Sitophilus oryzae is a cereal product pest found in warehouses. The presence of this pest negatively impacts the quality and quantity of stored rice. The common method used to control warehouse pests is fumigation. However, frequent use of insecticides will trigger resistance within target pest populations. This study aimed to develop a bioassay method based on the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) protocols and modify bioassay protocols to determine S. oryzae susceptibility of populations collected from traditional markets across Yogyakarta. Field populations were collected from eight traditional markets in Yogyakarta (Lempuyangan Market [Kapanewon Danurejan], Kranggan Market [Kapanewon Jetis], Caturtunggal Market [Kapanewon Depok], Godean Market [Kapanewon Godean], Imogiri Market [Kapanewon Imogiri], Pleret Market [Kapanewon Pleret], Kasihan Market [Kapanewon Lendah], and Brosot Market [Kapanewon Galur]). The reference population was obtained from the Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology(SEAMEO BIOTROP). The bioassay was carried out following FAO protocols by using a glass jar fumigation chamber (volume 2 L) which was a modification of the desiccator of FAO recommended method number 16. This test used the lowest testable dose for this method: 0.01 × 10-2 mg/2L or 0.5 × 10-2 µg/L tested on 100 imagoes which were divided into five replications and obtained 100% mortality on the second day (48 hours). Results showed that the FAO fumigation chamber method could not be used in the test, so modifications were carried out to determine tested doses by changing the volume of the fumigation container. The test used three container volumes, including 20, 60, and 80 L. Result from 20 L container showed 82-100% mortality, 60 L containers showed 69-100% mortality, and 80 L containers showed 24-79% mortality. Results from 80 L container was suitable for the bioassay because it was able to test the lowest dose on reference insects. Eight doses ranging from 0.125 to 1.625 × 10-2 µg/L, and an untreated control were used to determine the LD50 of phosphine on each population. Insects were fumigated for 48 hours and then removed to observe mortality. The LD50 of the reference population was 0.27 × 10-2 µg/L while 0.29-0.54 × 10-2 µg/L for field populations. These findings indicate that S. oryzae populations collected from traditional markets in Yogyakarta were still susceptible to phosphine.
{"title":"Bioassay Method Development to Test Sitophilus oryzae Sensitivity against Phosphine","authors":"Nafsiyah Agustina Harahap, E. Martono, Y. Trisyono, Kapanewon Danurejan, Kranggan Market, Kapanewon Jetis, Caturtunggal Market, Kapanewon Depok, Godean Market, Kapanewon Godean, Imogiri Market, Kapanewon Imogiri, Pleret Market, Kapanewon Pleret","doi":"10.22146/jpti.75904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.75904","url":null,"abstract":"Sitophilus oryzae is a cereal product pest found in warehouses. The presence of this pest negatively impacts the quality and quantity of stored rice. The common method used to control warehouse pests is fumigation. However, frequent use of insecticides will trigger resistance within target pest populations. This study aimed to develop a bioassay method based on the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) protocols and modify bioassay protocols to determine S. oryzae susceptibility of populations collected from traditional markets across Yogyakarta. Field populations were collected from eight traditional markets in Yogyakarta (Lempuyangan Market [Kapanewon Danurejan], Kranggan Market [Kapanewon Jetis], Caturtunggal Market [Kapanewon Depok], Godean Market [Kapanewon Godean], Imogiri Market [Kapanewon Imogiri], Pleret Market [Kapanewon Pleret], Kasihan Market [Kapanewon Lendah], and Brosot Market [Kapanewon Galur]). The reference population was obtained from the Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology(SEAMEO BIOTROP). The bioassay was carried out following FAO protocols by using a glass jar fumigation chamber (volume 2 L) which was a modification of the desiccator of FAO recommended method number 16. This test used the lowest testable dose for this method: 0.01 × 10-2 mg/2L or 0.5 × 10-2 µg/L tested on 100 imagoes which were divided into five replications and obtained 100% mortality on the second day (48 hours). Results showed that the FAO fumigation chamber method could not be used in the test, so modifications were carried out to determine tested doses by changing the volume of the fumigation container. The test used three container volumes, including 20, 60, and 80 L. Result from 20 L container showed 82-100% mortality, 60 L containers showed 69-100% mortality, and 80 L containers showed 24-79% mortality. Results from 80 L container was suitable for the bioassay because it was able to test the lowest dose on reference insects. Eight doses ranging from 0.125 to 1.625 × 10-2 µg/L, and an untreated control were used to determine the LD50 of phosphine on each population. Insects were fumigated for 48 hours and then removed to observe mortality. The LD50 of the reference population was 0.27 × 10-2 µg/L while 0.29-0.54 × 10-2 µg/L for field populations. These findings indicate that S. oryzae populations collected from traditional markets in Yogyakarta were still susceptible to phosphine.","PeriodicalId":31599,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139357059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Entomopathogenic fungi are important component for regulation of pests in ecosystem. Isaria fumosorosea, as one of the entomopathogenic fungi, was reported to successfully controlled the outbreaks of forest defoliators attacked larch (Larix kaempferi) plantation in Furano, Japan and beech (Fagus crenata) forest in Hachimantai, Japan. Instead of semi-cultured method, in this paper, a culture-independent method based on DNA using qPCR was developed for specific detection and quantification of I. fumosorosea directly from soil DNA extract using specific primer. The primer IFU5821F/IFU6061R was designed and found to be the best primer pair for I. fumosorosea. Standard soil DNA was obtained with strong relationship and good fitting with five levels (R2= 0.989, E = 0.58). I. fumosorosea could not be detected from all soil samples which was possibility caused by low density of the fungi. The qPCR was likely a rapid and specific method to detect the fungus from soil.
