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Mobile communication experience of students in exchange programs between Indonesia and the Philippines 印尼和菲律宾交流项目学生的移动通信体验
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.24198/jkk.v10i2.41460
Wichitra Yasya, Titis Nurwulan Suciati, Gallen Ray Canillo, Rojean Patumbon, Chuking Pandia
The use of technology and mobile communication became prevalent with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, where activities such as student exchange between two universities can be conducted virtually. Mobile communication, in this case, is related to communication using cellular devices based on computer technology, but also the characteristics of mobile communication itself, which is mobility or its ability to be used anywhere and at any time. The study aims to examine the lived experiences of mobile communication on undergoing student exchange programs between Indonesia and the Philippines. The study was conducted using the qualitative method with in-depth interviews as data collection. The research's informants are students from universities in Indonesia and the Philippines. Data were interpreted through a thematic analysis. The research found that mobile communication positively affected the students' learning and experience, mainly how it helps them continue their education despite being disrupted by the pandemic. However, poor connection, English skills, and language barriers affect their academic performance. Recommendations are put forward for further studies to focus on how the language barrier affected students' learning and behaviors on mobile communication. Another further study that can be done is to explore mobile communication through theories in virtual exchange. They are polymedia and affordance theories. Academic institutions should help and monitor students’ understandings that would help and allow the students to understand and learn more.
随着新冠肺炎疫情的到来,技术和移动通信的使用变得普遍,两所大学之间的学生交换等活动可以通过虚拟方式进行。在这种情况下,移动通信不仅涉及到使用基于计算机技术的蜂窝设备进行通信,而且还涉及到移动通信本身的特性,即移动性或随时随地使用的能力。本研究旨在检视印尼与菲律宾学生交换计划中使用行动通讯的生活经验。本研究采用深度访谈作为资料收集的定性方法。该研究的参与者是来自印度尼西亚和菲律宾大学的学生。数据通过专题分析加以解释。研究发现,移动通信对学生的学习和经历产生了积极影响,主要是它如何帮助他们在疫情中断的情况下继续学业。然而,交际能力差、英语能力差和语言障碍影响了他们的学习成绩。建议进一步研究语言障碍如何影响学生在移动通信中的学习和行为。另一个可以做的进一步研究是通过虚拟交换理论来探索移动通信。它们是多媒体理论和赋能理论。学术机构应该帮助和监督学生的理解,这将有助于并允许学生理解和学习更多。
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引用次数: 0
Indonesian people’s resilience detection method based on big data 基于大数据的印尼人弹性检测方法
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.24198/jkk.v10i2.41900
Catur Suratnoaji, I. Arianto, Syifa Syarifah Alamiyah
The resilience condition of the Indonesian people in facing threats, disturbances, obstacles, and challenges (AGHT) can be identified through conversations on social media. The conversational data of social media users is important data for understanding the national resilience of the Indonesian people. The method developed is more explorative, descriptive, and quantitative by describing the variable: volume of social media users, user profiles, reach, conversation trends, types of issues, top tweets, emotion, sentiment, people who influence (top influencer), intermediary (bridge), and robot analysis (bot analysis). The research sample is from March 1, 2022, to May 1, 2022. Consideration of the timing is due to many public reactions to the “three periods” issue. The results of this study indicate that the three-period issue is the most dominant compared to other topics. The issue of “three periods” spread throughout Indonesia, and the most dominant was in DKI Jakarta Province. The social media users’ profile shows that the issue of three periods is mostly discussed by users between the ages of 19 and 29. Men are more dominant in discussing the “three periods” issue than women. Most Indonesian people reject the three-period issue. It shows that the resilience of the Indonesian people is exceptional because they can confront negative issues.
