The relationship between snow tolerance and fructan accumulation before winter snow cover was investigated in fall-planted onions grown in a snowfall zone. In cultivation tests where the date of planting was changed, planting date was found to affect both growth before snow cover and fructan accumulation. Fructan content was very low and sugar content was low in early-planted onions. In contrast, with a conventional planting date, the degree of fructan polymerization was 9 and total sugars, including monosaccharides and disaccharides, were high. Overwintering ability was also high with the conventional planting date; specifically, although growth was limited, fructan accumulation and total sugar content were high. Thus, sugar and fructan accumulation before snow cover play an important role in providing energy for metabolism under snow, while snow tolerance improves with increased fructan content. Moreover, the survival rate was high with the conventional planting date, suggesting that fructan also provides energy for recovery after the snow cover has melted. When grown at 15 ℃ , a decrease in sugar accumulation was observed compared with growth at 5 ℃ . Then, after 9 weeks of growth at 0.5 ℃ in the dark, the onion plants initially grown at 15 ℃ died. In contrast, all plants initially grown at 5 ℃ survived, suggesting that the sugar content is related to survival under low-tem-perature dark conditions. A change from sugar to fructan was observed in dark condi-tions at 0.5 ℃ ; however, fructan accumulation did not occur at 5 ℃ , suggesting that fructan was synthesized at 0.5 ℃ despite the dark conditions.
{"title":"Relationship between Snow Tolerance and Fructan Accumulation in Onion","authors":"Masami Asai, H. Nishihata, T. Maeda, K. Murakami","doi":"10.2525/SHITA.30.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/SHITA.30.222","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between snow tolerance and fructan accumulation before winter snow cover was investigated in fall-planted onions grown in a snowfall zone. In cultivation tests where the date of planting was changed, planting date was found to affect both growth before snow cover and fructan accumulation. Fructan content was very low and sugar content was low in early-planted onions. In contrast, with a conventional planting date, the degree of fructan polymerization was 9 and total sugars, including monosaccharides and disaccharides, were high. Overwintering ability was also high with the conventional planting date; specifically, although growth was limited, fructan accumulation and total sugar content were high. Thus, sugar and fructan accumulation before snow cover play an important role in providing energy for metabolism under snow, while snow tolerance improves with increased fructan content. Moreover, the survival rate was high with the conventional planting date, suggesting that fructan also provides energy for recovery after the snow cover has melted. When grown at 15 ℃ , a decrease in sugar accumulation was observed compared with growth at 5 ℃ . Then, after 9 weeks of growth at 0.5 ℃ in the dark, the onion plants initially grown at 15 ℃ died. In contrast, all plants initially grown at 5 ℃ survived, suggesting that the sugar content is related to survival under low-tem-perature dark conditions. A change from sugar to fructan was observed in dark condi-tions at 0.5 ℃ ; however, fructan accumulation did not occur at 5 ℃ , suggesting that fructan was synthesized at 0.5 ℃ despite the dark conditions.","PeriodicalId":315038,"journal":{"name":"Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134354736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hisamatsu, Fujio Baba, T. Nishijima, Naoya Hamabe, H. Katsuoka, Z. Inaba
{"title":"Effects of Chilling Treatments on Germination of Seed-Propagated Dry Wasabi Seeds","authors":"S. Hisamatsu, Fujio Baba, T. Nishijima, Naoya Hamabe, H. Katsuoka, Z. Inaba","doi":"10.2525/SHITA.30.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/SHITA.30.231","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315038,"journal":{"name":"Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131423515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
