Abstract This is the second in a series of “Cannabis clinic” notes, presenting diseases and pests of hemp, featuring colour illustrations of signs and symptoms. This note concerns Striatura Ulcerosa, the name of a hemp disease caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori. The disease was first described in Italy over 100 years ago, but may have originated in China. Greenhouse studies demonstrated that all cultivars of Cannabis are susceptible. Signs and symptoms, life history of the pathogen, and control measures are discussed.
{"title":"Striatura Ulcerosa","authors":"John M. McPartland, Karl W. Hillig","doi":"10.1300/J237v09n01_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v09n01_10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This is the second in a series of “Cannabis clinic” notes, presenting diseases and pests of hemp, featuring colour illustrations of signs and symptoms. This note concerns Striatura Ulcerosa, the name of a hemp disease caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori. The disease was first described in Italy over 100 years ago, but may have originated in China. Greenhouse studies demonstrated that all cultivars of Cannabis are susceptible. Signs and symptoms, life history of the pathogen, and control measures are discussed.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125012114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Cannabis sativa L. is one of the oldest food, fibre, medicinal, psychoactive and oil plants known. It has been used by innumerable ethnic societies in Asia. Uttaranchal (India) is an ethnic region where the plant is a part of the local culture. In this paper the indigenous uses and ethnobotany of its seed, seed oil, stems, fibre, leaves, inflorescences and resin along with various recipes of seeds are described. A theory of its introduction to Uttaranchal by ethnic races is also given. It is concluded that in the light of the present commercial and industrial uses of Cannabis its cultivation should be promoted in Uttaranchal and other parts of the Himalayan regions of India, where it grows naturally and is cultivated for folk uses.
{"title":"Indigenous Uses and Ethnobotany of Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp) in Uttaranchal (India)","authors":"N. C. Shah","doi":"10.1300/J237v09n01_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v09n01_07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cannabis sativa L. is one of the oldest food, fibre, medicinal, psychoactive and oil plants known. It has been used by innumerable ethnic societies in Asia. Uttaranchal (India) is an ethnic region where the plant is a part of the local culture. In this paper the indigenous uses and ethnobotany of its seed, seed oil, stems, fibre, leaves, inflorescences and resin along with various recipes of seeds are described. A theory of its introduction to Uttaranchal by ethnic races is also given. It is concluded that in the light of the present commercial and industrial uses of Cannabis its cultivation should be promoted in Uttaranchal and other parts of the Himalayan regions of India, where it grows naturally and is cultivated for folk uses.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129240658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Ten years ago the hemp industry was in decline. Efforts of entrepreneurs and activists have reversed that trend. The modern hemp industry is beginning to see mainstream uses in a variety of industries including food, body care, clothing, accessories, paper and automotive. The future is bright, but factors that can impede the growth of the industry are discussed.
{"title":"Ten Years of a Modern Hemp Industry","authors":"Don E. Wirtshafter","doi":"10.1300/J237V09N01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237V09N01_03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ten years ago the hemp industry was in decline. Efforts of entrepreneurs and activists have reversed that trend. The modern hemp industry is beginning to see mainstream uses in a variety of industries including food, body care, clothing, accessories, paper and automotive. The future is bright, but factors that can impede the growth of the industry are discussed.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122654777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Hip Hemp Happenings highlights some of the companies and products that are successfully marketing hemp in creative and innovative ways. Ranging from colorful and practical hemp clothing to nutritious hemp nut based desserts, this article illustrates different approaches to the same problem: how to make hemp hip. It also shows how some companies are using the star power of celebrities and athletes to promote their hemp products.
