One of the major EU policy objectives is to enhance the international mobility of students. The Leuven Communique published in 2009 set an objective of increasing the ratio of European Higher Education Area (EHEA) higher education graduates participating in a study or a training period abroad to at least 20% by 2020. However, currently the majority of European Union Member States perform significantly below the target in this respect. Also, since a low number of students are interested in mobility programmes, the funds of the Erasmus-type student mobility programs remain unused. This study focuses on highlighting the factors that represent barriers to student participation in mobility programs. After conducting a literature review on international student mobility and presenting major statistics describing outbound mobility, this study investigates factors related to institutional components of the higher education system that affect the international mobility of Erasmus young people. Among the explanatory factors related to Erasmus-type student mobility, cultural factors including Hofstede’s indulgence and uncertainty avoidance seem to have the greatest influence on student mobility intentions in Europe. The findings revealed that better planned Erasmus processes (pre-, during and postmobility activities such as departure, course choice, staying in a host country, etc.) and better communicated career opportunities and labour market values of the mobility could considerably contribute to an increase in the number of outbound students. One of the main lessons learned from the conducted analyses is that Europe’s rich cultural diversity needs to be considered in the course of promoting the Erasmus Programme in Europe. In addition to adopting common communication, promotion and direction strategies, programmes need to be elaborated that take national specificities into account.
{"title":"Institutional Determinants of Higher Education Students' International Mobility within the Erasmus Programme Countries","authors":"Z. Bartha, A. Gubik","doi":"10.18096/TMP.2018.02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18096/TMP.2018.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major EU policy objectives is to enhance the international mobility of students. The Leuven Communique published in 2009 set an objective of increasing the ratio of European Higher Education Area (EHEA) higher education graduates participating in a study or a training period abroad to at least 20% by 2020. However, currently the majority of European Union Member States perform significantly below the target in this respect. Also, since a low number of students are interested in mobility programmes, the funds of the Erasmus-type student mobility programs remain unused. This study focuses on highlighting the factors that represent barriers to student participation in mobility programs. After conducting a literature review on international student mobility and presenting major statistics describing outbound mobility, this study investigates factors related to institutional components of the higher education system that affect the international mobility of Erasmus young people. Among the explanatory factors related to Erasmus-type student mobility, cultural factors including Hofstede’s indulgence and uncertainty avoidance seem to have the greatest influence on student mobility intentions in Europe. The findings revealed that better planned Erasmus processes (pre-, during and postmobility activities such as departure, course choice, staying in a host country, etc.) and better communicated career opportunities and labour market values of the mobility could considerably contribute to an increase in the number of outbound students. One of the main lessons learned from the conducted analyses is that Europe’s rich cultural diversity needs to be considered in the course of promoting the Erasmus Programme in Europe. In addition to adopting common communication, promotion and direction strategies, programmes need to be elaborated that take national specificities into account.","PeriodicalId":31458,"journal":{"name":"Theory Methodology Practice","volume":"14 1","pages":"3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67680099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global phenomena of growing urbanization and ICT technological advancements enable the digital transformation and renewal of cities embodied in the ‘Smart Cities’ concept. A myriad of conceptualized models and frameworks have been proposed by multiple stakeholders; however, an easily adaptable, widely applicable and robust smart city model is not yet available, which leaves space for yet untapped fields of research. This article attempts to explore the factors hindering SC developments for European medium-sized cities based on a sample of Hungarian medium-sized cities. The study utilizes Porter's Five Forces Framework from the field of strategic management, which is currently rather neglected in the discussion of ‘Smart Cities’. Findings show that the main barriers are ‘Knowledge gaps’, ‘Availability and Quality of Data’, ‘Vendor Lock-in’, ‘Biased Approaches’ and the ‘Lack of Standards’.
