Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics最新文献

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Design Of Resistivity Meter Data Storage System Based On Arduino Mega 2560 Laboratory Scale Measurement Results 基于 Arduino Mega 2560 实验室规模测量结果的电阻率仪数据存储系统设计

Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics

Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.13057/ijap.v14i1.64901

Dewa Gede Eka Setiawan

A resistivity meter can find out resistivity depth of rock structure, sediment layer, or the depth of water surface. However, the resistivity meter that is often used requires manually recording of the measurement results before inputting them into the processing data software, and this creates many steps in the geoelectric survey. This is because acquiring a resistivity meter with a data storage system entails additional costs, due to its expensive price. Consequently, many of the resistivity meters currently found in laboratories or used in the field are not equipped with a data storage system. This research aims to design a resistivity meter with a data storage system for measurement results, based on Arduino Mega 2560, for laboratory scale. The used sensors were INA219 currents sensor and voltage sensor. In addition, the tests were carried out to determine the level of accuracy of each sensor and testing for data storage system of measurement result. This research employed Schlumberger configuration in the development of resistivity meter. This research has successfully developed a resistivity meter device with a current sensor accuracy level of 97.28% using the INA219 sensor, and a voltage sensor accuracy level of 97.44%. It is noteworthy that the accuracy level is high, and the device is capable of performing readings effectively. This research has successfully designed a resistivity meter which has a measurement data storage.

电阻率仪可以测量岩石结构、沉积层或水面的电阻率深度。然而，通常使用的电阻率仪需要先手动记录测量结果，然后再将其输入处理数据的软件，这就给地质电力勘测工作增加了许多步骤。这是因为购买带数据存储系统的电阻率仪需要额外费用，因为其价格昂贵。因此，目前在实验室或野外使用的许多电阻率仪都没有配备数据存储系统。本研究旨在设计一种基于 Arduino Mega 2560 的电阻率仪，为实验室规模的测量结果配备数据存储系统。使用的传感器是 INA219 电流传感器和电压传感器。此外，还进行了测试，以确定每个传感器的精度水平，并测试测量结果数据存储系统。这项研究在开发电阻率仪时采用了斯伦贝谢公司的配置。通过使用 INA219 传感器，本研究成功开发了电阻率仪设备，其电流传感器的准确度为 97.28%，电压传感器的准确度为 97.44%。值得注意的是，该装置的精度水平很高，能够有效地进行读数。这项研究成功地设计了一种具有测量数据存储功能的电阻率仪。

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引用次数: 0

A spin current detecting device working in the drift-diffusion and degenerate regimes 在漂移扩散和退化状态下工作的自旋电流探测装置

Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics

Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.13057/ijap.v14i1.83642

Muhammad Idris Miah, Md. Torikul Islam, Shahid Atiq, Iwan Kityk, Evan Gray, Nazia Chawdhury, Mohammed Haque Chowdhury, AA Mamun

A semiconductor-based device working in the spin drift-diffusion regime and for probing the injected or generated spin current was considered. The electric field effects on spin transport were analysed. A drift-diffusion equation for spin density was derived and contributions to the spin current were examined. By referring to the techniques of the spin current injection and generation, expressions for the spin current and spin-induced transverse Hall voltage arising from the injected or generated spin-polarized current were derived. The spin current and Hall voltage in dependences of the external electric field and temperature in the degenerate regime were studied. The device operated on the basis of with no external magnetic fields gives a voltage probe of the spin-induced Hall effect. Finally, a way of enhancing the spin current was explored.