印尼人民在面对威胁、干扰、障碍和挑战(AGHT)时的复原力状况可以通过社交媒体上的对话来确定。社交媒体用户的对话数据是了解印尼人民国家韧性的重要数据。所开发的方法更具探索性、描述性和定量,通过描述变量:社交媒体用户数量、用户资料、覆盖范围、对话趋势、问题类型、热门推文、情感、情绪、影响者(顶级影响者)、中介(桥梁)和机器人分析(bot分析)。研究样本为2022年3月1日至2022年5月1日。考虑时机是由于许多公众对“三期”问题的反应。本研究结果显示,三期议题相较于其他议题是最主要的议题。“三个时期”的问题在印尼各地蔓延,其中以雅加达省最为突出。社交媒体用户的资料显示,三期问题主要是由19至29岁的用户讨论的。在讨论“三经”问题时,男性比女性更占优势。大多数印尼人反对三年期问题。这表明印度尼西亚人民的韧性是非凡的,因为他们能够面对消极的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Police as communicators to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 警察是防止新冠病毒传播的传播者
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.24198/jkk.v10i2.42894
Anwar Sani, S. Sumartias, H. Hafiar, Nurzali Ismail
For the last two years, Indonesia and all countries in the world have been engaged with the COVID-19 pandemic. The government issued various forms of policies to prevent the spread of COVID-19, including PSBB and PPKM. The West Java Police Public Relations, as part of the government, also communicated the program through their social media. One of the social media accounts used is the Instagram account @humaspoldajabar. However, the uploaded content has yet to achieve optimal results. The purpose of this study is to describe the management of Instagram social media @humaspoldajabar during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses qualitative research methods with the type of case study research and collecting data using observation and literature study. The result of this research is that the contents uploaded by the Public Relations Division of the Java Regional Police are content related to appeals, information, and policies for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak. Public Relations of the West Java Regional Police uploaded content that described humanist police activities accompanied by the positive imagery of officials within the West Java Regional Police. The West Java Police Public Relations should use brand influencers to optimize content and display content that suits the needs and characteristics of the public. Content in the form of positive imagery can actually threaten the image of the police themselves.
在过去两年里,印度尼西亚和世界上所有国家都在应对新冠肺炎疫情。政府发布了各种形式的政策来防止新冠肺炎的传播,包括PSBB和PPKM。作为政府的一部分,西爪哇警察公共关系部也通过社交媒体传达了该计划。使用的社交媒体账号之一是Instagram账号@humaspoldajabar。然而,上传的内容尚未达到最佳效果。本研究的目的是描述新冠肺炎大流行期间Instagram社交媒体@humaspoldajabar的管理情况。本研究采用定性研究方法,采用案例研究的方法,采用观察和文献研究的方法收集数据。这项研究的结果是,爪哇地区警察公共关系部上传的内容与控制新冠肺炎疫情的呼吁、信息和政策有关。西爪哇地区警察公共关系部上传了描述人道主义警察活动的内容,并附上了西爪哇地区警方官员的正面形象。西爪哇警察公共关系部应利用品牌影响力来优化内容,并展示符合公众需求和特点的内容。正面形象形式的内容实际上会威胁到警察自身的形象。
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引用次数: 1
Map-based communication: a pivotal function of knowledge information in sports 地图传播:体育知识信息的关键功能
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.24198/jkk.v10i2.42170
Davi Sofyan, Khairul Hafezad Abdullah, A. Akinci, E. U. Osiobe, C. C. Priyatna
Previous studies vividly indicate that understanding sports communication in competitive and non-competitive contexts could benefit athletes, coaches, officials, businesses, governing bodies, and spectators. This study aimed to inspect publication trends relevant to the global evolution of sports communication based on two high-impact and predominant databases, Scopus and Web of Science. The study analyzed selected top publications (peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports), keywords, and institutional data via ScientoPy on map-based communication. Our results depicted that the Scopus and WoS databases reveal growing trends in sports communication. The study's primary contribution is that it identified: the primary map-based communication research, essential keywords, connected studies, and leading universities within the sport management and sports scholarly fields. Keywords like (but not limited to) "public relations" and "organizational communication" has become prevalent in sport mapping communication between 2018 and 2019. The five most popular keywords concerning sports communication in include (but are not limited to) "Sports," "Communication," "social media," "Sports communication," and "Media." the findings of our paper will be helpful (but not limited to): scholars interested in sports communication, athletes (professional, non-professional, and students), stakeholders, and researchers. Similarly, the study provides future readers and scholars with a global perspective on the current hot topics in sports communication to help them disseminate their ideas, as well as a variety of analyses to assist in the organization of data and the development of theory and practice in sports communication research.