昆虫病原真菌是调节生态系统中害虫的重要组成部分。据报道，Isaria fumosorosea 作为昆虫病原真菌之一，成功地控制了日本富良野落叶松（Larix kaempferi）人工林和日本八幡平山毛榉（Fagus crenata）林落叶虫的爆发。本文没有采用半培养方法，而是开发了一种基于 DNA 的 qPCR 方法，利用特异性引物直接从土壤 DNA 提取物中特异性检测和定量 I. fumosorosea。设计并发现引物 IFU5821F/IFU6061R 是检测 I. fumosorosea 的最佳引物对。得到的标准土壤 DNA 与五个水平（R2= 0.989，E= 0.58）有很强的关系和很好的拟合。未能从所有土壤样本中检测到 I. fumosorosea，这可能是由于真菌密度较低造成的。qPCR 可能是一种快速、特异的土壤真菌检测方法。
{"title":"Specific Primer Designing for Quantitative PCR (qPCR) of Entomopathogenic Fungi Isaria fumosorosea from Soil Samples","authors":"Syaiful Amri Saragih, Shuhei Takemoto, Hiroaki Sato, Naoto Kamata","doi":"10.22146/jpti.77867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.77867","url":null,"abstract":"Entomopathogenic fungi are important component for regulation of pests in ecosystem. Isaria fumosorosea, as one of the entomopathogenic fungi, was reported to successfully controlled the outbreaks of forest defoliators attacked larch (Larix kaempferi) plantation in Furano, Japan and beech (Fagus crenata) forest in Hachimantai, Japan. Instead of semi-cultured method, in this paper, a culture-independent method based on DNA using qPCR was developed for specific detection and quantification of I. fumosorosea directly from soil DNA extract using specific primer. The primer IFU5821F/IFU6061R was designed and found to be the best primer pair for I. fumosorosea. Standard soil DNA was obtained with strong relationship and good fitting with five levels (R2= 0.989, E = 0.58). I. fumosorosea could not be detected from all soil samples which was possibility caused by low density of the fungi. The qPCR was likely a rapid and specific method to detect the fungus from soil.","PeriodicalId":31599,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139358787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rice cultivation systems commonly used by farmers are the transplanted (called ‘Tapin’) and the direct-seeded (called ‘Tabela’) system. The Tabela system has many advantages over the Tapin system but has a weakness: the increase in weed population due to water conditions during transplantation. Therefore, weed management is necessary to increase rice yields. One way to control weeds is by applying herbicides. Using a single active ingredient herbicide continuously increases the chances for weeds to develop resistance against these active ingredients. Therefore, mixing herbicides with different active ingredients can be an alternative to improve weed management. This study aims to determine the effect of weed control and cropping systems to suppress weeds and provide the highest growth and rice yield. The research was conducted at the Agricultural Training and Development Research Center (Sanggar Penelitian Latihan dan Pengembangan Pertanian [SPLPP]) of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Ciparay, Bandung Regency. This research was designed as a separate plot design with ten treatments and three replications with the main plot of cropping system and subplots of weed control. Weed management treatments consisted of bensulfuron-methyl 12% and bispyribac-sodium 18%; penoxsulam 15 g/L and pretilachlor 385 g/L; cyhalofop-butyl 100 g/L; manual weeding; and untreated control. Results that showed significant differences were tested using Duncan's test (DMRT) with α = 5%. Results showed that the Tabela system combined with bensulfuron-methyl 12% and bispyribac-sodium 18% suppressed weed growth and provided good growth and rice yield.