{"title":"Hip Hemp Happenings","authors":"John E. Dvorak","doi":"10.1300/J237V09N01_09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237V09N01_09","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hip Hemp Happenings highlights some of the companies and products that are successfully marketing hemp in creative and innovative ways. Ranging from colorful and practical hemp clothing to nutritious hemp nut based desserts, this article illustrates different approaches to the same problem: how to make hemp hip. It also shows how some companies are using the star power of celebrities and athletes to promote their hemp products.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129817714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Sessile- and capitate-stalked secretory glands are sites of cannabinoid accumulation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). Analyses show cannabinoids to be abundant in glands isolated from bracts or leaves of pistillate plants. Cannabinoids are concentrated in the secretory cavity formed as an intrawall cavity in the outer wall of the disc cells. Specialized plastids, lipoplasts, in the disc cells synthesize lipophilic substances, such as terpenes, that migrate through the plasma membrane and into the cell wall adjacent to the secretory cavity. These substances enter the cavity as secretory vesicles. An antibody probe for THC shows it to be most abundant along the surface of vesicles, associated with fibrillar material in the cavity, in the cell wall and in the cuticle; little THC was detected in the cytoplasm of disc or other cells. The phenol, phloroglucinol, is abundant in both gland types. A working hypothesis for the site of cannabinoid synthesis is proposed, and must be examined further. Knowledge of the mechanism of cannabinoid synthesis and localization can contribute to efforts to further reduce the THC content in hemp strains for potential agricultural use in the United States and elsewhere.
{"title":"Accumulation of Cannabinoids in Glandular Trichomes of Cannabis (Cannabaceae)","authors":"P. Mahlberg, Eun -Soo Kim","doi":"10.1300/J237v09n01_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v09n01_04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sessile- and capitate-stalked secretory glands are sites of cannabinoid accumulation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). Analyses show cannabinoids to be abundant in glands isolated from bracts or leaves of pistillate plants. Cannabinoids are concentrated in the secretory cavity formed as an intrawall cavity in the outer wall of the disc cells. Specialized plastids, lipoplasts, in the disc cells synthesize lipophilic substances, such as terpenes, that migrate through the plasma membrane and into the cell wall adjacent to the secretory cavity. These substances enter the cavity as secretory vesicles. An antibody probe for THC shows it to be most abundant along the surface of vesicles, associated with fibrillar material in the cavity, in the cell wall and in the cuticle; little THC was detected in the cytoplasm of disc or other cells. The phenol, phloroglucinol, is abundant in both gland types. A working hypothesis for the site of cannabinoid synthesis is proposed, and must be examined further. Knowledge of the mechanism of cannabinoid synthesis and localization can contribute to efforts to further reduce the THC content in hemp strains for potential agricultural use in the United States and elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123887555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Hemp is new to Aotearoa, the indigenous name of New Zealand (NZ). The NZ government approved the experimental cultivation of hemp in 2001. Eleven cultivars have been cultivated to date, ‘Anka’, ‘Carmen’, ‘Fasamo’, ‘Felina’, ‘Finola’, ‘Futura 77’, ‘Kompolti’, ‘Uniko B’, ‘USO 14’, ‘USO 31’, and ‘Zola’. Crops have been planted at 19 sites the past two seasons, in a wide range of latitudes, climates and soil types. NZ's fragile soil necessitates careful management of its fertility. Hemp fits into the paradigm of sustainable stewardship, organic soil fertilization, and responsible crop rotation. It can be rotated with existing fodder crops and vegetable crops. Hemp's well-known ability to suppress weeds makes its rotation with pasture an attractive way to clean soil banks of weed seeds. Hemp cultivated for seed produced maximal yields of 2800 kg ha−1; and fiber crops yielded stalk biomass (dry matter) as high as 13,900 kg ha−1. These yields are consistent with or greater than reports from the European literature. Several pests new to hemp were discovered in NZ, but none required pesticides. Birds caused problems in seed crops, requiring control with repellents and bird netting. Future prospects look promising for this new crop.