以往的研究生动地表明,理解竞技和非竞技环境下的体育传播对运动员、教练、官员、企业、管理机构和观众都有好处。本研究旨在基于Scopus和Web of Science这两个高影响力和主导的数据库,考察与体育传播全球演变相关的出版趋势。该研究通过ScientoPy分析了选定的顶级出版物(同行评议的文章、书籍和报告)、关键词和机构数据。我们的研究结果表明,Scopus和WoS数据库揭示了体育传播的增长趋势。该研究的主要贡献在于它确定了:主要的基于地图的传播研究、基本关键词、关联研究以及体育管理和体育学术领域的领先大学。关键字如(但不限于)“公共关系”和“组织传播”在2018年至2019年期间成为体育地图传播的主流。体育传播领域最流行的五个关键词包括(但不限于):“体育”、“传播”、“社交媒体”、“体育传播”和“媒体”。我们论文的发现将有助于(但不限于):对体育传播感兴趣的学者、运动员(专业、非专业和学生)、利益相关者和研究人员。同样,本研究为未来的读者和学者提供了一个关于当前体育传播热点的全球视角,以帮助他们传播自己的观点,并提供了各种分析,以协助组织数据,发展体育传播研究的理论和实践。
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引用次数: 1
The motivation of flaming perpetrators as cyberbullying behavior in social media 社交媒体中网络欺凌行为的动机
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.24198/jkk.v10i2.39876
Melisa Arisanty, Gunawan Wiradharma
The most troubling behavior of cyberbullying is flaming on social media. Technological sophistication makes it easy for everyone to create fake accounts for negative comments to bullying activities on social media. The impact is very detrimental, especially for victims or targets. The most frequent consequences are deep trauma, fear, anxiety, lack of confidence, mental illness, and depression, and they can even motivate the victim to commit suicide. This impact is considered quite dangerous for the victim. Therefore, concrete handling and solutions are needed that can be implemented according to the motivation of the perpetrators to do hate speech and cyberbullying. This study aimed to identify the motives of flaming perpetrators through social media and formulate strategic and practical recommendations for preventing flaming behavior. By identifying through a qualitative approach, phenomenological research strategies, and in-depth interviews with 10 (ten) research informants, the research aims to obtain a comprehensive picture of the motivations of flaming actors in social media. The results of this study indicate some of the motivations of flaming actors in social media, namely excessive fanaticism, personal interests, spontaneous emotions and anxiety, low digital literacy, the anonymity of netizens on social media through second accounts, and lack of empathy. The motivations found in this study are the basis for formulating strategic and practical recommendations in preventing flaming behavior in social media through the KIFE Model (Collaboration, Innovation, News Framing, and Peer group Education). It is practical and effective for Media Literacy and Healthy Digital.
最令人不安的网络欺凌行为正在社交媒体上燃烧。技术的成熟使得每个人都很容易创建虚假账户,对社交媒体上的欺凌活动发表负面评论。这种影响是非常有害的,尤其是对受害者或目标而言。最常见的后果是深度创伤、恐惧、焦虑、缺乏信心、精神疾病和抑郁,甚至会促使受害者自杀。这种撞击对受害者来说是相当危险的。因此,需要根据犯罪者发表仇恨言论和网络欺凌的动机来实施具体的处理和解决方案。这项研究旨在通过社交媒体确定纵火者的动机,并为预防纵火行为制定战略和实践建议。通过定性方法、现象学研究策略和对10(10)名研究信息者的深入采访,该研究旨在全面了解社交媒体中愤怒行为者的动机。这项研究的结果表明,社交媒体中愤怒的参与者的一些动机,即过度狂热、个人兴趣、自发的情绪和焦虑、数字素养低、网民通过第二账号在社交媒体上匿名以及缺乏同理心。本研究中发现的动机是通过KIFE模型(协作、创新、新闻框架和同伴群体教育)制定预防社交媒体中燃烧行为的战略和实践建议的基础。它对媒体素养和健康数字具有实用性和有效性。
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引用次数: 1
Social media political campaign model of local elections in Pelalawan Regency Riau 廖内省佩拉拉旺县地方选举的社交媒体政治竞选模式
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.24198/jkk.v10i2.41680
Fatmawati Moekahar, F. Ayuningtyas, Fitri Hardianti
The modern rise of social media has altered the strategies used in political campaigns. Compared to traditional advertising, social media may lower the cost of a campaign. The Zukri-Nasar team effectively used social media for political campaigns for the 2020 local elections in Pelalawan Regency, Riau. Social media generated 30% of the vote because it can spread messages rapidly, widely, and interactively. Political actors utilize social media to develop their self-image. This study is descriptive-qualitative, and the sampling method used was purposive sampling. The informants comprised seven important informants who were part of the winning side in the municipal election in Pelalawan. An informant is someone with reliable knowledge regarding a political campaign. According to the study, Facebook is the most widely used platform for political campaigns because it is the most popular social networking platform in Pelalawan Regency, Riau. Political advertisements featuring 3D caricatures and political orientation are used as social media political campaign techniques. This tactic is a component of a unique, awareness-raising, and personal branding campaign. The candidate’s personal character is presented as accurately as possible on their social media campaign. Furthermore, the political campaign model found in the research was called The Integrative and Collaborative Model of the political campaign.