{"title":"The Effect of Herbicides and Cultivation Systems on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield","authors":"U. Umiyati, D. Widayat, Kezia Putri Natasya","doi":"10.22146/jpti.73339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.73339","url":null,"abstract":"The rice cultivation systems commonly used by farmers are the transplanted (called ‘Tapin’) and the direct-seeded (called ‘Tabela’) system. The Tabela system has many advantages over the Tapin system but has a weakness: the increase in weed population due to water conditions during transplantation. Therefore, weed management is necessary to increase rice yields. One way to control weeds is by applying herbicides. Using a single active ingredient herbicide continuously increases the chances for weeds to develop resistance against these active ingredients. Therefore, mixing herbicides with different active ingredients can be an alternative to improve weed management. This study aims to determine the effect of weed control and cropping systems to suppress weeds and provide the highest growth and rice yield. The research was conducted at the Agricultural Training and Development Research Center (Sanggar Penelitian Latihan dan Pengembangan Pertanian [SPLPP]) of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Ciparay, Bandung Regency. This research was designed as a separate plot design with ten treatments and three replications with the main plot of cropping system and subplots of weed control. Weed management treatments consisted of bensulfuron-methyl 12% and bispyribac-sodium 18%; penoxsulam 15 g/L and pretilachlor 385 g/L; cyhalofop-butyl 100 g/L; manual weeding; and untreated control. Results that showed significant differences were tested using Duncan's test (DMRT) with α = 5%. Results showed that the Tabela system combined with bensulfuron-methyl 12% and bispyribac-sodium 18% suppressed weed growth and provided good growth and rice yield.","PeriodicalId":31599,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139360597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Islaminati Anna Santika, Arif Wibowo, S. Suryanti, C. Sumardiyono, A. Widiastuti
Phytopythium vexans isolated from potatoes rhizospher in Ngablak, Magelang, Central Java was reported having a potency to cause potato tuber rot in in vitro test. Some fungicides had been intensively applied in this area to control potato late blight even using sublethal dose. This study investigated resistance response of the pathogen against several fungicides which were Mancozeb, Dimethomorph, mixture of Mancozeb and Mefenoxam, and mixture of Oxathiapiprolin and Famoxadone. The experiment was conducted to observe the sensitivity response of pathogen against those fungicide and the experiment repeated with one of the isolates which growth in sublethal concentration to observe the resistance response. Both experiment data was analyzed by Probit Analysis. On sentivity test, data showed that P. vexans were insensitive against Dimethomorph, but it was sensitive against Mancozeb, mixture of Mancozeb and Mefenoxam, as well as mixture of Oxathiapiprolin and Famoxadone. On Mancozeb treatment, mycelia were inhibited 100% at the sugested concentration. However, at the sublethal concentration the mycelial collony grew abnormally. Pathogen isolate from the sublethal concentration were used as material for the resistance response study. The effect of the sublethal application of Mancozeb to P. vexans caused resistance to Mancozeb itself and cross resistance against Dimetomorph and mixture of Oxathiapiprolin and Famoxadone. It was proven by higher value of predicted EC50 and EC95 on the second experiment compared to the predicted EC50 and EC95 from the first one. The resistant P. vexans isolate was able to produce sporangium and chlamydospore.
