Chrysanthemum sp. is a floricultural plant of the Asteraceae family with high economic value. The anthocyanin pigment in red chrysanthemum acts as an antioxidant, the content of which can be influenced by genetic factors such as the physiological age of the flower. This study aimed to determine the effect of flower age on anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity in red chrysanthemum plants. The age of red chrysanthemum used was 115 Days After Planting (DAP) (early bloom stage), 120 DAP (half-bloom stage), 125 DAP (blooming stage), and 134 DAP (wilted flower). The anthocyanin content was analysed using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method and then the absorbance was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the highest anthocyanin content was obtained at the age of 134 DAP at 3.56 mg/g, followed by the age of 115 DAP at 2.40 mg/g, then at 125 DAP at 1.95 mg/g and the lowest at 120 DAP at 1, 69 mg/g. The highest antioxidant activity was shown in chrysanthemum flowers aged 115 DAP which had an IC50 value of 288.85 g/ml. The research shows that wilted chrysanthemum flowers still contain anthocyanins so it can be used in various industrial fields such as chrysanthemum tea and additives for soap.
{"title":"Anthocyanin Content and Antioxidant Activity of Red Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) at Different Flower Ages","authors":"ANISA MAGFIROH, ENDAH DWI HASTUTI, YULITA NURCHAYATI, NINTYA SETIARI","doi":"10.33736/bjrst.5336.2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.5336.2023","url":null,"abstract":"Chrysanthemum sp. is a floricultural plant of the Asteraceae family with high economic value. The anthocyanin pigment in red chrysanthemum acts as an antioxidant, the content of which can be influenced by genetic factors such as the physiological age of the flower. This study aimed to determine the effect of flower age on anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity in red chrysanthemum plants. The age of red chrysanthemum used was 115 Days After Planting (DAP) (early bloom stage), 120 DAP (half-bloom stage), 125 DAP (blooming stage), and 134 DAP (wilted flower). The anthocyanin content was analysed using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method and then the absorbance was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the highest anthocyanin content was obtained at the age of 134 DAP at 3.56 mg/g, followed by the age of 115 DAP at 2.40 mg/g, then at 125 DAP at 1.95 mg/g and the lowest at 120 DAP at 1, 69 mg/g. The highest antioxidant activity was shown in chrysanthemum flowers aged 115 DAP which had an IC50 value of 288.85 g/ml. The research shows that wilted chrysanthemum flowers still contain anthocyanins so it can be used in various industrial fields such as chrysanthemum tea and additives for soap.","PeriodicalId":32107,"journal":{"name":"Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42061441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33736/bjrst.5315.2023
MOHAMAD HARRIS NASIR, MUHAMMAD HAFIZ AIMAN, MOHANARAJ SITHAMPALANADANARAJAH, JOSHUA MATHEWS
Hemipteran predator species from the families Reduviidae and Pentatomidae are a group of insects that play a crucial role as natural enemies of leaf-eating pests in oil palm plantations by maintaining the population of pests below the economic. The promotion of natural enemies can be an effective and sustainable approach to pest management. A census was conducted between June and August 2022 in nine plantations in Beluran district, Sabah to compare the species composition between recent leaf-eating pest in outbreaks and non-outbreak estates using sweep nets and active visual surveys. A total of 355 individuals from seven species of two different families were recorded, with Reduviidae being the most abundant family: Sycanus annulicornis, S. affinis, Cosmolestes picticeps, Velinus nigrigenu, Campsolomus nr. sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), Platynopus melanoleucus and Eocanthecona furcellata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The diversity indices of the predatory insects were significantly higher (p<0.01) in non-outbreak estates (H’ = 1.682, 1-D = 0.763) compared to post-outbreak estates (H’ = 1.344, 1-D = 0.683), which recorded a higher dominance value (D = 0.32) of a single species, leading to a decrease in the diversity indices. The Pentatomidae family was only found at non-outbreak estates, while the other Reduviidae species were highly abundant and distributed throughout all study locations. The S. annulicornis and S. affinis were only found on beneficial plants, while E. furcellata and P. melanoleucus were highly abundant within the oil palm planting area. These findings provide insights into the importance of maintaining the beneficial plant and reducing the impact of pest outbreaks on the diversity and abundance of predatory insects in oil palm plantations.