社交媒体的现代兴起改变了政治竞选中使用的策略。与传统广告相比,社交媒体可以降低广告活动的成本。Zukri Nasar团队有效地利用社交媒体为2020年廖内省Pelalawan Regency的地方选举进行政治竞选。社交媒体获得了30%的选票,因为它可以快速、广泛、互动地传播信息。政治行动者利用社交媒体来发展他们的自我形象。这项研究是描述性的定性研究,所用的抽样方法是有目的的抽样。举报人包括七名重要的举报人,他们是Pelalawan市选举中获胜一方的一部分。线人是指对政治竞选活动有可靠了解的人。根据这项研究,脸书是政治竞选中使用最广泛的平台,因为它是廖内省佩拉拉旺县最受欢迎的社交网络平台。以3D漫画和政治取向为特色的政治广告被用作社交媒体政治竞选技术。这种策略是一个独特的,提高认识和个人品牌宣传活动的组成部分。候选人的个人性格在他们的社交媒体活动中尽可能准确地呈现出来。此外,研究中发现的政治竞选模型被称为政治竞选的整合与合作模型。
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引用次数: 1
Women writers’ profiles of Soenting Melajoe Newspaper (1912-1921) 《Soenting Melajoe报》女作家简介(1912-1921)
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.24198/jkk.v10i2.41934
Maimon Herawati, Siti Karlinah, Herlina Agustin, N. Sjafirah
Soenting Melajoe Newspaper (1912-1921) was Indonesia’s first indigenous women’s newspaper during the Dutch colonial period. Its readers considered this newspaper as a command in the women’s movement in the Minangkabau society. Editors were deemed as generals, readers as soldiers. The articles in Soenting Melajoe were submitted by women from various regions. The newspaper became a means of exchanging ideas and debating between women, moderated by female editors; Rohana Kudus and Ratna Juwita. This writing constructed the profile of writers based on their writings in Soenting Melajoe. The theory used in this research was the feminist communication theory, focusing on the revalorism aspect of it. This research employed a historical method. Data collection was done through literature study. The subjects of this research are the writings of Indonesian women in Soenting Melajoe. The female writers of Soenting Melajoe came from the administrative center of the Hindia Dutch, port cities, and coffee warehouse regions. Most backgrounds of the writers of Soenting Melajoe were from families of Dutch employees, families managing educational institutions, and families of tribal leaders. Some of the writers of Soenting Melajoe learned to read and write at school. Others studied with family members. Further research can be done on the life of these female writer pioneers and the connection between ideas in Soenting Melajoe and other colonial newspapers.