{"title":"Factors Hindering Smart City Developments in Medium-Sized Cities","authors":"Csukás Máté Szilárd, R. Z. Szabó","doi":"10.18096/TMP.2018.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18096/TMP.2018.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"The global phenomena of growing urbanization and ICT technological advancements enable the digital transformation and renewal of cities embodied in the ‘Smart Cities’ concept. A myriad of conceptualized models and frameworks have been proposed by multiple stakeholders; however, an easily adaptable, widely applicable and robust smart city model is not yet available, which leaves space for yet untapped fields of research. This article attempts to explore the factors hindering SC developments for European medium-sized cities based on a sample of Hungarian medium-sized cities. The study utilizes Porter's Five Forces Framework from the field of strategic management, which is currently rather neglected in the discussion of ‘Smart Cities’. Findings show that the main barriers are ‘Knowledge gaps’, ‘Availability and Quality of Data’, ‘Vendor Lock-in’, ‘Biased Approaches’ and the ‘Lack of Standards’.","PeriodicalId":31458,"journal":{"name":"Theory Methodology Practice","volume":"35 1","pages":"3-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67680477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prediction of financial indicators is not easy, as the influencing factors may change from time to time. The sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spread is a complex measure which helps evaluate country risk, and there are a number of quantitative and qualitative criteria that may have an impact on the price development. The study aims to present and test a relatively new method. Forecasting based on the creeping trend with harmonic weights allows us to manage independent variables that are not constant in time. The study presents the method and illustrates its effectiveness through an empirical example, using the Hungarian and German five-year USD denominated quarterly CDS spreads.
{"title":"Presentation and Testing of the Creeping Trend with Harmonic Weights Method in the Light of Sovereign CDS Prices","authors":"Renáta Géczi-Papp","doi":"10.18096/TMP.2018.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18096/TMP.2018.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"The prediction of financial indicators is not easy, as the influencing factors may change from time to time. The sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spread is a complex measure which helps evaluate country risk, and there are a number of quantitative and qualitative criteria that may have an impact on the price development. The study aims to present and test a relatively new method. Forecasting based on the creeping trend with harmonic weights allows us to manage independent variables that are not constant in time. The study presents the method and illustrates its effectiveness through an empirical example, using the Hungarian and German five-year USD denominated quarterly CDS spreads.","PeriodicalId":31458,"journal":{"name":"Theory Methodology Practice","volume":"14 1","pages":"25-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67680179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with the role of internship programmes in encouraging young graduates from higher education to stay in their home region and is based on the findings of a questionnaire survey conducted in 2017. The aim of our research was to get a close view of the intern’s motivation and of their satisfaction; futhermore, whether they would like to work for the company and thanks to that stay in the region. Survey findings show that 56 percent of the respondents feel it is important to be employed close to their home, and 80 percent of the interns would like to work in a full-time position as soon as possible and aim to stay the company after the internship programme. These results would suggest that the internship programmemes of the multinational companies help to encourage young graduates to stay in their home region.
{"title":"The Social Role of Intership Programmes in Reducing Migration from a County Seat","authors":"Eszter Polonkai, Klára Szűcs Markovics","doi":"10.18096/tmp.2018.02.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18096/tmp.2018.02.04","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the role of internship programmes in encouraging young graduates from higher education to stay in their home region and is based on the findings of a questionnaire survey conducted in 2017. The aim of our research was to get a close view of the intern’s motivation and of their satisfaction; futhermore, whether they would like to work for the company and thanks to that stay in the region. Survey findings show that 56 percent of the respondents feel it is important to be employed close to their home, and 80 percent of the interns would like to work in a full-time position as soon as possible and aim to stay the company after the internship programme. These results would suggest that the internship programmemes of the multinational companies help to encourage young graduates to stay in their home region.","PeriodicalId":31458,"journal":{"name":"Theory Methodology Practice","volume":"14 1","pages":"39-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67680249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents some ethical and compliance aspects of valuations and demonstrates the importance of real estate appraisals in responsible property investment. The basis is fieldwork (interviews with senior Hungarian experts supported by questionnaires) focusing dominantly on the Hungarian practice and experience, combined with a review of the literature. This paper focuses on the operative side of investments: defining a detailed investment process, highlighting the unique features of ethical, responsible investments and then selecting the steps where an independent valuation is necessary and highlighting which aspects of ethical property investment should be supported by appraisals. The aims of this paper are 1) presenting the necessity of valuations, 2) giving examples when the independence of valuations is questionable.The conclusion is straightforward: independent appraisals are essential in all major milestones, but the independence aspect is critical. There are two practical ways to support this: 1) full implementation of professional standards (in developed property markets) and 2) centralized and common frameworks, rules and some “nudges” established by financial administration (in semi-developed markets like in Hungary).