研究考虑了一种在自旋漂移-扩散机制下工作的半导体器件，用于探测注入或产生的自旋电流。分析了电场对自旋传输的影响。得出了自旋密度的漂移扩散方程，并研究了自旋电流的贡献。通过参考自旋电流注入和产生的技术，推导出了注入或产生的自旋极化电流所产生的自旋电流和自旋诱导横向霍尔电压的表达式。此外，还研究了自旋电流和霍尔电压对外部电场和温度的依赖关系。在没有外部磁场的情况下运行的装置可以提供自旋诱导霍尔效应的电压探针。最后，还探讨了增强自旋电流的方法。

引用次数: 0

Lung Cancer Detection Using a Modified Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 使用改进的卷积神经网络（CNN）检测肺癌

Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics

Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.13057/ijap.v14i1.77032

Cari Cari, Mohtar Yunianto, Aisyah Ajibah Rahmah

Image processing is used to classify lung images with malignant or normal nodules. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method is often used to classify images. This study uses a modified CNN architecture with various layers, filters, batch size, dropout, and epoch values. Variations were made to determine the best accuracy value and reduce the overfitting value of the proposed CNN architecture. This study implements the method using the Keras library with the Python programming language. The data is in the form of CT-Scan images of lung cancer and normal lungs. The results of several experiments from the proposed model produce an accuracy value of 95% using three layers, 128 filters on the first layer, 256 on the second layer, and 512 filters on the third layer, then with 32 batch sizes, 0.5 dropout.

图像处理用于对肺部图像中的恶性或正常结节进行分类。卷积神经网络（CNN）方法常用于图像分类。本研究使用的是经过改进的 CNN 架构，其中包含不同的层、过滤器、批次大小、剔除和历时值。这些变化是为了确定最佳准确度值，并降低所提议的 CNN 架构的过拟合值。本研究使用 Python 编程语言的 Keras 库实现了该方法。数据形式为肺癌和正常肺部的 CT 扫描图像。使用三层模型，第一层使用 128 个过滤器，第二层使用 256 个过滤器，第三层使用 512 个过滤器，然后使用 32 个批次大小和 0.5 个 dropout，得出的结果显示，所提议模型的准确率达到 95%。

引用次数: 0

Development of Ozone Generator Mini with DDBD (Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge) Technology at Atmospheric Air Pressure 利用 DDBD（双介质阻挡放电）技术在大气压力下开发微型臭氧发生器

Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics

Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.13057/ijap.v14i1.73660

Agus Sudarmanto, Eko Yulianto, Muhammad Nur

Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables pose a danger to human health if consumed for a certain period. This requires appropriate technology for household scale and is environmentally friendly. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent capable of degrading pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Ozone is a green chemical compound because it does not produce harmful derivative compounds, and is even friendly to the environment. The development of a mini ozone generator with DBD technology has been successfully carried out. The DDBD reactor is made of Pyrex glass with a length of 10 cm and an outer diameter of 4 cm. The reactor uses electrodes made of copper plates. The outer electrode is 13 cm long and 5 cm wide, while the inner electrode is 10 cm long and 5 cm wide. Optimization of the mini ozone generator is carried out using high voltage AC pulses whose pulse frequency can be varied from 30 to 60 Hz with 10 Hz intervals. The free air flow rate was varied at 0.2 – 0.8 lpm with an interval of 0.2 lpm. The optimum ozone production of 480 mg/l was obtained at a voltage setting of 2.8 kV and a frequency of 50 Hz and a flow rate of 0.2 lpm. In this setting, the DDBD reactor consumes 9.32 watts of power. The development of mini ozone generator technology has the potential to be applied on a household scale because of the small reactor size and low power consumption.