{"title":"Diversity and Distribution of Predatory Insects in Non-outbreak and Post-outbreak Estates of an Oil Palm Plantation in Beluran District, Sabah, Malaysia","authors":"MOHAMAD HARRIS NASIR, MUHAMMAD HAFIZ AIMAN, MOHANARAJ SITHAMPALANADANARAJAH, JOSHUA MATHEWS","doi":"10.33736/bjrst.5315.2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.5315.2023","url":null,"abstract":"Hemipteran predator species from the families Reduviidae and Pentatomidae are a group of insects that play a crucial role as natural enemies of leaf-eating pests in oil palm plantations by maintaining the population of pests below the economic. The promotion of natural enemies can be an effective and sustainable approach to pest management. A census was conducted between June and August 2022 in nine plantations in Beluran district, Sabah to compare the species composition between recent leaf-eating pest in outbreaks and non-outbreak estates using sweep nets and active visual surveys. A total of 355 individuals from seven species of two different families were recorded, with Reduviidae being the most abundant family: Sycanus annulicornis, S. affinis, Cosmolestes picticeps, Velinus nigrigenu, Campsolomus nr. sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), Platynopus melanoleucus and Eocanthecona furcellata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The diversity indices of the predatory insects were significantly higher (p<0.01) in non-outbreak estates (H’ = 1.682, 1-D = 0.763) compared to post-outbreak estates (H’ = 1.344, 1-D = 0.683), which recorded a higher dominance value (D = 0.32) of a single species, leading to a decrease in the diversity indices. The Pentatomidae family was only found at non-outbreak estates, while the other Reduviidae species were highly abundant and distributed throughout all study locations. The S. annulicornis and S. affinis were only found on beneficial plants, while E. furcellata and P. melanoleucus were highly abundant within the oil palm planting area. These findings provide insights into the importance of maintaining the beneficial plant and reducing the impact of pest outbreaks on the diversity and abundance of predatory insects in oil palm plantations. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":32107,"journal":{"name":"Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47421672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Excessive and improper antibiotic use in animals raised for human consumption can increase the risk of antibiotic-resistant infections, causing more harm and higher treatment costs. This study examined the virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus, two bacteria that can affect public health. A total of 32 water samples were collected from August to December 2021 from a shrimp farm in Sarawak. Ten (n = 10) V. cholerae and ten (n = 10) V. parahaemolyticus presumptive isolates were identified and purified using selective agar and duplex-PCR method. The results showed that 70% of V. cholerae isolates contained rtxA and 90% of V. cholerae isolates contained rtxC while tdh and trh were not found in V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that all V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic with the mean Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices of 0.34 for V. cholerae and 0.24 for V. parahaemolyticus. The MAR index of 0.20 and greater indicates that antibiotics are heavily contaminating the shrimp farm water. This study highlights the need for the proper administration of antibiotics in shrimp farming environments to reduce the risk of antibiotic-resistant infections caused by V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. Water treatment should also be implemented before being released back to the environment to lessen the negative impact brought by the rearing of shrimp from a highly contaminated source.
{"title":"The Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Virulence Genes and Multiple Antibiotics Resistant (MAR) Assessment from Local Shrimp Farm in Sarawak","authors":"DAYANG NAJWA AWG BAKI, Elexson Nillian, Dalene Lesen","doi":"10.33736/bjrst.5375.2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.5375.2023","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive and improper antibiotic use in animals raised for human consumption can increase the risk of antibiotic-resistant infections, causing more harm and higher treatment costs. This study examined the virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus, two bacteria that can affect public health. A total of 32 water samples were collected from August to December 2021 from a shrimp farm in Sarawak. Ten (n = 10) V. cholerae and ten (n = 10) V. parahaemolyticus presumptive isolates were identified and purified using selective agar and duplex-PCR method. The results showed that 70% of V. cholerae isolates contained rtxA and 90% of V. cholerae isolates contained rtxC while tdh and trh were not found in V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that all V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic with the mean Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices of 0.34 for V. cholerae and 0.24 for V. parahaemolyticus. The MAR index of 0.20 and greater indicates that antibiotics are heavily contaminating the shrimp farm water. This study highlights the need for the proper administration of antibiotics in shrimp farming environments to reduce the risk of antibiotic-resistant infections caused by V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. Water treatment should also be implemented before being released back to the environment to lessen the negative impact brought by the rearing of shrimp from a highly contaminated source. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":32107,"journal":{"name":"Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44209290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33736/bjrst.4978.2023
Thracesy Munah Assan, Effa Shahrina Sahari, N. Suhaili, Dayang, Salwani Awang Adeni, D. Kanakaraju, Micky Vincent
In the studies and production of bioethanol, the preferred fermenting yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is usually cultured in liquid broth that contains yeast extract and peptone. However, the use of these laboratory and scientific grade chemicals is costly, making them impractical for mass bioethanol production. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of glucose ethanolic fermentation by S. cerevisiae using generic fertiliser formulations to provide inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements (NPK-TE). Fermentation media of different generic fertiliser strength at 0.5X, 1.0X and 2.0X Fertiliser Nitrogen Equivalents (FNE), as compared to the conventional Yeast Extract-Peptone (YEP) medium as control, was used as fermentation broth during the ethanolic fermentation of glucose. Based on the results, S. cerevisiae cultured in YEP broth produced the highest cell concentration for both wet (21.93 g/L) and dry cells (3.87 g/L), with rapid increment observed in the first 72 h of fermentation. By the end of the fermentation period, lactic acid (3.14 g/L) and acetic acid (0.96 g/L) levels were recorded to be the lowest in YEP medium while their concentration (lactic acid, 8.08 g/L) and (acetic acid, 2.67 g/L) were highest in 2.0X FNE fertiliser medium. Results indicated that the best theoretical ethanol yield (TEY) among the fertiliser media was achieved when fermentation was performed in the 0.5X FNE fertiliser medium, with a TEY of 86.18%. TEY yields were 78.68% and 51.54% in broth with 1.0X and 2.0X FNE, respectively. In general, all three fertiliser media supported ethanolic fermentation of glucose, with the 0.5X FNE fertiliser broth showing a yield that is significantly close to the conventional YEP medium, as seen in the statistical analysis. Similarities in other fermentation profiles such as acetic acid, lactic acid, and biomass production, as well as glucose utilisation, between the results from the YEP samples and samples from the fertiliser broths (at 0.5X and 1.0X FNE) have also shown that generic fertiliser has the potential to be used as an alternative medium to replace the conventional YEP to produce ethanol at a lower cost.
