Abstract Abstract This note continues the “Cannabis Clinic” series, presenting diseases and pests of hemp, featuring color illustrations of signs and symptoms. White leaf spot is caused by a fungus, Phomopsis ganjae. Signs and symptoms of the disease, life history of the pathogen, differential diagnosis, and control measures are discussed. Disease symptoms and fungus morphology are presented in a series of photographs, each representing approximately one-tenth the scale of the previous photo, to provide an enhanced perspective of scale and proportion.
{"title":"White Leaf Spot","authors":"J. McPartland, K. Hillig","doi":"10.1300/J237v11n01_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v11n01_06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract This note continues the “Cannabis Clinic” series, presenting diseases and pests of hemp, featuring color illustrations of signs and symptoms. White leaf spot is caused by a fungus, Phomopsis ganjae. Signs and symptoms of the disease, life history of the pathogen, differential diagnosis, and control measures are discussed. Disease symptoms and fungus morphology are presented in a series of photographs, each representing approximately one-tenth the scale of the previous photo, to provide an enhanced perspective of scale and proportion.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134028321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Results from hemp experiments in European countries indicate that long day conditions may be beneficial for the fibre content and quality of hemp. The long day conditions during summer in Sweden are therefore of interest. This paper presents results from the first fibre hemp experiments carried out in Sweden since the 1960s. Field trials were performed in southern Sweden, during the years 1999-2001, testing three monoecious varieties (Felina, Fedora and Futura) at seed rates of 30 and 60 kg/ha. Total biomass yield in autumn varied from 7.8 to 14.5 ton DM/ha and fibre yield from 1.9 to 3.3 ton DM/ha. The highest fibre yields per hectare were produced by the variety Futura, the lowest by Fedora. The seed rates 30 and 60 kg/ha gave similar biomass and fibre yields, but the plant density was lower and the stem diameter was larger at 30 kg/ha. Results of chemical analyses of stem and leaves are presented.
{"title":"Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Trials in Southern Sweden 1999-2001","authors":"B. Svennerstedt, G. Sevenson","doi":"10.1300/J237v11n01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v11n01_03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Results from hemp experiments in European countries indicate that long day conditions may be beneficial for the fibre content and quality of hemp. The long day conditions during summer in Sweden are therefore of interest. This paper presents results from the first fibre hemp experiments carried out in Sweden since the 1960s. Field trials were performed in southern Sweden, during the years 1999-2001, testing three monoecious varieties (Felina, Fedora and Futura) at seed rates of 30 and 60 kg/ha. Total biomass yield in autumn varied from 7.8 to 14.5 ton DM/ha and fibre yield from 1.9 to 3.3 ton DM/ha. The highest fibre yields per hectare were produced by the variety Futura, the lowest by Fedora. The seed rates 30 and 60 kg/ha gave similar biomass and fibre yields, but the plant density was lower and the stem diameter was larger at 30 kg/ha. Results of chemical analyses of stem and leaves are presented.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124744368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper summarizes the history of hemp (Cannabis) cultivation and traditional use in the Republic of Korea and investigates the cultivation and processing techniques currently being employed to produce hemp ribbon and seed and weave hemp textiles. Recent production levels and market conditions are reviewed. Hemp is cultivated for bast fiber and seed in several of the numerous fertile inland valleys of the Republic of Korea. Present distribution and level of production are much reduced in comparison with the 20th century. There is no local tradition of its use as either medicine or inebriant. Comparisons with European hemp cultivation and processing, (representative of commercial Western hemp production), Chinese hemp cultivation and production in Shandong Province, (representative of modern Chinese commercial production), and Vietnamese Hmong-Miao cultivation, processing, and weaving, (representative of traditional non-commercial Asian hemp production), are provided where appropriate. Comparisons to hemp growing in the Republic of Korea during the 1950s and early 1960s are made.
