ABSTRACT This study presents the production chain of hemp and flax textile yarn from crop production up to the spinning of yarn. It aims to quantify major environmental impacts associated with the production of hemp yarn using Life Cycle Analysis. A reference scenario of traditional Hemp warm Water-retting was compared to: (1) Bio-retting, i.e., hemp green scutching followed by water-retting, (2) BabyHemp, based on stand-retting of pre-mature hemp, (3) Dew-retting of Flax. Overall, neither of the alternative scenarios was unambiguously better than the reference. The impacts of the hemp reference scenario and the flax scenario were similar, except for pesticide use (higher for flax) and direct water use (higher for hemp). Bio-retting had higher impacts than the reference scenario for climate change and energy use, due to higher energy input in fibre processing. BabyHemp had higher impacts than the reference scenario for eutrophication, land occupation and pesticide use. A reduction of the environmental impacts of hemp yarn should give priority to reduction of energy use in the fibre processing and yarn production stages and reduction of eutrophication in the crop production phase.
{"title":"The Production Chain of Hemp and Flax Textile Yarn and Its Environmental Impacts","authors":"L. Turunen, H. V. D. van der Werf","doi":"10.1300/J237v12n02_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v12n02_04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study presents the production chain of hemp and flax textile yarn from crop production up to the spinning of yarn. It aims to quantify major environmental impacts associated with the production of hemp yarn using Life Cycle Analysis. A reference scenario of traditional Hemp warm Water-retting was compared to: (1) Bio-retting, i.e., hemp green scutching followed by water-retting, (2) BabyHemp, based on stand-retting of pre-mature hemp, (3) Dew-retting of Flax. Overall, neither of the alternative scenarios was unambiguously better than the reference. The impacts of the hemp reference scenario and the flax scenario were similar, except for pesticide use (higher for flax) and direct water use (higher for hemp). Bio-retting had higher impacts than the reference scenario for climate change and energy use, due to higher energy input in fibre processing. BabyHemp had higher impacts than the reference scenario for eutrophication, land occupation and pesticide use. A reduction of the environmental impacts of hemp yarn should give priority to reduction of energy use in the fibre processing and yarn production stages and reduction of eutrophication in the crop production phase.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127984101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Hemp is a primary substance for papermaking, having been used for 2,000 years in this capacity. In the 20th century wood pulp came to replace hemp and other long fibres, and this has been an environmental disaster. Recent efforts to re-introduce hemp fibres into paper pulp are under way, with a number of writing papers having been manufactured in Europe and North America. However, most of these were done in small batches. Most papermills in southeast Asia produce 500,000 tons or more annually, whilst mills in the West tend to be small, specialty paper mills. Hemp is used rather consistently for fine papers, including cigarette paper and cosmetic tissue paper, but writing paper may continue to be made from trees until we run out and are forced to use other material. One large papermill in Germany, Gmund (which is distributed in the UK by The Hemp Shop) is starting to catch up, with a number of different papers including writing paper now being made in increasingly larger batches. A number of other companies are also offering hemp papers, ranging from writing paper to wallpaper. Part of the issue is the fact that the hurd, which is lower in cellulose content that the bast, can be used for paper, as demonstrated by the US government in the early 20th century.
{"title":"Hemp Paper","authors":"Kenyon Gibson","doi":"10.1300/J237v12n02_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v12n02_08","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Hemp is a primary substance for papermaking, having been used for 2,000 years in this capacity. In the 20th century wood pulp came to replace hemp and other long fibres, and this has been an environmental disaster. Recent efforts to re-introduce hemp fibres into paper pulp are under way, with a number of writing papers having been manufactured in Europe and North America. However, most of these were done in small batches. Most papermills in southeast Asia produce 500,000 tons or more annually, whilst mills in the West tend to be small, specialty paper mills. Hemp is used rather consistently for fine papers, including cigarette paper and cosmetic tissue paper, but writing paper may continue to be made from trees until we run out and are forced to use other material. One large papermill in Germany, Gmund (which is distributed in the UK by The Hemp Shop) is starting to catch up, with a number of different papers including writing paper now being made in increasingly larger batches. A number of other companies are also offering hemp papers, ranging from writing paper to wallpaper. Part of the issue is the fact that the hurd, which is lower in cellulose content that the bast, can be used for paper, as demonstrated by the US government in the early 20th century.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126569969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The higher elevation regions of Darchula District in the northwest of Nepal provide a unique example of a basic Cannabis agricultural system whereby all three major products-seeds and resin from the female flowers as well as fiber from the stems-are extracted from the same crop. For centuries prior to the relatively recent influences of market economics and law enforcement, this simple cropping system was much more widespread throughout neighboring regions of Asia, wherever and whenever Cannabis seed, drugs and fiber were in demand.
