In order to achieve plant production in a closed ecological life support system (CELSS) in space, environmental control is a key technology because the environment is completely artificial. One advantage of the CELSS in space is that each module's gas composition and total pressure can be regulated at an optimal level. For example, the nitrogen contained in air is not necessary for plant growth, and low oxygen concentration may enhance net photosynthesis by reducing photorespiration. Hypobaric conditions, obtained by reducing nitrogen and oxygen concentrations, could facilitate gas control, reduce construction costs, and simplify maintenance of modules on a lunar base and in plant production systems on Mars. This review summarizes previous papers and evaluates significant effects of total pressure on growth and development of higher plants, especially crops. Previous studies showed that photosynthesis and transpiration of plants were enhanced under low total pressures because gas diffusion rates increase at low total pressures. Spinach and lettuce in vegetative stages can grow normally under 25 to 50 kPa total pressures. Seeds of rice and Arabidopsis thaliana germinated at 25 kPa total pressure. Flowering was normal in Arabidopsis under hypobaric conditions. Seed growth of soybean and Arabidopsis under low total pressures with a low O2 partial pressure was greater than under the atmospheric pressure with the same O2 partial pressure. This indicates that O2 concentrations inside siliques were maintained higher by the higher diffusion rates prevailing under hypobaric conditions. The results indicate that if total and partial pressures are controlled precisely, plants can grow normally in their life cycle from germination to harvest under hypobaric conditions.
{"title":"Plant growth under hypobaric conditions","authors":"Y. Ishigami, E. Goto","doi":"10.2525/SHITA.20.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/SHITA.20.228","url":null,"abstract":"In order to achieve plant production in a closed ecological life support system (CELSS) in space, environmental control is a key technology because the environment is completely artificial. One advantage of the CELSS in space is that each module's gas composition and total pressure can be regulated at an optimal level. For example, the nitrogen contained in air is not necessary for plant growth, and low oxygen concentration may enhance net photosynthesis by reducing photorespiration. Hypobaric conditions, obtained by reducing nitrogen and oxygen concentrations, could facilitate gas control, reduce construction costs, and simplify maintenance of modules on a lunar base and in plant production systems on Mars. This review summarizes previous papers and evaluates significant effects of total pressure on growth and development of higher plants, especially crops. Previous studies showed that photosynthesis and transpiration of plants were enhanced under low total pressures because gas diffusion rates increase at low total pressures. Spinach and lettuce in vegetative stages can grow normally under 25 to 50 kPa total pressures. Seeds of rice and Arabidopsis thaliana germinated at 25 kPa total pressure. Flowering was normal in Arabidopsis under hypobaric conditions. Seed growth of soybean and Arabidopsis under low total pressures with a low O2 partial pressure was greater than under the atmospheric pressure with the same O2 partial pressure. This indicates that O2 concentrations inside siliques were maintained higher by the higher diffusion rates prevailing under hypobaric conditions. The results indicate that if total and partial pressures are controlled precisely, plants can grow normally in their life cycle from germination to harvest under hypobaric conditions.","PeriodicalId":315038,"journal":{"name":"Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131208836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synchronization of Asparagus Somatic Embryos and Evaluation of Their Stability During Long-term Passage","authors":"Yoshihiro Ojima, Y. Iwamoto, M. Nishioka, Kino-oka Masahiro, T. Kanaya, M. Asada, M. Taya","doi":"10.2525/SHITA.20.176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/SHITA.20.176","url":null,"abstract":"植物不定胚の同調化は，その後の植物体への安定な再生を実現する上で重要である．