如果食用一段时间，水果和蔬菜中的残留农药会对人体健康造成危害。这就需要有适合家庭规模的技术，而且要对环境友好。臭氧是一种强氧化剂，能够降解水果和蔬菜中的残留农药。臭氧是一种绿色化合物，因为它不会产生有害的衍生化合物，甚至对环境友好。采用 DBD 技术的微型臭氧发生器的开发工作已经成功完成。DDBD 反应器由 Pyrex 玻璃制成，长 10 厘米，外径 4 厘米。反应器使用铜板制成的电极。外电极长 13 厘米，宽 5 厘米，内电极长 10 厘米，宽 5 厘米。使用高压交流脉冲对微型臭氧发生器进行优化，脉冲频率可在 30 到 60 赫兹之间变化，间隔为 10 赫兹。自由空气流速在 0.2 至 0.8 升/分钟之间变化，间隔为 0.2 升/分钟。当电压设置为 2.8 千伏、频率为 50 赫兹、流速为 0.2 升/分钟时，臭氧的最佳产量为 480 毫克/升。在这种情况下，DDBD 反应器的耗电量为 9.32 瓦。由于反应器体积小、耗电量低，微型臭氧发生器技术的开发有可能应用于家庭规模。

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引用次数: 0

Synthesis of Material Composite rGO-TIO2 From Coconut Shells by Sol-Gel Methods as Photocatalyst 用溶胶-凝胶法从椰子壳中合成作为光催化剂的 rGO-TIO2 复合材料

Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics

Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.13057/ijap.v14i1.77714

U. Hikmah, Diah Risma Yanti, David Lee Giant Axala

The rGO- TiO2 composite photocatalyst is receiving great attention because of its high performance. But the study of rGO- TiO2 composite with sources of rGO material derived from the utilization of organic waste such as coconut shells is limited. In this study, the synthesis of nanocomposite rGO- TiO2 was described with rGO obtained from coconut shells. The rGO samples produce through the oxidation and reduction process. The transformation of graphene oxide into reduced graphene oxide was assisted by microwave irradiation. The obtained rGO was then composite with Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) by the sol-gel method. The composite of rGO- TiO2 was characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, and SEM. The photocatalytic performance of the rGO- TiO2 composite was conducted on Methylene blue. The result shows that rGO- TiO2composite has a good photocatalytic performance with the highest number at 96%.

rGO- TiO2 复合光催化剂因其高性能而备受关注。但利用从椰壳等有机废物中提取的 rGO 材料进行 rGO- TiO2 复合材料的研究还很有限。本研究介绍了利用从椰子壳中获得的 rGO 合成纳米复合材料 rGO- TiO2 的方法。rGO 样品通过氧化和还原过程产生。氧化石墨烯在微波辐照下转化为还原氧化石墨烯。然后用溶胶-凝胶法将得到的 rGO 与四异丙醇钛（TTIP）复合。通过 XRD、FTIR、UV-Vis 和 SEM 对 rGO- TiO2 的复合材料进行了表征。对 rGO- TiO2 复合材料在亚甲基蓝上的光催化性能进行了研究。结果表明，rGO- TiO2 复合材料具有良好的光催化性能，最高光催化活性达到 96%。

引用次数: 0

Estimation Model Peak Ground Acceleration at Bedrock and Surface of The Pasaman Barat Earthquake on February 25, 2022 M_w 6.1 2022 年 2 月 25 日巴拉望省 M_w 6.1 级地震基岩和地表峰值地面加速度估算模型

Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics

Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.13057/ijap.v14i1.72221

Furqon Dawam Raharjo, S. Syafriani, S. Ahadi

The earthquake occured on february 25, 2022 in West Pasaman, Province West Sumatera with momen magnitude Mw6.1, produced strong ground motion so that many several buildings were damaged. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) represents its level ground acceleration in bedrock and peak surface acceleration (PGAm) describes the acceleration value on the surface which depends on the amplification factor and the type of soil classification. Information peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak surface acceleration (PGAm) values plays an important role in describing the level of damage due to earthquake events. The purpose this study for determine the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak surface acceleration (PGAm) for West Pasaman earthquake Mw6.1 using boore (1997) attenuation model. In this study using parameter data main earthquake and then peak ground acceleration (PGA) value calculated each grid points and then analysis peak surface acceleration (PGAm) value is based on the effect of site class from information Vs30 USGS model on peak ground acceleration (PGA) at bedrock from SNI 1726 : 2012. The result in this study showed peak ground acceleration and peak surface acceleration value in due West Pasaman earthquake ranged between 0.066 - 0.345 g and 0.223 - 0.627 g. The areas affected by heavy damage occured in Kajai, Rimbo Panti, Malampah and Tigo Nagari Subdistrict with peak ground acceleration and peak surface acceleration value around 0.115 - 0,345 g and 0.423 - 0.627 g respectively and was dominated with type site class moderate soil (SD) based on Vs30 data form USGS model.