{"title":"Traditional Cannabis Cultivation in Darchula District, Nepal—Seed, Resin and Textiles","authors":"R. Clarke","doi":"10.1300/J237V12N02_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237V12N02_03","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The higher elevation regions of Darchula District in the northwest of Nepal provide a unique example of a basic Cannabis agricultural system whereby all three major products-seeds and resin from the female flowers as well as fiber from the stems-are extracted from the same crop. For centuries prior to the relatively recent influences of market economics and law enforcement, this simple cropping system was much more widespread throughout neighboring regions of Asia, wherever and whenever Cannabis seed, drugs and fiber were in demand.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126269834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Farmers living in the western districts of the Nepal Himalaya grow Cannabis and use the fibrous bark to make various textile products. Nepali hemp cordage crafts and woven fabrics are becoming increasingly known amongst textile collectors. This paper will introduce some of the collectible hemp textiles of Nepal.
{"title":"Traditional Nepali Hemp Textiles","authors":"R. Clarke","doi":"10.1300/J237V12N02_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237V12N02_07","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Farmers living in the western districts of the Nepal Himalaya grow Cannabis and use the fibrous bark to make various textile products. Nepali hemp cordage crafts and woven fabrics are becoming increasingly known amongst textile collectors. This paper will introduce some of the collectible hemp textiles of Nepal.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121641682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Hemp has recently received increased interest as a sustainable crop for a multitude of possible uses. This paper focuses on the retting process, which is an important part in the processing of high quality fibre for, e.g., textile products. Water retting process trials were performed on stem plant material from Futura 75 grown at the Lönnstorp Farm research station in the south of Sweden in 2004. Three retting treatments at water temperature 30, 37.5 and 45°C were performed on dried hemp material. Hemp samples were taken from each of the three treatments at 48, 96, 144 and 196 hours. The retting process was investigated and documented by using the change in pectin content and the change in pH value as measures of the rettability. It was not possible to determine an optimal temperature for the retting process by these trials. However it could be concluded that 45°C was too high a water temperature.
{"title":"Influence of Temperature on the Water Retting Process of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivated Under Swedish Climate Conditions","authors":"K. Magnusson, B. Svennerstedt","doi":"10.1300/J237v12n02_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v12n02_02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Hemp has recently received increased interest as a sustainable crop for a multitude of possible uses. This paper focuses on the retting process, which is an important part in the processing of high quality fibre for, e.g., textile products. Water retting process trials were performed on stem plant material from Futura 75 grown at the Lönnstorp Farm research station in the south of Sweden in 2004. Three retting treatments at water temperature 30, 37.5 and 45°C were performed on dried hemp material. Hemp samples were taken from each of the three treatments at 48, 96, 144 and 196 hours. The retting process was investigated and documented by using the change in pectin content and the change in pH value as measures of the rettability. It was not possible to determine an optimal temperature for the retting process by these trials. However it could be concluded that 45°C was too high a water temperature.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123743436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT In France the activities and knowledge concerning the hemp economic sector are historically regulated by an organization dedicated to the paper industry. However, the current context (saturation of the principal outlet and uncertainty regarding the maintenance of the European Union subsidies), makes it necessary to enhance the added value of the hemp crop by diversifying its outlets and by using the whole plant. Also, since the middle of the 1990's the stakeholders of the hemp milieu have important and varied expectations regarding possible new hemp markets, particularly in the fields of plastics processing and the building construction industry. On the basis of data collected during talks with the main stakeholders of the French hemp system, and based on various articles, publications, books, and the Internet, we will describe the organized French hemp system starting from the representation that the stakeholders of the hemp milieu themselves have given. We will begin our analysis with the organized character of this system. Then we will present the data which give information about its dynamics: first the surfaces used for the production and the levels of production, then the forms of organization of the transformation industry, and finally the structuring of research through the publications of patents and the commitment of research groups.