《Soenting Melajoe报》(1912-1921)是荷兰殖民时期印尼第一份土著妇女报纸。它的读者认为这份报纸是米南卡保社会妇女运动的指挥。编辑被视为将军,读者被视为士兵。Soenting Melajoe的文章是由来自不同地区的妇女提交的。该报成为女性之间交流思想和辩论的一种手段,由女性编辑主持;Rohana Kudus和Ratna Juwita。这一写作以作家在《索廷·梅拉乔》中的写作为基础,构建了作家的形象。本研究所采用的理论是女性主义传播理论,主要研究女性主义传播的复仇主义方面。数据收集通过文献研究进行。本研究以印尼妇女在《Soenting Melajoe》中的作品为研究对象。《Soenting Melajoe》的女作家来自印地语-荷兰语的行政中心、港口城市和咖啡仓库地区。《Soenting Melajoe》的作者大多来自荷兰雇员的家庭、管理教育机构的家庭和部落领袖的家庭。Soenting Melajoe的一些作家在学校里学会了阅读和写作。其他人则与家人一起学习。关于这些女性作家先驱的生平,以及《Soenting Melajoe》和其他殖民地报纸的思想之间的联系,可以做进一步的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Communication competence of Indonesian workers in intercultural interaction in Munich and Canberra 印尼工人在慕尼黑和堪培拉跨文化交流中的沟通能力
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.24198/jkk.v10i2.41976
Aang Koswara, S. Lukman
The discourse of intercultural communication competence is increasingly important in the globalized world. However, there need to be more studies reported on the communication competence of Indonesian workers in intercultural interaction, particularly in the host country Germany and Australia. This study investigates communication competence in the intercultural interaction of Indonesian workers in two cities, Munich and Canberra. It focuses on intercultural challenges encountered by Indonesian workers working at different corporations and organizations in Munich and Canberra. Using qualitative methods, we examine Indonesian workers' intercultural awareness, sensitivity, and language competence in the host cities. This ethnographic study is based on interviews and informal conversations with Indonesian workers in Munich and Canberra and observations through the engagement of the researchers in the various Indonesian Diaspora community in the two cities. Based on thematic analysis, two empirical findings are essential to everyday intercultural interaction. First, intercultural awareness and sensitivity explain the knowledge and experiences of Indonesian workers on local rules and regulations, culture, and history of the host cities. Second, language competence describes the ability of Indonesian workers to understand the accents and dialects (German Bavaria and English Australian) and to overcome language barriers in everyday work and community life. The study concludes that participants have different experiences implementing communication competence in everyday interaction. It depends on the intercultural interaction intensity of Indonesian workers with their colleagues and the local community.
跨文化交际能力的话语在全球化的世界中变得越来越重要。但是,需要有更多关于印度尼西亚工人在跨文化互动中的沟通能力的研究报告,特别是在东道国德国和澳大利亚。本研究调查了在慕尼黑和堪培拉两个城市工作的印尼工人的跨文化交际能力。它侧重于在慕尼黑和堪培拉不同公司和组织工作的印度尼西亚工人所遇到的跨文化挑战。使用定性方法,我们检查印尼工人的跨文化意识,敏感性和语言能力在主办城市。这项民族志研究是基于对慕尼黑和堪培拉印度尼西亚工人的访谈和非正式谈话,以及通过研究人员在这两个城市的各种印度尼西亚侨民社区的参与进行的观察。基于主题分析,两个实证发现对日常跨文化互动至关重要。首先,跨文化意识和敏感性解释了印尼工人对当地规章制度、文化和主办城市历史的知识和经验。第二,语言能力描述印尼工人理解口音和方言(德语巴伐利亚和英语澳大利亚)的能力,并克服日常工作和社区生活中的语言障碍。研究表明,被试在日常交往中有不同的交际能力实现经验。这取决于印尼工人与其同事和当地社区的跨文化互动强度。
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引用次数: 0
The Creating Share Value communication of PT. Bio Farma in green livestock feed empowerment program PT.Bio-Farma在绿色畜牧饲料赋能计划中的“创造共享价值”交流
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.24198/jkk.v10i2.42009
Agus Rahmat, M. Mansyur, Sarmedi Sarmedi, Tendry Firmansyah
One of the flagship Creating Share Value (CSV) programs by PT Biofarma in 2021 is the Re-Grass & Sustainability Village program. First, this program has been able to meet the demand for fodder for horses, which is one of the input rows in the production process at PT. Biofarma and also for the farming community around PT Biofarma’s operations. Even the fostered community is able to supply the needs of green fodder for several breeders in other areas through fermentation activities (silage) and pellet feed. Second, the CSR program to build animal feed security also received MURI records for productivity and high protein content. Third, the results of the evaluation by calculating the value of Social Return on Investment (SROI) show the value of Rp. 7,37. Based on the indicators, there are questions about what kind of communication was built into the program so that it was able to achieve a high level of success. Research with qualitative methods was conducted to answer the questions. The results of the research show that the communication activities carried out include the integration and coordination of various channels and sources of information, designing and implementing various communication techniques, and utilizing the nature and characteristics of communicators according to their respective positions. Implementation of information diffusion of green fodder is also supported by facilities that can simplify and reduce the risk of loss to the target group in adopting innovations.