{"title":"In Vitro Evaluation on Resistance of Phytopythium vexans (NG Isolate) Cultured from Sublethal Concentration against Several Fungicides","authors":"Islaminati Anna Santika, Arif Wibowo, S. Suryanti, C. Sumardiyono, A. Widiastuti","doi":"10.22146/jpti.73045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.73045","url":null,"abstract":"Phytopythium vexans isolated from potatoes rhizospher in Ngablak, Magelang, Central Java was reported having a potency to cause potato tuber rot in in vitro test. Some fungicides had been intensively applied in this area to control potato late blight even using sublethal dose. This study investigated resistance response of the pathogen against several fungicides which were Mancozeb, Dimethomorph, mixture of Mancozeb and Mefenoxam, and mixture of Oxathiapiprolin and Famoxadone. The experiment was conducted to observe the sensitivity response of pathogen against those fungicide and the experiment repeated with one of the isolates which growth in sublethal concentration to observe the resistance response. Both experiment data was analyzed by Probit Analysis. On sentivity test, data showed that P. vexans were insensitive against Dimethomorph, but it was sensitive against Mancozeb, mixture of Mancozeb and Mefenoxam, as well as mixture of Oxathiapiprolin and Famoxadone. On Mancozeb treatment, mycelia were inhibited 100% at the sugested concentration. However, at the sublethal concentration the mycelial collony grew abnormally. Pathogen isolate from the sublethal concentration were used as material for the resistance response study. The effect of the sublethal application of Mancozeb to P. vexans caused resistance to Mancozeb itself and cross resistance against Dimetomorph and mixture of Oxathiapiprolin and Famoxadone. It was proven by higher value of predicted EC50 and EC95 on the second experiment compared to the predicted EC50 and EC95 from the first one. The resistant P. vexans isolate was able to produce sporangium and chlamydospore.","PeriodicalId":31599,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139362359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brassicaceae are known to contain compounds that are biofumigants. This study aimed to determine the effect of Brassicaceae waste application on soil nematode community. Broccoli leaves and stems (Brassica oleracea var. italic), cabbage leaves and stems (B. oleracea var. capitate), kailan stems (B. oleracea var. alboglabra), radish leaves (Raphanus sativus), and leaves of kamanilan weed (Rorippa indica) were tested in this study. The total glucosinolate content of Brassicaceae waste was estimated using the palladium method with a modified spectrophotometer. The experiment was carried out in polybags containing 500 grams of soil-infested nematodes. Brassicaceae waste (15 grams/polybag) was chopped and mixed into the soil, watered, and polybags were tightly closed for 14 days. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with nine treatments and five replications. The results of the total glucosinolate analysis showed that broccoli, radish, and kamanilan leaves fall into the high category (144.7-185.2 µmol/g); cabbage leaves, cabbage stems, and kailan stems fall into the medium category (52.0-56.0 µmol/g); and broccoli stems fall into the low category (35.4 µmol/g). There was no correlation between total glucosinolate contents and their effect on suppressing soil nematode communities at the applied effluent dose. The population of bacterivorous nematodes increased in each waste treatment, especially in kamanilan leaf treatment (R. indica) which reached 13,008 individuals. These results indicate that kamanilan weed has good potential to improve soil health. The treatment of Brassicaceae waste against soil nematode communities showed a low diversity index, an uneven evenness index, and a high dominance index.
众所周知，十字花科含有生物荧光剂的化合物。本研究旨在研究芸苔科废弃物施用对土壤线虫群落的影响。以西兰花(Brassica oleracea var. italic)、白菜(B. oleracea var. capitate)、甘蓝(B. oleracea var. alboglabra)、萝卜(Raphanus sativus)和苋属植物(Rorippa indica)的叶片为研究对象。采用改进的分光光度计钯法测定了十字花科植物废弃物中硫代葡萄糖苷的含量。实验是在装有500克被土壤感染的线虫的塑料袋中进行的。将芸苔科废弃物(15克/塑料袋)切碎拌入土壤，浇水，塑料袋密闭处理14天。试验采用完全随机设计，9个处理，5个重复。总硫代葡萄糖苷分析结果表明，西兰花、萝卜和卡曼兰叶片中硫代葡萄糖苷含量较高(144.7 ~ 185.2µmol/g);白菜叶、白菜茎、开兰茎为中等(52.0 ~ 56.0µmol/g);花椰菜茎属于低类别(35.4µmol/g)。在施用的出水剂量下，总硫代葡萄糖苷含量与其抑制土壤线虫群落的效果没有相关性。细菌线虫的数量在各处理中均有所增加，尤以甘露兰叶处理的数量最多，达13,008只。这些结果表明，卡马兰草具有良好的改善土壤健康的潜力。油菜科废弃物处理对土壤线虫群落的多样性指数低，均匀度指数不均匀，优势度指数高。
{"title":"Effect of Brassicaceae Waste Application on Soil Nematode Community","authors":"Ahmad Yusuf Ibrahim, S. Supramana, G. Giyanto","doi":"10.22146/jpti.75321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.75321","url":null,"abstract":"Brassicaceae are known to contain compounds that are biofumigants. This study aimed to determine the effect of Brassicaceae waste application on soil nematode community. Broccoli leaves and stems (Brassica oleracea var. italic), cabbage leaves and stems (B. oleracea var. capitate), kailan stems (B. oleracea var. alboglabra), radish leaves (Raphanus sativus), and leaves of kamanilan weed (Rorippa indica) were tested in this study. The total glucosinolate content of Brassicaceae waste was estimated using the palladium method with a modified spectrophotometer. The experiment was carried out in polybags containing 500 grams of soil-infested nematodes. Brassicaceae waste (15 grams/polybag) was chopped and mixed into the soil, watered, and polybags were tightly closed for 14 days. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with nine treatments and five replications. The results of the total glucosinolate analysis showed that broccoli, radish, and kamanilan leaves fall into the high category (144.7-185.2 µmol/g); cabbage leaves, cabbage stems, and kailan stems fall into the medium category (52.0-56.0 µmol/g); and broccoli stems fall into the low category (35.4 µmol/g). There was no correlation between total glucosinolate contents and their effect on suppressing soil nematode communities at the applied effluent dose. The population of bacterivorous nematodes increased in each waste treatment, especially in kamanilan leaf treatment (R. indica) which reached 13,008 individuals. These results indicate that kamanilan weed has good potential to improve soil health. The treatment of Brassicaceae waste against soil nematode communities showed a low diversity index, an uneven evenness index, and a high dominance index.","PeriodicalId":31599,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41667997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nandini Ayuningtias, Witjaksono Witjaksono, A. Wijonarko, A. Soffan