2022 年 2 月 25 日，西苏门答腊省西巴萨曼发生了 Mw6.1 级地震，产生了强烈的地面运动，导致多栋建筑物受损。地面峰值加速度 (PGA) 表示基岩中的地面加速度水平，而地表峰值加速度 (PGAm) 表示地表加速度值，取决于放大系数和土壤分类类型。峰值地面加速度（PGA）和峰值地表加速度（PGAm）值的信息在描述地震事件造成的破坏程度方面起着重要作用。本研究的目的是利用 boore（1997 年）衰减模型确定西巴萨曼 Mw6.1 地震的峰值地面加速度 (PGA) 和峰值表面加速度 (PGAm)。本研究使用主震参数数据，然后计算每个网格点的峰值地表加速度（PGA）值，然后根据 SNI 1726 : 2012 中的 Vs30 USGS 模型信息中的场地等级对基岩峰值地表加速度（PGA）的影响分析峰值地表加速度（PGAm）值。研究结果表明，西帕萨曼地震的峰值地面加速度和峰值地表加速度值介于 0.066 - 0.345 g 和 0.223 - 0.627 g 之间。重灾区位于 Kajai、Rimbo Panti、Malampah 和 Tigo Nagari 分区，地面加速度峰值和地表加速度峰值分别约为 0.115 - 0,345 g 和 0.423 - 0.627 g，根据美国地质调查局模型的 Vs30 数据，这些地区的土壤类型主要为中等土壤（SD）。

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引用次数: 0

Cosmological Consequence of Varying Speed of Light and Gravitational Constant 光速和引力常数变化的宇宙学后果

Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics

Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.13057/ijap.v14i1.74838

G. W. Joseph, Lucky Peter Kenda, Maxwell Obia Kanu

The speed of light is taken to be a constant in a vacuum. This forms the basic tool for the principle of General Covariance, which asserts that all laws of Physics should take the same form in all frames of reference. Without putting inflation into consideration, the theory of varying speed of light (VSL) would solve basic problems of cosmology in the early universe. Furthermore, the Gravitational constant G that occurred in the Friedmann Equations may not have been real constants in the early universe but have some variation with the universe scale factor. Cosmological models with varying physical constants have been of interest in recent years with few works in the literature. A cosmological solution obtained by incorporating variable speed of light and gravitational constant gives a cosmic model which is free from the initial Big Bang singularity and horizon problem. It is also observed here that the early universe was dominated by dark matter, however, as the scale factor increases, the dark energy become dominant.

在真空中，光速被认为是一个常数。这构成了广义协变原理的基本工具，该原理主张所有物理定律在所有参照系中都应采取相同的形式。在不考虑通货膨胀的情况下，光速变化（VSL）理论可以解决早期宇宙学的基本问题。此外，弗里德曼方程中的引力常数 G 在早期宇宙中可能并不是真正的常数，而是随着宇宙尺度因子的变化而变化。近年来，具有变化物理常数的宇宙学模型引起了人们的兴趣，但文献中的研究很少。通过加入可变光速和引力常数得到的宇宙学解法给出了一个宇宙模型，它摆脱了大爆炸初期的奇点和地平线问题。这里还观察到，早期宇宙由暗物质主导，然而，随着尺度因子的增加，暗能量成为主导。