贮藏(包括流通)是指作物从收获到上架的几天到几个月期间，在鲜活状态下，尽量抑制生理反应(呼吸，酶活性等)，使营养物的消耗和形成。这是一种减少部分变质以保持品质，并抑制蒸发散以尽可能长时间保持鲜度的尝试。如果是果实的话，在此期间要使其熟透可口，并在适当的时期发货。由此可见，贮藏过程是决定作物最终品质的重要过程，特此公开。在很大程度上左右着商品的价值。那么，在储藏方面如何处理作物(蔬菜水果)呢?与以往相比，蔬菜水果的贮藏环境基本是在不发生低温障碍的前提下，尽量保持低温恒定。这是因为低温恒定条件会抑制蔬菜水果的呼吸等生理活性，消耗营养。这是为了减少细菌的繁殖。已经为储存作物制定了适当的低温设定值(储存温度)，我们只是将温度降低到这些温度以下。如何快速降低温度，高效且精准地保持温度不变是一大课题。为此，低温技术以及与沙土低温相关的硬件技术在存储领域取得了领先地位。由于纳米处理以低温恒定为主，所以被认为是一种静态的环境控制。但是，这样的处理到目前为止虽然取得了很大的成果，但是几乎没有考虑到蔬果的生理状态。虽然可以有效保持新鲜度和品质，但无法改善品质(提高品质)。作物在贮藏过程中也通过呼吸等方式生存，生理状态在不断变化，因此，只要适当控制环境，就有可能提高作物的新鲜度和品质。由此可见，低温一定的环境条件真的很重要是最好的吗?那么，考虑到蔬菜水果的新鲜度和品质的提高，还是根据当时的蔬菜水果的生物信息来适当地控制环境才是最有效的，也是最本质的。软件方面的技术开发。从这一观点来看，将贮藏作为一种控制过程，监测鲜活蔬果的生理状态，并根据信息适当控制环境的方式。这种概念被称为SFA(Speaking Fruit Approach) 1，.SF(Speaking Fruit)直译过来就是“会说话的果实”，这是利用传感器测量出的果实响应，从这些数据中可以得知果实现在需要什么，例如推测“为了催熟希望更暖和”等。在此基础上进行环境控制。这样的处理是在贮藏过程中，根据蔬果的生理反应来积极地改变环境，所以可以说是动态的环境控制。其次，考虑到实现SFA的方法论，系统地捕捉动态的储存过程更容易分析，而且这种手法是根据青水果的生物信息来适当控制环境的方式。中对应于解决最佳控制(或动态最优化)问题，因此系统科学的方法被认为是有效的。
Kentaro Matsuda, Y. Yamagiwa, Hiroshi Muto, Fujio Baba, Z. Inaba
We investigated the relationship of temperature with the flowering period of Prunus lannesiana Wils.'Kawazu-zakura'cherry blossom trees planted in the river embankment. We also studied the acceleration of flowering owing to the ef-fect of hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) spraying for improvement of ornamental value, pro-motion of tourism, and production of cut flowers. In 2011, 20, 50, and 100 % blooming was reported by February 16, February 21, and March 2, respectively. In 2012, 20, 50, and 100 % blooming was reported by February 23, February 26, and March 9, respec-tively. There was a difference of 5-7 days in the flowering date between 2011 and 2012. The cumulative temperature with the number of days between "green tip" and "full bloom" in the floral bud development process was within 234-259 degree days, and it re-mained fairly constant over all years evaluated. However, the average temperature from early November to mid-November, before the start of flower bud development, was 2.6-3.8 ℃ higher in 2012 than in 2011. It was suggested that the temperature after flower bud development initiation, in addition to the temperature during endodormancy termination, greatly affects the flowering period of'Kawazu-zakura'. After spraying of H2CN2, the branches were cut and transferred to a thermostatic chamber, where flower bud development started earlier by 35, 32, and 19 days at 5, 10, and 15 ℃, respectively, than in the untreated plot. However, there was no difference in flower bud developmental rate. Thus, flowering was accelerated by this treatment, mainly due to early development of flower buds. No effects of H2CN2 spraying on floral diameter and petal color were observed.
{"title":"Effects of Hydrogen Cyanamide Spraying on Floral Development and Blossom Characteristic Form in ‘Kawazu-zakura’ (Prunus lannesiana Wils.) Cherry Blossom Trees","authors":"Kentaro Matsuda, Y. Yamagiwa, Hiroshi Muto, Fujio Baba, Z. Inaba","doi":"10.2525/shita.30.156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/shita.30.156","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the relationship of temperature with the flowering period of Prunus lannesiana Wils.'Kawazu-zakura'cherry blossom trees planted in the river embankment. We also studied the acceleration of flowering owing to the ef-fect of hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) spraying for improvement of ornamental value, pro-motion of tourism, and production of cut flowers. In 2011, 20, 50, and 100 % blooming was reported by February 16, February 21, and March 2, respectively. In 2012, 20, 50, and 100 % blooming was reported by February 23, February 26, and March 9, respec-tively. There was a difference of 5-7 days in the flowering date between 2011 and 2012. The cumulative temperature with the number of days between \"green tip\" and \"full bloom\" in the floral bud development process was within 234-259 degree days, and it re-mained fairly constant over all years evaluated. However, the average temperature from early November to mid-November, before the start of flower bud development, was 2.6-3.8 ℃ higher in 2012 than in 2011. It was suggested that the temperature after flower bud development initiation, in addition to the temperature during endodormancy termination, greatly affects the flowering period of'Kawazu-zakura'. After spraying of H2CN2, the branches were cut and transferred to a thermostatic chamber, where flower bud development started earlier by 35, 32, and 19 days at 5, 10, and 15 ℃, respectively, than in the untreated plot. However, there was no difference in flower bud developmental rate. Thus, flowering was accelerated by this treatment, mainly due to early development of flower buds. No effects of H2CN2 spraying on floral diameter and petal color were observed.","PeriodicalId":315038,"journal":{"name":"Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127006285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated the effects of CO2 enrichment and application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based