本研究においては，アスパラガス(A. officinalis L.) ‘ウェルカム’ から誘導された不定胚の同調化手法の確立ならびに長期継代培養中における不定胚の形態および遺伝的安定性の評価を行った．不定胚の誘導については，ECの初期PCVに依存して，得られる不定胚のPCVが変化することがわかった．ECの初期PCVが1.0×10-2ml/100 ml-mediumのとき，誘導後42日後の不定胚PCVが43 ml/100 ml-mediumと最大に達した．このとき得られた不定胚をメッシュで分級したところ，心臓胚から魚雷胚へ移行する不定胚を多く含む画分が60.6％となり，不定胚誘導に適した条件であることがわかった．さらに，継代培養中の不定胚の投影面積ならびに円形度は，不定胚の生長過程を評価するパラメータとなりうることがわかった．誘導42日後の不定胚を用い，メッシュを組み合わせた分級収集を行ったところ，約90％の不定胚が平均投影面積1.0-4.0 mm2，円形度1.2-1.6の領域に含まれ，不定胚が同調化されていることが示された．しかし，さらに長期継代培養を続行したところ，誘導70日後において不健全な形態を示す不定胚の存在が認められた．誘導後42日後と70日後の不定胚から再生された植物体を対象にRAPD-PCR法により遺伝子解析を行ったところ，長期継代を経た一部の不定胚は遺伝子レベルで変質している可能性が示唆された．","PeriodicalId":315038,"journal":{"name":"Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134603632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Cultivar, Decapitation and Training Direction on the Uniformity and Number of Lateral Shoots in the Vegetative Propagation of Tomato Plants","authors":"M. Oda, Mey Huang, H. Ikeda, H. Furukawa","doi":"10.2525/SHITA.20.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/SHITA.20.152","url":null,"abstract":"栄養繁殖を前提として育成されたトマト品種を側枝で増殖する場合に，葉位間で均一な側枝をより多く発達させることを目的として，側枝の発達に及ぼす品種，主茎の摘心および誘引方向の影響を調べるとともに，露地栽培で確認した．その結果，1) 側枝発生数に品種間差異はないが，発達速度には，果実のタイプで分けられる品種間差異がある，2) 摘心は下葉位の側枝の発達を促進して各葉位の側枝長が均一化するが，ほぼ同じ大きさの側枝を得るには至らない，3) 側枝採取数は，水平誘引によって処理直後には増えるが，最終的には母株の葉腋数によって制限される，4) 二次側枝の利用により65倍程度の増殖効率になることが明らかになった．","PeriodicalId":315038,"journal":{"name":"Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124470575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
パクロブトラゾールおよびエセフォンによるサルビア・コッキネア ‘コーラルニンフ’ の草丈および開花に及ぼす影響を評価するために発蕾直前に散布処理した．薬剤散布3週間後に，パクロブトラゾールおよびエセフォンの処理によって，茎長はパクロブトラゾール区およびエセフォン区において対照区に比べて小さくなる傾向にあった．同様に，第7葉における葉長および葉色はそれぞれ最も大きくなった．また，葉幅はパクロブトラゾール区では，対照区に比べて大きくなった．パクロブトラゾールおよびエセフォンの処理により，1番花開花日は，遅延し，花穂長も抑制された．主枝の花数および花数/花穂長は500 mg l -1および1000 mg l -1エセフォン区で最も多くなった．以上の結果より，発蕾直前に茎葉散布した500 mg l -1および1000 mg l -1エセフォン区において，サルビアの茎長の抑制および花数増加が可能であった．
为了评估帕克布特拉唑和埃塞丰对“珊瑚宁”的草长和开花的影响，在开花前进行了喷洒处理。喷洒药剂3周后，通过对帕克丁曲唑和埃塞丰的处理，在帕克丁曲唑区和埃塞丰区，茎长与对照区相比有变小的倾向。同样，第七叶的叶长和叶色分别最大。另外，帕克布特拉唑区的叶幅比对照区要大。通过对氯布特拉唑和埃塞芬的处理，一号花的开花日期被推迟，花穗长度也被抑制。在500mg l -1和1000mg l -1埃塞丰区，主枝的花数和花数/花穗长最多。根据以上结果，茎叶在发蕾前喷洒500mg l -1及1000mg l -1叶黄素区，可抑制紫薇的茎长及增加花数。
{"title":"パクロブトラゾールおよびエセフォンがサルビア・コッキネア(Salvia coccinea Juss.Ex Murray)の草丈および花数に及ぼす影響","authors":"太田 勝巳, 劉 興遠, 宗藤 慎一, 細木 高志","doi":"10.2525/SHITA.20.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/SHITA.20.102","url":null,"abstract":"パクロブトラゾールおよびエセフォンによるサルビア・コッキネア ‘コーラルニンフ’ の草丈および開花に及ぼす影響を評価するために発蕾直前に散布処理した．薬剤散布3週間後に，パクロブトラゾールおよびエセフォンの処理によって，茎長はパクロブトラゾール区およびエセフォン区において対照区に比べて小さくなる傾向にあった．同様に，第7葉における葉長および葉色はそれぞれ最も大きくなった．また，葉幅はパクロブトラゾール区では，対照区に比べて大きくなった．パクロブトラゾールおよびエセフォンの処理により，1番花開花日は，遅延し，花穂長も抑制された．主枝の花数および花数/花穂長は500 mg l -1および1000 mg l -1エセフォン区で最も多くなった．