Bemisia tabaci is an agricultural pest that interferes plant growth, as well as being an insect vector of various types of viruses, one of which is the geminivirus group. B. tabaci is called Cryptic Species Complex due to their similar morphology but has different genetic profiles. Climate change and increased global trading of agricultural products could increase B. tabaci population and lead to the emergence of genetic disparity. This study aims to obtain the latest information on the population homogeneity of B. tabaci in four districts of the Yogyakarta and potential differences on their nucleotide arrangements. Molecular identification was performed using PCR and primers C1-J-2198/L2-N-3914 on B. tabaci. B. tabaci COI gene sequences were then compared using a phylogenetic analysis and similarities of nucleotide bases were determined. Results showed that the populations of B. tabaci in Yogyakarta were still homogeneous showed by biotypes similarity, namely the non-B biotype. B. tabaci from Yogyakarta have nucleotide base similarity of 100% with B. tabaci from Singapore (AY686095) and Thailand (AY686092) and 99.56% with species from Bangladesh (AJ748388). Results also showed no differences in the composition of both nucleotide bases and amino acids from the four districts of B. tabaci sampling location. The homogeneous population of B. tabaci and the high incidence of yellowing disease caused by Begomovirus in chili pepper plants in the Special Region of Yogyakarta prove that it is necessary to review the current methods of controlling B. tabaci pests.
{"title":"Molecular Analysis of Cytochrome Oxidase I in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Populations Collected from Four Districts in the Special Region of Yogyakarta","authors":"Nandini Ayuningtias, Witjaksono Witjaksono, A. Wijonarko, A. Soffan","doi":"10.22146/jpti.75881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.75881","url":null,"abstract":"Bemisia tabaci is an agricultural pest that interferes plant growth, as well as being an insect vector of various types of viruses, one of which is the geminivirus group. B. tabaci is called Cryptic Species Complex due to their similar morphology but has different genetic profiles. Climate change and increased global trading of agricultural products could increase B. tabaci population and lead to the emergence of genetic disparity. This study aims to obtain the latest information on the population homogeneity of B. tabaci in four districts of the Yogyakarta and potential differences on their nucleotide arrangements. Molecular identification was performed using PCR and primers C1-J-2198/L2-N-3914 on B. tabaci. B. tabaci COI gene sequences were then compared using a phylogenetic analysis and similarities of nucleotide bases were determined. Results showed that the populations of B. tabaci in Yogyakarta were still homogeneous showed by biotypes similarity, namely the non-B biotype. B. tabaci from Yogyakarta have nucleotide base similarity of 100% with B. tabaci from Singapore (AY686095) and Thailand (AY686092) and 99.56% with species from Bangladesh (AJ748388). Results also showed no differences in the composition of both nucleotide bases and amino acids from the four districts of B. tabaci sampling location. The homogeneous population of B. tabaci and the high incidence of yellowing disease caused by Begomovirus in chili pepper plants in the Special Region of Yogyakarta prove that it is necessary to review the current methods of controlling B. tabaci pests.","PeriodicalId":31599,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45987996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feny Ernawati, S. Djauhari, Mintarto Martosudiro, L. K. Putra, Ari Kristini
Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (ScSMV) is the most important viral disease of sugarcane in Indonesia with distribution in almost all commercial sugarcane plantations. The disease causes significant yield losses of both cane tonnage and sugar yield. The use of resistant varieties is the best approach for controlling viral diseases. This study aims to investigate resistance response of several introduced varieties against ScSMV in a glasshouse condition and the impact of the viral infection on chlorophyll and proline content in sugarcane leaves. Sugarcane plants were inoculated using ScSMV inoculum one month after planting using an abrasive pad rubbing method. Disease incidence and severity was observed at week 4-12 after inoculation and variety resistance levels were classified based on disease incidence. Confirmation of the virus was done by RT-PCR. Spectrophotometer was used to measure chlorophyll content at dual wavelengths of 645 and 663 nm, and proline content at wavelengths of 520 nm. The results showed that most of the tested varieties were susceptible to ScSMV. There are six highly resistant varieties, namely SRA 1, SRA 2, N 10-4, N 10-7, N10-9, and N 10-13, but these varieties still require to be tested on a field scale. ScSMV infection generally decrease chlorophyll and proline content. However, the physiological effect of ScSMV infection on chlorophyll and proline content needs further investigation.