{"title":"Hemp (Cannabis) Cultivation and Use in the Republic of Korea","authors":"R. Clarke","doi":"10.1300/J237V11N01_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237V11N01_07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper summarizes the history of hemp (Cannabis) cultivation and traditional use in the Republic of Korea and investigates the cultivation and processing techniques currently being employed to produce hemp ribbon and seed and weave hemp textiles. Recent production levels and market conditions are reviewed. Hemp is cultivated for bast fiber and seed in several of the numerous fertile inland valleys of the Republic of Korea. Present distribution and level of production are much reduced in comparison with the 20th century. There is no local tradition of its use as either medicine or inebriant. Comparisons with European hemp cultivation and processing, (representative of commercial Western hemp production), Chinese hemp cultivation and production in Shandong Province, (representative of modern Chinese commercial production), and Vietnamese Hmong-Miao cultivation, processing, and weaving, (representative of traditional non-commercial Asian hemp production), are provided where appropriate. Comparisons to hemp growing in the Republic of Korea during the 1950s and early 1960s are made.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114296963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Field trials were conducted in the irrigated areas of the Ebro valley, one of the most important irrigated areas in Spain, in order to study the feasibility of flax and hemp as possible alternative crops. Field experiments were established in 2000 and 2001, and three varieties of hemp and five of flax (two fiber types and three oilseed types) were compared under irrigation. Stem dry matter yields for hemp averaged 9,118 kg ha−1 and 7,635 kg ha−1, with average bark contents of 32.2% and 22.5%, in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Straw yields and bark contents for flax averaged 4,790 and 4,259 kg ha−1 and 27.0 and 20.1%, in 2000 and 2001, respectively, whereas average linseed yields were of 1,741 and 468 kg ha−1, in 2000 and in 2001, respectively. The results suggest that in the irrigated conditions of the Ebro valley hemp seems a more appropriate crop than flax for the pulp paper industry, although in order to obtain higher yields earlier sowing and longer cycle varieties should be studied.
摘要为了研究亚麻和大麻作为替代作物的可行性，在西班牙最重要的灌区之一埃布罗河谷的灌区进行了田间试验。2000年和2001年建立了田间试验，在灌溉条件下对3个大麻品种和5个亚麻品种(2种纤维型和3种油籽型)进行了比较。2000年和2001年，大麻茎干物质平均产量分别为9,118 kg h_1和7,635 kg h_1，平均树皮含量分别为32.2%和22.5%。2000年和2001年，亚麻的秸秆产量和树皮含量平均分别为4,790和4,259公斤公顷- 1,27.0和20.1%，而2000年和2001年亚麻籽的平均产量分别为1,741和468公斤公顷- 1。结果表明，在埃布罗河谷的灌溉条件下，大麻似乎比亚麻更适合制浆造纸工业，但为了获得更高的产量，应研究早期播种和较长的周期品种。
{"title":"Hemp and Flax Biomass and Fiber Production and Linseed Yield in Irrigated Mediterranean Conditions","authors":"J. Lloveras, F. Santiveri, Gil Gorchs","doi":"10.1300/J237v11n01_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v11n01_02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Field trials were conducted in the irrigated areas of the Ebro valley, one of the most important irrigated areas in Spain, in order to study the feasibility of flax and hemp as possible alternative crops. Field experiments were established in 2000 and 2001, and three varieties of hemp and five of flax (two fiber types and three oilseed types) were compared under irrigation. Stem dry matter yields for hemp averaged 9,118 kg ha−1 and 7,635 kg ha−1, with average bark contents of 32.2% and 22.5%, in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Straw yields and bark contents for flax averaged 4,790 and 4,259 kg ha−1 and 27.0 and 20.1%, in 2000 and 2001, respectively, whereas average linseed yields were of 1,741 and 468 kg ha−1, in 2000 and in 2001, respectively. The results suggest that in the irrigated conditions of the Ebro valley hemp seems a more appropriate crop than flax for the pulp paper industry, although in order to obtain higher yields earlier sowing and longer cycle varieties should be studied.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"72 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120865610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The author has discovered an intact collection of World War II era hemp samples that document the state of the North American hemp industry before it was shut down at the end of the Hemp for Victory Campaign in 1945. Included in one box are samples of various grades of hemp straw and hemp fiber. The second box contains sales samples of hemp and hemp-blend yarns and threads. It also contains samples of finished textiles, hemp hurds and seeds and other miscellaneous items. The collection offers a wide range of research possibilities.