{"title":"The Dynamics of the French Hemp System and Its Stakeholders","authors":"E. Garnier, M. Nieddu, M. Barbier, B. Kurek","doi":"10.1300/J237v12n02_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v12n02_05","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In France the activities and knowledge concerning the hemp economic sector are historically regulated by an organization dedicated to the paper industry. However, the current context (saturation of the principal outlet and uncertainty regarding the maintenance of the European Union subsidies), makes it necessary to enhance the added value of the hemp crop by diversifying its outlets and by using the whole plant. Also, since the middle of the 1990's the stakeholders of the hemp milieu have important and varied expectations regarding possible new hemp markets, particularly in the fields of plastics processing and the building construction industry. On the basis of data collected during talks with the main stakeholders of the French hemp system, and based on various articles, publications, books, and the Internet, we will describe the organized French hemp system starting from the representation that the stakeholders of the hemp milieu themselves have given. We will begin our analysis with the organized character of this system. Then we will present the data which give information about its dynamics: first the surfaces used for the production and the levels of production, then the forms of organization of the transformation industry, and finally the structuring of research through the publications of patents and the commitment of research groups.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129171171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT This note continues the “Cannabis Clinic” series, presenting diseases and pests of hemp, featuring colour illustrations of signs and symptoms. The hemp longhorn beetle (Thyestilla gebleri) damages hemp stalks in eastern Asia. The fungus Botryosphaeria marconii causes stalk and twig blight disease of hemp in North America and perhaps western Europe. The life cycles of the beetle and fungus overlap on host plants; if their geographic ranges also overlapped they would likely cause synergistic damage-an epidemic waiting to happen?
{"title":"Longhorn Beetles andBotryosphaeria: A Future Epidemic?","authors":"J. McPartland, K. Hillig","doi":"10.1300/J237V12N02_09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237V12N02_09","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This note continues the “Cannabis Clinic” series, presenting diseases and pests of hemp, featuring colour illustrations of signs and symptoms. The hemp longhorn beetle (Thyestilla gebleri) damages hemp stalks in eastern Asia. The fungus Botryosphaeria marconii causes stalk and twig blight disease of hemp in North America and perhaps western Europe. The life cycles of the beetle and fungus overlap on host plants; if their geographic ranges also overlapped they would likely cause synergistic damage-an epidemic waiting to happen?","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134099896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT On 21 and 22 November 2006, 90 hemp experts from 23 countries and five continents met in Hürth in the Rhineland (Germany) to exchange views on the current status quo and future trends of the global hemp industry. The 4th International Conference of the “European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA)” revealed a globally increasing interest in hemp raw materials due to worldwide raw material shortages. Special highlights of the conference: The manifold industrial applications of hemp in China as well as the interest of the wood material industry in hemp as alternative raw material for board materials. The mood on the 4th EIHA Conference was substantially different from previous years. One could sense a new interest in hemp. This became clear also through a large number of new projects and investments, ideas and products as well as a couple of new actors.
{"title":"Fourth International Hemp Conference","authors":"M. Carus","doi":"10.1300/J237v12n02_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v12n02_06","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT On 21 and 22 November 2006, 90 hemp experts from 23 countries and five continents met in Hürth in the Rhineland (Germany) to exchange views on the current status quo and future trends of the global hemp industry. The 4th International Conference of the “European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA)” revealed a globally increasing interest in hemp raw materials due to worldwide raw material shortages. Special highlights of the conference: The manifold industrial applications of hemp in China as well as the interest of the wood material industry in hemp as alternative raw material for board materials. The mood on the 4th EIHA Conference was substantially different from previous years. One could sense a new interest in hemp. This became clear also through a large number of new projects and investments, ideas and products as well as a couple of new actors.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124911699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An expert colloquium “Growing and Utilisation of Cannabis sativa in the Czech Republic-Year 2006” organised by the Hemp Association of the Czech Republic was held in Prague. A range of topics was presented such as hemp varieties, carbon sequestration, harvesting and post-harvesting technologies, building materials, cosmetics. The event was a great opportunity to learn more about hemp in the Czech Republic, and for the industry to plan for the future and to network within the sector.
{"title":"The Colloquium “Growing and Utilisation of Cannabis sativa in the Czech Republic-Year 2006”","authors":"M. Široká","doi":"10.1300/J237v12n01_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v12n01_10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An expert colloquium “Growing and Utilisation of Cannabis sativa in the Czech Republic-Year 2006” organised by the Hemp Association of the Czech Republic was held in Prague. A range of topics was presented such as hemp varieties, carbon sequestration, harvesting and post-harvesting technologies, building materials, cosmetics. The event was a great opportunity to learn more about hemp in the Czech Republic, and for the industry to plan for the future and to network within the sector.","PeriodicalId":319023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Hemp","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122808675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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