{"title":"Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (ScSMV) Resistance Evaluation of Sugarcane Varieties","authors":"Feny Ernawati, S. Djauhari, Mintarto Martosudiro, L. K. Putra, Ari Kristini","doi":"10.22146/jpti.71158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.71158","url":null,"abstract":"Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (ScSMV) is the most important viral disease of sugarcane in Indonesia with distribution in almost all commercial sugarcane plantations. The disease causes significant yield losses of both cane tonnage and sugar yield. The use of resistant varieties is the best approach for controlling viral diseases. This study aims to investigate resistance response of several introduced varieties against ScSMV in a glasshouse condition and the impact of the viral infection on chlorophyll and proline content in sugarcane leaves. Sugarcane plants were inoculated using ScSMV inoculum one month after planting using an abrasive pad rubbing method. Disease incidence and severity was observed at week 4-12 after inoculation and variety resistance levels were classified based on disease incidence. Confirmation of the virus was done by RT-PCR. Spectrophotometer was used to measure chlorophyll content at dual wavelengths of 645 and 663 nm, and proline content at wavelengths of 520 nm. The results showed that most of the tested varieties were susceptible to ScSMV. There are six highly resistant varieties, namely SRA 1, SRA 2, N 10-4, N 10-7, N10-9, and N 10-13, but these varieties still require to be tested on a field scale. ScSMV infection generally decrease chlorophyll and proline content. However, the physiological effect of ScSMV infection on chlorophyll and proline content needs further investigation.","PeriodicalId":31599,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44930768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a new pest on maize that has successfully spread to various regions in Indonesia. This pest can cause severe damage to the affected plants. Most farmers have relied on synthetic insecticides for control. This research was conducted to determine susceptibility level of S. frugiperda larvae to emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, and spinetoram insecticides by using the diet-dipping method. There is no registered insecticide to control S. frugiperda, so the three types of insecticides used were based on the recommendation of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia. Five field-collected population from Central Java and a laboratory populations of S. frugiperda were used to develop a baseline susceptibility for each insecticide. First instar larvae of S. frugiperda were placed in vials containing artificial diet treated with insecticides and an untreated control (treated with water only), observed for mortality on the seventh day and data was analyzed using probit. S. frugiperda from Tegowanu was the most susceptible to emamectin benzoate (LC50 = 0.11 mg/L), while the least susceptible population was from Wedi (LC50 = 0.39 mg/L) with the resistance ratio (RR) values of 0.45-folds and 1.60-folds compared to the laboratory population, respectively. S. frugiperda from Ngombol was the most susceptible population to chlorantraniliprole (LC50 = 12.63 mg/L), while the least susceptible population was from Tegowanu (LC50 = 30.29 mg/L) with RR values of 0.90- and 2.15-fold compared to the laboratory population, respectively. Meanwhile, S. frugiperda from Jogonalan was the most susceptible to spinetoram (LC50 = 2.75 mg/L), while the population from Wedi was the least susceptible (LC50 = 5.94 mg/L) with the RR values of 0.52- and 1.12-fold compared to the laboratory population. Field-collected S. frugiperda populations were still susceptible to the three tested insecticides tested and emamectin benzoate being the most toxic compared to spinetoram and chlorantraniliprole.