fertilizer during raising seedling under environmental control on the early growth of Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. ‘Souun’. Seedlings were grown in 7.5-cm polyethylene pots in two growth chambers with a day/night temperature regime of 20 °C/15 °C and a 12-h light/12-h dark photoperiod (PPFD 74 nmol m s). Four treatments were applied to the potted plants: general liquid fertilizer applied once per week (control group); ALA-based fertilizer and general liquid fertilizer (ALA group); CO2 concentration increased to 1200 nmol mol for 5 hours of the light period (CO2 group); and ALA-based fertilizer combined with CO2 enrichment (CO2+ALA group). After 5 weeks of these treatments, there was no significant difference in any of the measured parameters between the CO2 group and the control group. The leaf area, fresh weight of aerial parts, and fresh weight of underground parts were significantly higher in the ALA group than in the control group. The number of leaves, SPAD value, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of aerial parts, dry weight of underground parts, and percentage of underground part dry matter were significantly higher in the CO2+ALA group than in the control group. After 3 months of these treatments, there was no significant difference in cut flower yield and quality among the treatment groups. These findings clarified that application of ALAbased fertilizer under CO2 enrichment conditions promotes the early growth of L. sinuatum under weak light environmental control.
研究了环境控制育苗过程中CO2富集和施用5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)基肥料对羊草(Limonium sinuatum, L.)早期生长的影响。轧机。“Souun”。幼苗在7.5 cm聚乙烯花盆中生长，在两个生长室中生长，昼夜温度为20°C/15°C，光照12 h /暗光照12 h (PPFD 74 nmol m s)。盆栽植株施用4种处理:每周施用1次普通液肥(对照组);ALA基肥料和通用液肥(ALA组);光照期5小时CO2浓度增加至1200 nmol mol (CO2组);以及ALA基肥与CO2富集结合(CO2+ALA组)。在这些治疗5周后，CO2组和对照组之间的任何测量参数均无显著差异。ALA组的叶面积、地上部分鲜重和地下部分鲜重均显著高于对照组。CO2+ALA处理的叶片数、SPAD值、叶面积、地上部分鲜干重、地下部分干重、地下部分干物质百分比均显著高于对照组。处理3个月后，各组切花产量和品质无显著差异。说明在弱光环境下，在CO2富集条件下施用albasy肥可促进L. sinuatum的早期生长。
{"title":"Effects of CO2 Enrichment and 5-aminolevulinic Acid-based Fertilizer Application on Early Growth of Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. under Environmental Control","authors":"S. Mori, Hiroki Chino","doi":"10.2525/SHITA.30.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/SHITA.30.165","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the effects of CO2 enrichment and application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based fertilizer during raising seedling under environmental control on the early growth of Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. ‘Souun’. Seedlings were grown in 7.5-cm polyethylene pots in two growth chambers with a day/night temperature regime of 20 °C/15 °C and a 12-h light/12-h dark photoperiod (PPFD 74 nmol m s). Four treatments were applied to the potted plants: general liquid fertilizer applied once per week (control group); ALA-based fertilizer and general liquid fertilizer (ALA group); CO2 concentration increased to 1200 nmol mol for 5 hours of the light period (CO2 group); and ALA-based fertilizer combined with CO2 enrichment (CO2+ALA group). After 5 weeks of these treatments, there was no significant difference in any of the measured parameters between the CO2 group and the control group. The leaf area, fresh weight of aerial parts, and fresh weight of underground parts were significantly higher in the ALA group than in the control group. The number of leaves, SPAD value, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of aerial parts, dry weight of underground parts, and percentage of underground part dry matter were significantly higher in the CO2+ALA group than in the control group. After 3 months of these treatments, there was no significant difference in cut flower yield and quality among the treatment groups. These findings clarified that application of ALAbased fertilizer under CO2 enrichment conditions promotes the early growth of L. sinuatum under weak light environmental control.","PeriodicalId":315038,"journal":{"name":"Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122289778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nutrient Absorption and Environmental Control of Plant Roots in Hydroponics","authors":"S. Yoshida","doi":"10.2525/SHITA.30.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/SHITA.30.143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315038,"journal":{"name":"Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125958201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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