引用次数: 0

Simulation of Boron Dose and Irradiation Time in Lung Cancer Treatment with Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) Using MCNP-6 利用 MCNP-6 模拟硼中子俘获疗法 (BNCT) 治疗肺癌的硼剂量和辐照时间

Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics

Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.13057/ijap.v14i1.85497

Nita Handayani, Kevin Kautsar Soelistiyono, Fajar Arianto

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a cancer radiation treatment. This approach employs a boron carrier agent in the form of a chemical that is injected into the body and then travels to the cancer cells. In a lung cancer case study, BNCT treatment simulation was carried out using Monte Carlo N Particle (MCNP) software version 6.2. The goal of this study was to determine the most effective boron concentration and irradiation duration in lung cancer therapy utilizing the BNCT method. The geometry based on a phantom model created by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The simulated cancer geometry, which is placed in the right lung's middle lobe. The skin, ribs, and right lung are among the organs at risk. The skin, ribs, and right lung are among the organs at risk. The neutron source for the simulation is the collimator output from the Kartini Nuclear Reactor's thermal column. In this simulation, the variations in boron concentrations were 40 g/g, 45 g/g, 50 g/g, 55 g/g, and 60 g/g of cancer tissue at 5 g/g intervals. The researchers discovered a link between boron injection concentration and irradiation time, with higher boron injection concentrations resulting in shorter irradiation times. The volume of boron injected determines the effective dose absorbed by healthy tissue surrounding cancer cells. The effective boron concentration for lung cancer therapy is 60 g/g, with deterministic cell killing in the rib marrow and right lung. When utilizing a boron concentration of 60 g/g, the irradiation time is 20.4 minutes. Boron concentrations of 60 g/g are projected to create an effective irradiation time for BNCT-based lung cancer therapy based on the ALARA principle due to their shorter duration when compared to other concentration variations.

硼中子俘获疗法（BNCT）是一种癌症放射治疗方法。这种方法采用一种化学形式的硼载体剂，将其注入人体，然后到达癌细胞。在一项肺癌病例研究中，使用蒙特卡罗 N 粒子（MCNP）软件 6.2 版进行了 BNCT 治疗模拟。这项研究的目的是利用 BNCT 方法确定肺癌治疗中最有效的硼浓度和照射时间。几何图形基于橡树岭国家实验室（ORNL）创建的模型。位于右肺中叶的模拟癌症几何图形。皮肤、肋骨和右肺属于危险器官。皮肤、肋骨和右肺都是受到威胁的器官。模拟的中子源是卡蒂尼核反应堆热柱输出的准直器。在这次模拟中，癌症组织中的硼浓度变化分别为 40 克/克、45 克/克、50 克/克、55 克/克和 60 克/克，间隔为 5 克/克。研究人员发现，硼注入浓度与辐照时间之间存在联系，硼注入浓度越高，辐照时间越短。硼的注射量决定了癌细胞周围健康组织吸收的有效剂量。肺癌治疗的有效硼浓度为 60 克/克，可确定性地杀死肋骨骨髓和右肺中的细胞。硼浓度为 60 克/克时，照射时间为 20.4 分钟。与其他浓度变化相比，硼浓度为 60 克/克时，辐照时间较短，因此根据 ALARA 原则，预计硼浓度为 60 克/克时，可为基于 BNCT 的肺癌治疗提供有效的辐照时间。

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引用次数: 0

A Weighted Average of Multiple Inversions of Rayleigh Wave Dispersion Curve Using Particle Swarm Optimization for Geotechnical Site Characterization 基于粒子群优化的瑞利波频散曲线多次反演加权平均

Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics

Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.13057/ijap.v13i2.77921

Jamhir Safani, Rezki Wirawan, Al Rubaiyn Rubaiyn, Mohd Nawawi, Toshifumi Matsuoka