{"title":"Susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Collected from Central Java Province to Emamectin Benzoate, Chlorantraniliprole, and Spinetoram","authors":"Julia Nanda Suryani, Y. Trisyono, E. Martono","doi":"10.22146/jpti.76195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.76195","url":null,"abstract":"Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a new pest on maize that has successfully spread to various regions in Indonesia. This pest can cause severe damage to the affected plants. Most farmers have relied on synthetic insecticides for control. This research was conducted to determine susceptibility level of S. frugiperda larvae to emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, and spinetoram insecticides by using the diet-dipping method. There is no registered insecticide to control S. frugiperda, so the three types of insecticides used were based on the recommendation of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia. Five field-collected population from Central Java and a laboratory populations of S. frugiperda were used to develop a baseline susceptibility for each insecticide. First instar larvae of S. frugiperda were placed in vials containing artificial diet treated with insecticides and an untreated control (treated with water only), observed for mortality on the seventh day and data was analyzed using probit. S. frugiperda from Tegowanu was the most susceptible to emamectin benzoate (LC50 = 0.11 mg/L), while the least susceptible population was from Wedi (LC50 = 0.39 mg/L) with the resistance ratio (RR) values of 0.45-folds and 1.60-folds compared to the laboratory population, respectively. S. frugiperda from Ngombol was the most susceptible population to chlorantraniliprole (LC50 = 12.63 mg/L), while the least susceptible population was from Tegowanu (LC50 = 30.29 mg/L) with RR values of 0.90- and 2.15-fold compared to the laboratory population, respectively. Meanwhile, S. frugiperda from Jogonalan was the most susceptible to spinetoram (LC50 = 2.75 mg/L), while the population from Wedi was the least susceptible (LC50 = 5.94 mg/L) with the RR values of 0.52- and 1.12-fold compared to the laboratory population. Field-collected S. frugiperda populations were still susceptible to the three tested insecticides tested and emamectin benzoate being the most toxic compared to spinetoram and chlorantraniliprole.","PeriodicalId":31599,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47903526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eko Prasetyo Wibowo, A. Widiastuti, T. Joko, S. Suryanti, A. Priyatmojo
The demand for shallots has increased along with the Indonesian population. To achieve shallot production goals, farmers began to plant shallots outside usual planting season. However, unfavourable environmental conditions and pest attacks are obstacles faced by farmers. The use of Biological Control Agents (BCA) is a way to improve plant growth and protect plants against plant pathogens or even abiotic stresses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of shallot plants after BCA (Bacillus and Mycorrhizal Fungi) application, especially against twisted disease during off-planting season. This research was conducted by preparing BCA isolates, applying BCA, measuring disease incidence and intensity, observing plant growth development, analyzing phenol content, and analyzing phosphate content. Results showed BCA Bacillus and mycorrhizal fungi did not inhibit Fusarium spp. infection. Agronomic measurements showed no significant difference in crown weight and root weight, but isolate B8 significantly increase the number of leaves while isolate M significantly decreased plant height. Isolates B6, B7, and M significantly reduced the total phenol content in shallot plants. Phosphate analysis on isolate M did not have significant effects on shallot plants, while BCA Bacillus and Mycorrhizal fungi application could not suppress twisted disease. Nevertheless, B8 treatment has the potential to increase shallot growth; therefore, further research must be conducted.
{"title":"Effect of Biocontrol Agent (Bacillus and Mycorrhizal Fungi) Application against Twisted Disease (Fusarium spp.) in Off-Season Shallot Production","authors":"Eko Prasetyo Wibowo, A. Widiastuti, T. Joko, S. Suryanti, A. Priyatmojo","doi":"10.22146/jpti.75579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.75579","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for shallots has increased along with the Indonesian population. To achieve shallot production goals, farmers began to plant shallots outside usual planting season. However, unfavourable environmental conditions and pest attacks are obstacles faced by farmers. The use of Biological Control Agents (BCA) is a way to improve plant growth and protect plants against plant pathogens or even abiotic stresses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of shallot plants after BCA (Bacillus and Mycorrhizal Fungi) application, especially against twisted disease during off-planting season. This research was conducted by preparing BCA isolates, applying BCA, measuring disease incidence and intensity, observing plant growth development, analyzing phenol content, and analyzing phosphate content. Results showed BCA Bacillus and mycorrhizal fungi did not inhibit Fusarium spp. infection. Agronomic measurements showed no significant difference in crown weight and root weight, but isolate B8 significantly increase the number of leaves while isolate M significantly decreased plant height. Isolates B6, B7, and M significantly reduced the total phenol content in shallot plants. Phosphate analysis on isolate M did not have significant effects on shallot plants, while BCA Bacillus and Mycorrhizal fungi application could not suppress twisted disease. Nevertheless, B8 treatment has the potential to increase shallot growth; therefore, further research must be conducted.","PeriodicalId":31599,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43690328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nur Khasanah, E. Martono, Y. Trisyono, A. Wijonarko