{"title":"Hemp for Victory Era Salesman's Kit","authors":"Don E. Wirtshafter","doi":"10.1300/J237v11n01_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v11n01_04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The author has discovered an intact collection of World War II era hemp samples that document the state of the North American hemp industry before it was shut down at the end of the Hemp for Victory Campaign in 1945. Included in one box are samples of various grades of hemp straw and hemp fiber. The second box contains sales samples of hemp and hemp-blend yarns and threads. It also contains samples of finished textiles, hemp hurds and seeds and other miscellaneous items. The collection offers a wide range of research possibilities.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134571560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Industrial hemp has a long and fascinating history in Japan and was grown in many regions. History and culture museums in small towns occasionally host small displays of a few hemp artifacts. This article highlights three local museums in northern Nagano Prefecture that feature comprehensive displays of hemp cultivation and processing. They are located near enough to each other to facilitate a short visit of high educational value.
{"title":"Hemp Museum Tour of Nagano Prefecture, Japan","authors":"R. Clarke","doi":"10.1300/J237v11n01_09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v11n01_09","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Industrial hemp has a long and fascinating history in Japan and was grown in many regions. History and culture museums in small towns occasionally host small displays of a few hemp artifacts. This article highlights three local museums in northern Nagano Prefecture that feature comprehensive displays of hemp cultivation and processing. They are located near enough to each other to facilitate a short visit of high educational value.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132853784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In 2005, hemp acreage in Canada has doubled to 8,000 ha, driven almost entirely by the growing demand for hemp foods and cosmetics in the North American market for natural products. To sustain that growth, members of the Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance (CHTA), which represents all relevant industry sectors, have initiated a comprehensive R&D and communication program on hemp foods. Its main goals are to comprehensively characterize the nutritional profile of seeds, nuts, oil and flour, across all commercially relevant hemp varieties grown in Canada, to assess the relevance of the established profiles to nutritional health, and to communicate results effectively to trade journalists and consumers. Initial characterization studies will assess amino acids and fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and select phytochemicals. Subsequently, a panel of experts on nutritional health will assess the data and project potential health benefits. In a related project, the impact of processing and storage conditions on rancidity will be quantified and quality management strategies will be developed. The overall joint R&D agenda is funded by several Canadian government programs and by industry contributions.
{"title":"Hemp Foods in North America","authors":"G. Leson","doi":"10.1300/J237v11n01_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v11n01_08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 2005, hemp acreage in Canada has doubled to 8,000 ha, driven almost entirely by the growing demand for hemp foods and cosmetics in the North American market for natural products. To sustain that growth, members of the Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance (CHTA), which represents all relevant industry sectors, have initiated a comprehensive R&D and communication program on hemp foods. Its main goals are to comprehensively characterize the nutritional profile of seeds, nuts, oil and flour, across all commercially relevant hemp varieties grown in Canada, to assess the relevance of the established profiles to nutritional health, and to communicate results effectively to trade journalists and consumers. Initial characterization studies will assess amino acids and fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and select phytochemicals. Subsequently, a panel of experts on nutritional health will assess the data and project potential health benefits. In a related project, the impact of processing and storage conditions on rancidity will be quantified and quality management strategies will be developed. The overall joint R&D agenda is funded by several Canadian government programs and by industry contributions.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115949899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The artifacts of hemp and marijuana's rich histories are some of the hottest articles on the secondary market today. Revenue stamps issued under the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 were recently auctioned by the Smithsonian Institute to raise money for future acquisitions. The prices received shattered all preauction estimates. Other collectable stamps have been issued by various states of the United States (US). The high values of these items and other collectibles reflects the huge investment the US government has expended in trying to eradicate the use of Cannabis.Collectors should be aware that the high value of these stamps reflects on the current hot market for collectibles of all things Cannabis.
{"title":"Hemp Stamps Bring Record Prices","authors":"Don E. Wirtshafter, Michael Krawitz","doi":"10.1300/J237V10N02_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237V10N02_06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The artifacts of hemp and marijuana's rich histories are some of the hottest articles on the secondary market today. Revenue stamps issued under the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 were recently auctioned by the Smithsonian Institute to raise money for future acquisitions. The prices received shattered all preauction estimates. Other collectable stamps have been issued by various states of the United States (US). The high values of these items and other collectibles reflects the huge investment the US government has expended in trying to eradicate the use of Cannabis.Collectors should be aware that the high value of these stamps reflects on the current hot market for collectibles of all things Cannabis.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124313411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is being promoted as a diversification option with applications in fiber, paper, particleboard, and biodegradable plastics. Hemp seed oil is valued for its nutritional properties and health benefits. Seed protein content and oil composition show promise for animal feed opportunities. The beneficial effects of hemp oil need to be studied to improve the profitability of industrial hemp seed in Canada. This study examined the influence of cultivar on fatty acid profiles and tocopherol content of hemp grown in Alberta in 1997 and 1998. The average seed yield varied between years (1997, 987 kg ha-1; 1998, 1633 kg ha-1). Linoleic acid concentrations ranged from 47% (Yugo) to 57% (Felina 34) of total fatty acid. Linolenic acid concentrations ranged from 16% (Irene) to 23% (Yugo) of total fatty acid. The gamma-linolenic acid varied between 1.5%-4.0% among cultivars. The hemp cultivars varied greatly in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids, but certain cultivars produced ratios at the 3:1 level, which has been identified as nutritionally optimal. There were varietal differences in both specific and total tocopherol content. The high tocopherol antioxidant capacity, in addition to linolenic acid, alpha-linolenic acid and gamma-linolenic acid, ultimately adds to the nutritional profile of hemp seed oil. All of the cultivars grown in the trials had levels of delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) below the Government of Canada limit of 0.3%.