以上の結果より，発蕾直前に茎葉散布した500 mg l -1および1000 mg l -1エセフォン区において，サルビアの茎長の抑制および花数増加が可能であった．","PeriodicalId":315038,"journal":{"name":"Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117120216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was undertaken to develop an effective preservation system for sweet corn kernels by taking advantage of the properties of dim LED light and cool temperature. Dehusked sweet corns (Zea mays L. var. saccharata f. Peter corn) were stored at 5°C for 4 d under a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 1μmol m-2 s-1 using red and blue LEDs. During storage, the Brix scale was measured daily, and an amino acid analysis was carried out after 4 d storage. The Brix scales were kept high under the blue LED irradiation and cool conditions (5°C) compared to those under dark-cool conditions.Similarly, sweet corn umami was enhanced by storage under the blue LED-cool conditions, which was in good agreement with the observed increase of aspartic acid and glutamic acid, a predominant amino acid, under the same conditions. Red LED-cool conditions had also a preserving effect on sweet corn kernels but not as pronounced as the blue LED-cool conditions. However it was much better than that of dark-room temperature conditions. These results suggest that light quality during storage determines the quality of sweet corn kernel and its umami constituents. The authors propose the blue LED-cool preservation as a practical and useful technique.
本研究旨在利用LED弱光和低温的特性，开发一种有效的甜玉米粒保鲜系统。采用红蓝led灯，在1μmol m-2 s-1的光合光子通量密度(PPFD)条件下，将去皮甜玉米(Zea mays L. var. saccharata f. Peter corn)在5℃下保存4 d。贮藏期间每日测定糖度，4 d后进行氨基酸分析。与暗冷条件下相比，蓝光LED照射下(5°C)的白锐度保持较高。同样，在蓝色led低温条件下，甜玉米的鲜味也得到了增强，这与在相同条件下观察到的优势氨基酸天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的增加是一致的。红色led冷却条件对甜玉米粒也有保存作用，但没有蓝色led冷却条件那么明显。但比暗室温度条件下要好得多。结果表明，贮藏期间的光质决定了甜玉米粒的品质及其鲜味成分。作者认为蓝光led低温保存技术是一种实用的技术。
{"title":"Improvement of edible quality and augmentation of the tasty constituent (umami) of harvested dehusked sweet corn by low intensity LED light irradiation at low temperature","authors":"H. Ohta, M. Ohta, Tetsuya Suzuki","doi":"10.2525/SHITA.20.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/SHITA.20.31","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was undertaken to develop an effective preservation system for sweet corn kernels by taking advantage of the properties of dim LED light and cool temperature. Dehusked sweet corns (Zea mays L. var. saccharata f. Peter corn) were stored at 5°C for 4 d under a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 1μmol m-2 s-1 using red and blue LEDs. During storage, the Brix scale was measured daily, and an amino acid analysis was carried out after 4 d storage. The Brix scales were kept high under the blue LED irradiation and cool conditions (5°C) compared to those under dark-cool conditions.Similarly, sweet corn umami was enhanced by storage under the blue LED-cool conditions, which was in good agreement with the observed increase of aspartic acid and glutamic acid, a predominant amino acid, under the same conditions. Red LED-cool conditions had also a preserving effect on sweet corn kernels but not as pronounced as the blue LED-cool conditions. However it was much better than that of dark-room temperature conditions. These results suggest that light quality during storage determines the quality of sweet corn kernel and its umami constituents. The authors propose the blue LED-cool preservation as a practical and useful technique.","PeriodicalId":315038,"journal":{"name":"Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku","volume":"49 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132278557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reasons for inefficacy of DIF on French marigold (Tagetes patula, 'Bonanza Yellow')-Analysis of hypocotyls elongation in the light and dark periods-","authors":"H. Shimizu, Yukari Tsushima, Kana Komatsu","doi":"10.2525/shita.20.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/shita.20.26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315038,"journal":{"name":"Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131881342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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