摘要:大麻是新西兰土著植物奥特罗阿(Aotearoa)的新植物。新西兰政府于2001年批准了大麻的实验种植。到目前为止，已经种植了11个品种，' Anka '， ' Carmen '， ' Fasamo '， ' Felina '， ' Finola '， ' Futura 77 '， ' Kompolti '， ' Uniko B '， ' USO 14 '， ' USO 31 '和' Zola '。在过去的两个季节里，在不同的纬度、气候和土壤类型的19个地点种植了农作物。新西兰脆弱的土壤需要精心管理其肥力。大麻符合可持续管理、有机土壤施肥和负责任的作物轮作的范例。它可以与现有的饲料作物和蔬菜作物轮作。大麻的众所周知的抑制杂草的能力，使其与牧草轮作一个有吸引力的方式来清洁土壤的杂草种子库。种植种子用大麻的最高产量为2800 kg ha - 1;纤维作物的茎秆生物量(干物质)高达13900公斤/公顷。这些产量与欧洲文献的报告一致或更高。在新西兰发现了几种新的大麻害虫，但都不需要杀虫剂。鸟类给种子作物带来了问题，需要用驱虫剂和鸟类网来控制。这种新作物的未来前景看好。
{"title":"Hemp Production in Aotearoa","authors":"J. McPartland, Steve Cutler, D. J. McIntosh","doi":"10.1300/J237v09n01_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v09n01_12","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hemp is new to Aotearoa, the indigenous name of New Zealand (NZ). The NZ government approved the experimental cultivation of hemp in 2001. Eleven cultivars have been cultivated to date, ‘Anka’, ‘Carmen’, ‘Fasamo’, ‘Felina’, ‘Finola’, ‘Futura 77’, ‘Kompolti’, ‘Uniko B’, ‘USO 14’, ‘USO 31’, and ‘Zola’. Crops have been planted at 19 sites the past two seasons, in a wide range of latitudes, climates and soil types. NZ's fragile soil necessitates careful management of its fertility. Hemp fits into the paradigm of sustainable stewardship, organic soil fertilization, and responsible crop rotation. It can be rotated with existing fodder crops and vegetable crops. Hemp's well-known ability to suppress weeds makes its rotation with pasture an attractive way to clean soil banks of weed seeds. Hemp cultivated for seed produced maximal yields of 2800 kg ha−1; and fiber crops yielded stalk biomass (dry matter) as high as 13,900 kg ha−1. These yields are consistent with or greater than reports from the European literature. Several pests new to hemp were discovered in NZ, but none required pesticides. Birds caused problems in seed crops, requiring control with repellents and bird netting. Future prospects look promising for this new crop.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129898134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Hemp seed yields of the variety Fedora-19 in an on-farm scientific field experiment on small plots and in an on-farm evaluation in 11 hemp fields under practical organic growing conditions in Lower Austria were compared to give a realistic view of the variability of yields. Dry matter seed yields from the on-farm field experiment ranged from 127 to 143 g m−2. Under practical growing conditions, yields ranged from 34 to 151 g m−2 in the sample plots. The reported hemp seed yield after combine harvesting, drying, and cleaning was between 324 kg ha−1 and 717 kg ha−1. The results of the experiment show that harvesting by hand considerably influences yields. Yields of the manual harvest in sample plots indicate a high correlation with yields harvested by the combine harvester (R2 = 0.91). The commercial yield is 71% of the yields recorded in sample plots in the fields. Our data questions the transfer of results and conclusions drawn from the data of scientific field experiments that employ manual harvest to that of practical circumstances, and support the notion of on-farm research.
摘要:本文通过对Fedora-19品种在下奥地利州11块大麻田的小块田间科学试验和实际有机种植条件下的田间评价，比较了其产量的变异性。田间试验的干物质种子产量为127 ~ 143 g m−2。在实际生长条件下，样品地块的产量为34 ~ 151 g m−2。据报道，联合收获、干燥和清洗后的大麻种子产量在324 ~ 717 kg ha - 1之间。试验结果表明，手工采收对产量影响较大。样地人工收获产量与联合收割机收获产量呈高度相关(R2 = 0.91)。商业产量是田间样块记录产量的71%。我们的数据质疑将人工收获的科学田间实验数据得出的结果和结论转移到实际情况下的结果和结论，并支持农场研究的概念。
{"title":"Comparing Hemp Seed Yields (Cannabis sativa L.) of an On-Farm Scientific Field Experiment to an On-Farm Agronomic Evaluation Under Organic Growing Conditions in Lower Austria","authors":"C. Vogl, Gunilla Lissek-Wxsolf, A. Surböck","doi":"10.1300/J237v09n01_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v09n01_05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hemp seed yields of the variety Fedora-19 in an on-farm scientific field experiment on small plots and in an on-farm evaluation in 11 hemp fields under practical organic growing conditions in Lower Austria were compared to give a realistic view of the variability of yields. Dry matter seed yields from the on-farm field experiment ranged from 127 to 143 g m−2. Under practical growing conditions, yields ranged from 34 to 151 g m−2 in the sample plots. The reported hemp seed yield after combine harvesting, drying, and cleaning was between 324 kg ha−1 and 717 kg ha−1. The results of the experiment show that harvesting by hand considerably influences yields. Yields of the manual harvest in sample plots indicate a high correlation with yields harvested by the combine harvester (R2 = 0.91). The commercial yield is 71% of the yields recorded in sample plots in the fields. Our data questions the transfer of results and conclusions drawn from the data of scientific field experiments that employ manual harvest to that of practical circumstances, and support the notion of on-farm research.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131106942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This is the third in a series of “Hemp production notes,” which focuses on the unique challenge of growing hemp at high latitudes in the European Community. This paper briefly reviews the historical considerations of hemp in Finland, addresses some of the problems inherent at high latitudes and identifies specific market potentials for the Nordic production of hemp seed as an industrial crop.