PT Biofarma在2021年的旗舰创造共享价值(CSV)计划之一是Re-Grass&Sustainability Village计划。首先,该项目能够满足马匹饲料的需求,这是PT Biofarma生产过程中的投入行之一,也是PT Biofara运营周围农业社区的投入行。即使是培育的社区也能够通过发酵活动(青贮饲料)和颗粒饲料为其他地区的几位饲养员提供绿色饲料的需求。其次,建立动物饲料安全的CSR计划也获得了MURI的生产力和高蛋白质含量记录。第三,通过计算社会投资回报率(SROI)的价值进行评估的结果显示,价值为7,37卢比。根据这些指标,有人质疑该计划中建立了什么样的沟通,从而能够取得高水平的成功。采用定性方法进行研究以回答问题。研究结果表明,所开展的传播活动包括整合和协调各种渠道和信息来源,设计和实施各种传播技术,并根据传播者各自的立场利用传播者的性质和特征。绿色饲料信息传播的实施也得到了设施的支持,这些设施可以简化并降低目标群体在采用创新时遭受损失的风险。
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引用次数: 0
“Embarrassing and disgraceful”: technology-facilitated sexual violence and victim’s healing process “尴尬和不光彩”:技术促进了性暴力和受害者的康复过程
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.24198/jkk.v10i2.42265
Gita Anita, D. Mulyana, Nindi Aristi
This study aims to reveal the communication experience of victims of online gender-based violence and the healing process from the trauma they experienced. The main research questions are how victims experience violence online, what motives encourage perpetrators to commit violence from the victim’s perspective, the meaning of the communication experience, and the victim’s process of healing the traumatic experience. In this qualitative study, phenomenological methods and symbolic interaction theory were employed. The research subjects are women victims of online gender-based violence cases. Informants were selected through a purposive sampling technique. The results showed that most cases of threats of spreading intimate photos or videos were experienced by victims when they asked for a breakup or did not follow the wishes of the perpetrator. Victims of violence in the online realm are also vulnerable to multiple layers of violence. The video is used as a tool for the perpetrator so that the victim does not refuse to have sex with the perpetrator. The impact experienced by the victim is psychological loss, social isolation, and limited mobility. The three motives behind the above cases are relational, sextortion or extortion, and unknown motives. The meanings obtained from the communication experience of victims are shame, disgrace, loss of identity, feeling tarnished, and having mistrust of the opposite sex. The victims used various ways to heal themselves from the trauma, namely getting closer to God, telling stories to friends, and consulting psychologists.
本研究旨在揭示网络性别暴力受害者的沟通经历以及他们所经历的创伤的愈合过程。主要的研究问题是受害者如何在网上体验暴力,从受害者的角度来看,是什么动机鼓励施暴者实施暴力,沟通体验的意义,以及受害者治愈创伤体验的过程。在这一定性研究中,运用了现象学方法和符号互动理论。研究对象是网络性别暴力案件的女性受害者。举报者是通过有目的的抽样技术挑选出来的。结果显示,大多数传播亲密照片或视频的威胁案例都是受害者在要求分手或不遵从施暴者意愿时经历的。网络领域的暴力受害者也容易受到多层暴力的影响。视频被用作施暴者的工具,这样受害者就不会拒绝与施暴者发生性关系。受害者所经历的影响是心理损失、社会孤立和行动受限。上述案件背后的三个动机分别是关系动机、性侵犯或勒索动机和未知动机。从受害者的交流经历中获得的含义是羞耻、丢脸、失去身份、感觉被玷污和对异性的不信任。受害者使用了各种方法来治愈自己的创伤,即与上帝更亲近,向朋友讲故事,以及咨询心理学家。
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引用次数: 0
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