Calotropis gigantea produces secondary metabolites. Some toxicity tests on several pest species had been conducted, yet the most susceptible pest species towards C. gigantea extract is still unknown. This study aims to determine the susceptible insect species and study the behavior of susceptible insects to C. gigantea extract. The test methods used in this research were leaf dipping and spraying upon four insect pest species of different orders (Bactrocera carambolae [Diptera: Tephritidae], Nilapavata lugens [Hemiptera: Delphacidae], Sitophilus zeamais [Coleoptera: Curculionidae], and Plutella xylostella [Lepidoptera: Plutellidae]). The concentration used to determine susceptible insects was 25 g.L-1 and control. Deterrence test of susceptible insects using a choice test and no-choice for 1.5 hours observed every five minutes. Five replication were used for each concentration. Behavioral test of susceptible insects using dietary toxicity test. Five bok choy leaf disc was immersed into solutions for 1 minute and air-dried on a petri dish. Observations were carried out for 12 hours with an observation period of every 1.5 hours. A leaf dipping test for 12 hours with an observation period of every 1.5 hours using the feed method. The concentrations used were 12.5 µgL-1and control. The concentration used was the toxicity test of C. gigantea leaf extract 25, 12.50, 6.25. 3.12, 1.56, 0.78, 0.39, 0.19, 0.09, 0.04 µgL-1. P. xylostella was considered a more susceptible test insect towards C. gigantea leaf extract than B. carambolae, N. lugens, and S. zeamais. C. gigantea leaf extract showed a toxic and feeding deterrent to P. xylostella larvae. The LC50 value of C. gigantea extract against P. xylostella by dipping was 16.9 µg.l-1 and 18.5 µg.l-1 by spray. The components of C. gigantea leaf extract consist of alkaloid, tannin, phenol, flavonoid, saponin, and terpenoid. The result of the research showed that C. gigantea leaf extract has a toxic and deterrent substance against P. xylostella and potential to control P. xylostella.
{"title":"Preliminary Valuation Activity of Calotropis gigantea L. Extracts against Several Insect Pests","authors":"Nur Khasanah, E. Martono, Y. Trisyono, A. Wijonarko","doi":"10.22146/jpti.71938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.71938","url":null,"abstract":"Calotropis gigantea produces secondary metabolites. Some toxicity tests on several pest species had been conducted, yet the most susceptible pest species towards C. gigantea extract is still unknown. This study aims to determine the susceptible insect species and study the behavior of susceptible insects to C. gigantea extract. The test methods used in this research were leaf dipping and spraying upon four insect pest species of different orders (Bactrocera carambolae [Diptera: Tephritidae], Nilapavata lugens [Hemiptera: Delphacidae], Sitophilus zeamais [Coleoptera: Curculionidae], and Plutella xylostella [Lepidoptera: Plutellidae]). The concentration used to determine susceptible insects was 25 g.L-1 and control. Deterrence test of susceptible insects using a choice test and no-choice for 1.5 hours observed every five minutes. Five replication were used for each concentration. Behavioral test of susceptible insects using dietary toxicity test. Five bok choy leaf disc was immersed into solutions for 1 minute and air-dried on a petri dish. Observations were carried out for 12 hours with an observation period of every 1.5 hours. A leaf dipping test for 12 hours with an observation period of every 1.5 hours using the feed method. The concentrations used were 12.5 µgL-1and control. The concentration used was the toxicity test of C. gigantea leaf extract 25, 12.50, 6.25. 3.12, 1.56, 0.78, 0.39, 0.19, 0.09, 0.04 µgL-1. P. xylostella was considered a more susceptible test insect towards C. gigantea leaf extract than B. carambolae, N. lugens, and S. zeamais. C. gigantea leaf extract showed a toxic and feeding deterrent to P. xylostella larvae. The LC50 value of C. gigantea extract against P. xylostella by dipping was 16.9 µg.l-1 and 18.5 µg.l-1 by spray. The components of C. gigantea leaf extract consist of alkaloid, tannin, phenol, flavonoid, saponin, and terpenoid. The result of the research showed that C. gigantea leaf extract has a toxic and deterrent substance against P. xylostella and potential to control P. xylostella.","PeriodicalId":31599,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47706059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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