Shear wave velocity is an important parameter in geotechnical engineering for studying liquefaction, finding bedrock for the basement of a building, and figuring out the presence of subsurface cavities. This study aims to develop and evaluate the accuracy of the multiple inversions by the Particle Swarm Optimization (MI-PSO) algorithm with a weighted average solution. This algorithm is applied to Rayleigh wave dispersion data for geotechnical site characterization. Two synthetic models, the HVL model and the complex model (i.e., a combination of models with LVL and HVL characteristics), are used to conduct algorithm tests. These synthetic models replicate subsurface characteristics that are frequently encountered in geotechnical cases. Synthetic data tests show that the MI-PSO algorithm with a weighted average solution works excellently. The MI-PSO technique with a weighted average solution resolves the model better than the conventional average solution. When applied to two field data sets, the MI-PSO algorithm with a weighted average solution can delineate target models that are consistent with the qualitative interpretation based on the observed dispersion curve characteristics.

横波速度是岩土工程中研究液化、寻找建筑物地下室基岩和确定地下空腔存在的重要参数。本研究旨在开发并评估粒子群优化(MI-PSO)算法的多重反演精度，该算法具有加权平均解。将该算法应用于瑞利波频散数据中，用于岩土工程场地表征。采用HVL模型和复杂模型(即兼具LVL和HVL特征的模型的组合)两种综合模型进行算法测试。这些合成模型复制了岩土工程案例中经常遇到的地下特征。综合数据测试表明，带加权平均解的MI-PSO算法具有较好的效果。采用加权平均方法的MI-PSO技术比传统的平均方法能更好地求解该模型。当应用于两个现场数据集时，加权平均解的MI-PSO算法可以根据观测到的色散曲线特征描绘出与定性解释一致的目标模型。

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引用次数: 0

Photocurrent Density Enhancement of DSSC with Existence of ZnO in TiO2 Based Photoanode TiO2基光阳极中ZnO的存在增强了DSSC的光电流密度

Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics

Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.13057/ijap.v13i2.74821

Lusi Safriani, Nurfitriani Nurfitriani, Ayunita Chintia Celline, Annisa Aprilia, Yukio Furukawa

One of the important components of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is photoanode which plays a critical role serving as the center of conversion energy. Photoanode consists of transparent conducting substrate, a semiconductor layer, and dyes molecules as sensitizers. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is widely used as a photoanode because it is a mesoporous and stable material despite its high recombination rate. To reduce the recombination rate and improve electron transport, TiO₂ is combined with other materials such as ZnO to form TiO₂/ZnO composites. ZnO is a good choice because it has higher electron mobility than TiO₂ to inhibit recombination. The synthesis process of TiO₂/ZnO composites was carried out using the sol-gel method with variations in the weight percentage of ZnO. The TiO₂/ZnO composite was then applied as a photoanode in DSSC. The J-V measurement results shows that the DSSC with TiO₂/ZnO 25wt% composite layer as the photoanode produced the highest efficiency of 0.86%. This increase in efficiency was due to an increase in the photo-current of photoanodes that have more ZnO content. The presence of ZnO leads to faster-moving electron transport, therefore reducing recombination and increasing efficiency.

光阳极是染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)的重要组成部分之一，它作为转换能量的中心起着至关重要的作用。光阳极由透明导电衬底、半导体层和染料分子作为敏化剂组成。二氧化钛(TiO2)被广泛用作光阳极，因为它是一种介孔和稳定的材料，尽管它的复合率很高。为了降低复合速率和改善电子传递，TiO2与其他材料如ZnO结合形成TiO2/ZnO复合材料。ZnO是一个很好的选择，因为它比TiO2抑制重组。采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2/ZnO复合材料，改变了ZnO的质量百分比。然后将TiO2/ZnO复合材料用作DSSC中的光阳极。J-V测量结果表明，以TiO2/ZnO 25wt%复合层作为光阳极的DSSC效率最高，为0.86%。这种效率的提高是由于具有更多ZnO含量的光阳极的光电流增加。ZnO的存在导致电子传递速度加快，从而减少复合并提高效率。

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