{"title":"Hemp Seed Production in Finland","authors":"J. Callaway","doi":"10.1300/J237v09n01_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v09n01_11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This is the third in a series of “Hemp production notes,” which focuses on the unique challenge of growing hemp at high latitudes in the European Community. This paper briefly reviews the historical considerations of hemp in Finland, addresses some of the problems inherent at high latitudes and identifies specific market potentials for the Nordic production of hemp seed as an industrial crop.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131403668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Vogl, H. Mölleken, G. Lissek-Wolf, A. Surböck, J. Kobert
Abstract The interest in hemp (non-drug Cannabis sativa L.) for skin care and cosmetic use is due to the high content of oil, especially unsaturated fatty acids in seed with technological and therapeutic effects. In a field trial on an organic farm, seed weight and content of fatty acids of 20 hemp varieties were surveyed on three different harvest dates. The dry matter seed yields ranged from 27-149 g m−2. The varieties Ferimon-12, Fedora-19, and Bialobreszie produced high seed yields on all three harvest dates but yields were not significantly different from a large group of other varieties. Contents of palmitic acid range from 3.1 to 4.1%, of stearic acid from 0.1 to 1.9%, of oleic acid from 3.7 to 9.2%, of linoleic acid from 44.8 to 60.2%, of a-linolenic acid from 18.2 to 27.4%, and of ?-linolenic acid from 1.6 to 4.7%. The genotype has no significant influence on fatty acid content. All 20 varieties tested show high quantities of fatty acid depending on the harvest date, so that no variety can be favored. Results confirm that hemp is a very good source of fatty acids for skin care and cosmetic use.
{"title":"Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Resource for Green Cosmetics","authors":"C. Vogl, H. Mölleken, G. Lissek-Wolf, A. Surböck, J. Kobert","doi":"10.1300/J237v09n01_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v09n01_06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The interest in hemp (non-drug Cannabis sativa L.) for skin care and cosmetic use is due to the high content of oil, especially unsaturated fatty acids in seed with technological and therapeutic effects. In a field trial on an organic farm, seed weight and content of fatty acids of 20 hemp varieties were surveyed on three different harvest dates. The dry matter seed yields ranged from 27-149 g m−2. The varieties Ferimon-12, Fedora-19, and Bialobreszie produced high seed yields on all three harvest dates but yields were not significantly different from a large group of other varieties. Contents of palmitic acid range from 3.1 to 4.1%, of stearic acid from 0.1 to 1.9%, of oleic acid from 3.7 to 9.2%, of linoleic acid from 44.8 to 60.2%, of a-linolenic acid from 18.2 to 27.4%, and of ?-linolenic acid from 1.6 to 4.7%. The genotype has no significant influence on fatty acid content. All 20 varieties tested show high quantities of fatty acid depending on the harvest date, so that no variety can be favored. Results confirm that hemp is a very good source of fatty acids for skin care and cosmetic use.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116423488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Clarke, J. Erisman, D. Pate, D. Watson, H. V. D. van der Werf
{"title":"Welcome to the Journal of Industrial Hemp","authors":"R. Clarke, J. Erisman, D. Pate, D. Watson, H. V. D. van der Werf","doi":"10.1300/j237v09n01_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j237v09n01_01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131034396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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