissions. Despite numerous guidelines and standards emerging since the 1990s, trustworthy data management remains nascent. This paper provides a thematic review of international, European and British standards for carbon data in distributed infrastructure, focusing on data categories, measurement methods, and sources. The standards broadly set out the boundaries of the assessment in terms of emission scopes and categories. While three scopes of emissions are often recognised, many standards do not yet require Scope 3 accounting. Embodied carbon is the current key focus whilst operational carbon is gaining more attention. The lifecycle analysis method is a dominating method for measuring lifecycle embodied emissions. Standards endeavour to direct the user to quality sources of activity data and emission factors; they also emphasise using primary activity data and specific emission factors from reliable sources and accurate measurement methods to enhance data trustworthiness. Developing a standardised carbon data collection methodology with a unified scheme, standard format, clear ontology, streamlined process, and transparent sharing protocol is essential and warrants further research.

准确的碳数据对于在未来几十年内实现净零碳目标的明智决策至关重要。然而，基础设施领域的数据收集工作面临着巨大挑战。碳数据要么是人工收集的，要么是从设计模型中提取的，而碳系数通常来自二级数据库，其边界和假设各不相同。分布式基础设施在其整个生命周期内都面临着复杂的数据管理问题，导致在准确估算排放量方面存在不确定性。尽管自 20 世纪 90 年代以来出现了许多指南和标准，但值得信赖的数据管理仍然刚刚起步。本文对分布式基础设施碳数据的国际、欧洲和英国标准进行了专题回顾，重点关注数据类别、测量方法和来源。这些标准大致规定了排放范围和类别的评估界限。虽然三个排放范围通常得到认可，但许多标准尚未要求范围 3 的核算。体现碳是当前的重点，而运营碳则越来越受关注。生命周期分析法是测量生命周期内含排放量的主要方法。标准致力于引导用户使用高质量的活动数据源和排放因子；标准还强调使用可靠来源的原始活动数据和特定排放因子以及精确的测量方法，以提高数据的可信度。开发具有统一方案、标准格式、清晰本体、简化流程和透明共享协议的标准化碳数据收集方法至关重要，值得进一步研究。

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引用次数: 0