{"title":"Special Ethical and Compliance Issues Regarding Property Valuation Reports: Applicability of Valuations in Responsible Property Investment","authors":"Zsolt Pilhál","doi":"10.18096/tmp.2018.01.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18096/tmp.2018.01.05","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents some ethical and compliance aspects of valuations and demonstrates the importance of real estate appraisals in responsible property investment. The basis is fieldwork (interviews with senior Hungarian experts supported by questionnaires) focusing dominantly on the Hungarian practice and experience, combined with a review of the literature. This paper focuses on the operative side of investments: defining a detailed investment process, highlighting the unique features of ethical, responsible investments and then selecting the steps where an independent valuation is necessary and highlighting which aspects of ethical property investment should be supported by appraisals. The aims of this paper are 1) presenting the necessity of valuations, 2) giving examples when the independence of valuations is questionable.The conclusion is straightforward: independent appraisals are essential in all major milestones, but the independence aspect is critical. There are two practical ways to support this: 1) full implementation of professional standards (in developed property markets) and 2) centralized and common frameworks, rules and some “nudges” established by financial administration (in semi-developed markets like in Hungary).","PeriodicalId":31458,"journal":{"name":"Theory Methodology Practice","volume":"14 1","pages":"49-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67680044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Value Creation and Impact Measurement","authors":"R. Z. Szabó, N. Krátki","doi":"10.18096/tmp.2018.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18096/tmp.2018.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31458,"journal":{"name":"Theory Methodology Practice","volume":"14 1","pages":"15-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67680491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focuses on the characteristics of those grants that are clearly for the purpose of carrying out economic activities. By giving an overview about the very specific nature of State aid rules in the European Union determining the level playing field, a Member State can grant subsidies. The main aim of this article is to identify whether there can be significant similarities and differences across the Visegrad countries, namely the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. As we are facing the next programming period of 2021–2027 it is crucial from the point of view of what can be learned about the current period and, perhaps, what should be changed.
{"title":"State Aid in the Visegrad Countries: Similarities and Differences","authors":"Gábor Potvorszki","doi":"10.18096/tmp.2018.02.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18096/tmp.2018.02.05","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the characteristics of those grants that are clearly for the purpose of carrying out economic activities. By giving an overview about the very specific nature of State aid rules in the European Union determining the level playing field, a Member State can grant subsidies. The main aim of this article is to identify whether there can be significant similarities and differences across the Visegrad countries, namely the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. As we are facing the next programming period of 2021–2027 it is crucial from the point of view of what can be learned about the current period and, perhaps, what should be changed.","PeriodicalId":31458,"journal":{"name":"Theory Methodology Practice","volume":"14 1","pages":"57-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67680291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article shows the current focus of impact studies of regional effects of research infrastructures in German. A literature review clarifies whether these studies concentrate on economic effects or assume a multi-dimensional perspective. Furthermore, it will determine where there is still a need for research in the evaluation of infrastructures and which effects are still of interest to the regional impact of a research institute. Based on this analysis, a first approach to the multidimensional evaluation of research infrastructures is presented. The evaluation investigates not only economic effects of research infrastructures, but also new knowledge effects (e.g. project innovation type), political effects (regionality of projects), and cultural effects (e.g. anchoring in the cultural memory). The general objective is to highlight the positive impact of a research infrastructure on the region (the associated federal state) and to expand the examined aspects of previous studies.