{"title":"Fatty Acid and Tocopherol Profiles of Industrial Hemp Cultivars Grown in the High Latitude Prairie Region of Canada","authors":"S. Blade, K. Ampong‐Nyarko, R. Przybylski","doi":"10.1300/J237v10n02_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v10n02_04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is being promoted as a diversification option with applications in fiber, paper, particleboard, and biodegradable plastics. Hemp seed oil is valued for its nutritional properties and health benefits. Seed protein content and oil composition show promise for animal feed opportunities. The beneficial effects of hemp oil need to be studied to improve the profitability of industrial hemp seed in Canada. This study examined the influence of cultivar on fatty acid profiles and tocopherol content of hemp grown in Alberta in 1997 and 1998. The average seed yield varied between years (1997, 987 kg ha-1; 1998, 1633 kg ha-1). Linoleic acid concentrations ranged from 47% (Yugo) to 57% (Felina 34) of total fatty acid. Linolenic acid concentrations ranged from 16% (Irene) to 23% (Yugo) of total fatty acid. The gamma-linolenic acid varied between 1.5%-4.0% among cultivars. The hemp cultivars varied greatly in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids, but certain cultivars produced ratios at the 3:1 level, which has been identified as nutritionally optimal. There were varietal differences in both specific and total tocopherol content. The high tocopherol antioxidant capacity, in addition to linolenic acid, alpha-linolenic acid and gamma-linolenic acid, ultimately adds to the nutritional profile of hemp seed oil. All of the cultivars grown in the trials had levels of delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) below the Government of Canada limit of 0.3%.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133755717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Plant taxonomy is primarily based on patterns of morphological variation and geographical distribution. Plant-parasite relationships can also offer clues regarding the phylogeny of the host plant. Many obligate parasites coevolve with their hosts, eventually becoming restricted to an individual taxon. Host restriction may take place at different taxonomic ranks, i.e., parasites may become restricted to one host genus within a plant family, to one species within a genus, or to one infraspecific taxon within a species. This phylogenetic congruence between plants and their parasites may be due to cospeciation or due to co-adaptation (reciprocal adaptive selection). Our study reviewed plant-parasite interactions with regard to putative Cannabis taxa. The results Curators of the following herbaria are thanked for loaning collections: BPI, IMI, FH, GH, BR, ILLS, MICH, VT. suggest that certain parasites may have co-evolved with putative species and biotypes within the Cannabisgenus.
{"title":"Host-Parasite Relationships in Cannabis","authors":"J. McPartland, K. Hillig","doi":"10.1300/J237v10n02_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v10n02_08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Plant taxonomy is primarily based on patterns of morphological variation and geographical distribution. Plant-parasite relationships can also offer clues regarding the phylogeny of the host plant. Many obligate parasites coevolve with their hosts, eventually becoming restricted to an individual taxon. Host restriction may take place at different taxonomic ranks, i.e., parasites may become restricted to one host genus within a plant family, to one species within a genus, or to one infraspecific taxon within a species. This phylogenetic congruence between plants and their parasites may be due to cospeciation or due to co-adaptation (reciprocal adaptive selection). Our study reviewed plant-parasite interactions with regard to putative Cannabis taxa. The results Curators of the following herbaria are thanked for loaning collections: BPI, IMI, FH, GH, BR, ILLS, MICH, VT. suggest that certain parasites may have co-evolved with putative species and biotypes within the Cannabisgenus.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131234457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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