{"title":"Impact Studies of Regional Effects of Research Infrastructures: Economically Concentrated or Multidimensional","authors":"Fabian Schenk","doi":"10.18096/tmp.2018.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18096/tmp.2018.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"This article shows the current focus of impact studies of regional effects of research infrastructures in German. A literature review clarifies whether these studies concentrate on economic effects or assume a multi-dimensional perspective. Furthermore, it will determine where there is still a need for research in the evaluation of infrastructures and which effects are still of interest to the regional impact of a research institute. Based on this analysis, a first approach to the multidimensional evaluation of research infrastructures is presented. The evaluation investigates not only economic effects of research infrastructures, but also new knowledge effects (e.g. project innovation type), political effects (regionality of projects), and cultural effects (e.g. anchoring in the cultural memory). The general objective is to highlight the positive impact of a research infrastructure on the region (the associated federal state) and to expand the examined aspects of previous studies.","PeriodicalId":31458,"journal":{"name":"Theory Methodology Practice","volume":"14 1","pages":"59-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67680059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The debate on firm internationalisation has predominantly focused on different aspects connected to growth. However, the notion of de-internationalisation is not as popular, although it could also contribute significantly to our understanding of internationalisation. This paper focuses on de-internationalisation, its different modes and patterns followed by companies in the Hungarian context. Three hypotheses are tested: that de-internationalisation is a mass phenomenon, after de-internationalisation most companies are terminated, and de-internationalisation does not mean the end of international exposure. To test these hypotheses the Hungarian Corporate Tax Database was used with which the whole population of Hungarian companies in the years from 2009 to 2014 was analysed. The database consists 385,723 companies in 2009 and 422,500 companies in 2014, which is the whole Hungarian private sector. Among these companies 73,442 companies were registering export revenues, but this seems to be stable only for a smaller amount of companies. De-internationalisation is uncovered in this paper with different patterns followed by companies in the Hungarian context.
{"title":"De-Internationalisation Patterns in Hungary","authors":"Miklós Stocker","doi":"10.18096/tmp.2017.01.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18096/tmp.2017.01.09","url":null,"abstract":"The debate on firm internationalisation has predominantly focused on different aspects connected to growth. However, the notion of de-internationalisation is not as popular, although it could also contribute significantly to our understanding of internationalisation. This paper focuses on de-internationalisation, its different modes and patterns followed by companies in the Hungarian context. Three hypotheses are tested: that de-internationalisation is a mass phenomenon, after de-internationalisation most companies are terminated, and de-internationalisation does not mean the end of international exposure. To test these hypotheses the Hungarian Corporate Tax Database was used with which the whole population of Hungarian companies in the years from 2009 to 2014 was analysed. The database consists 385,723 companies in 2009 and 422,500 companies in 2014, which is the whole Hungarian private sector. Among these companies 73,442 companies were registering export revenues, but this seems to be stable only for a smaller amount of companies. De-internationalisation is uncovered in this paper with different patterns followed by companies in the Hungarian context.","PeriodicalId":31458,"journal":{"name":"Theory Methodology Practice","volume":"13 1","pages":"109-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67680030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The audit expectation gap has preoccupied the finance and accounting profession for a long time. A great number of studies have been performed on this issue and attempts have been made to provide an accurate definition of the audit expectation gap, model this concept and assess the possibilities of its narrowing. Therefore, this study is aimed at identifying the causes and the typical composition of the audit expectation gap in Hungary to enable us to find appropriate combinations of solutions for narrowing the expectation gap. The primary source of the empirical study was generated from a self-structured questionnaire, which was filled by groups involved in an audit were identified as possible target groups of the questionnaire survey.
{"title":"Factors Leading to Audit Expectation Gap: An Empirical Study in a Hungarian Context","authors":"Judit Füredi-Fülöp","doi":"10.18096/TMP.2017.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18096/TMP.2017.02.02","url":null,"abstract":"The audit expectation gap has preoccupied the finance and accounting profession for a long time. A great number of studies have been performed on this issue and attempts have been made to provide an accurate definition of the audit expectation gap, model this concept and assess the possibilities of its narrowing. Therefore, this study is aimed at identifying the causes and the typical composition of the audit expectation gap in Hungary to enable us to find appropriate combinations of solutions for narrowing the expectation gap. The primary source of the empirical study was generated from a self-structured questionnaire, which was filled by groups involved in an audit were identified as possible target groups of the questionnaire survey.","PeriodicalId":31458,"journal":{"name":"Theory Methodology Practice","volume":"13 1","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67680088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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