{"title":"Evaluation of Generic Fertiliser as an Alternative Inorganic Nitrogen Source for Ethanolic Glucose Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae","authors":"Thracesy Munah Assan, Effa Shahrina Sahari, N. Suhaili, Dayang, Salwani Awang Adeni, D. Kanakaraju, Micky Vincent","doi":"10.33736/bjrst.4978.2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.4978.2023","url":null,"abstract":"In the studies and production of bioethanol, the preferred fermenting yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is usually cultured in liquid broth that contains yeast extract and peptone. However, the use of these laboratory and scientific grade chemicals is costly, making them impractical for mass bioethanol production. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of glucose ethanolic fermentation by S. cerevisiae using generic fertiliser formulations to provide inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements (NPK-TE). Fermentation media of different generic fertiliser strength at 0.5X, 1.0X and 2.0X Fertiliser Nitrogen Equivalents (FNE), as compared to the conventional Yeast Extract-Peptone (YEP) medium as control, was used as fermentation broth during the ethanolic fermentation of glucose. Based on the results, S. cerevisiae cultured in YEP broth produced the highest cell concentration for both wet (21.93 g/L) and dry cells (3.87 g/L), with rapid increment observed in the first 72 h of fermentation. By the end of the fermentation period, lactic acid (3.14 g/L) and acetic acid (0.96 g/L) levels were recorded to be the lowest in YEP medium while their concentration (lactic acid, 8.08 g/L) and (acetic acid, 2.67 g/L) were highest in 2.0X FNE fertiliser medium. Results indicated that the best theoretical ethanol yield (TEY) among the fertiliser media was achieved when fermentation was performed in the 0.5X FNE fertiliser medium, with a TEY of 86.18%. TEY yields were 78.68% and 51.54% in broth with 1.0X and 2.0X FNE, respectively. In general, all three fertiliser media supported ethanolic fermentation of glucose, with the 0.5X FNE fertiliser broth showing a yield that is significantly close to the conventional YEP medium, as seen in the statistical analysis. Similarities in other fermentation profiles such as acetic acid, lactic acid, and biomass production, as well as glucose utilisation, between the results from the YEP samples and samples from the fertiliser broths (at 0.5X and 1.0X FNE) have also shown that generic fertiliser has the potential to be used as an alternative medium to replace the conventional YEP to produce ethanol at a lower cost.","PeriodicalId":32107,"journal":{"name":"Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46581035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33736/bjrst.5109.2023
A. Rahman, Mohammad Ahsanul Islam, M. Idris, Md. Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan, M. M. Chowdhury, Muyassar H. Abualreesh, Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal
Mangroves in wetland ecosystems are diverse and play significant role in the adjacent communities on which they are dependent for their livelihoods. It is also important for fishery resources and nutrient inputs in marine and brackish water ecosystems. However, little is known about the tropical wetland lagoon ecosystems, particularly mangrove diversity and assemblages. Therefore, this present study was initiated to observe the mangrove species diversity and assemblages together with the conservation status in an important tropical wetland ecosystem in Setiu, Terengganu, Malaysia. In a variety of landward and small fringe island areas, three zones of square plots were selected (zones 1, 2 and 3) to address the objectives of this study. As a result, a total of 20 true mangrove species belonging to 11 genera from nine families were documented, of which, Avicennia rumphiana was listed as vulnerable (VU) by the IUCN. Twelve species of mangrove associates from 11 genera and nine families were also found in the investigated zones at Setiu. One of the mangrove associates, Intsia bijuga, was designated as vulnerable (VU) by the IUCN. The Shannon diversity index (H') of mangroves was found to be 1.08 at Setiu Wetland. Rhizophora mucronata was found to be well-expanded (H' = 1.05) followed by A. rumphiana, A. officinalis, Heritiera littoralis, A. corniculatum. Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, and A. ebracteatus (H' = 0.0) as the lowest. The findings of the present study revealed that mangroves in the Setiu Wetland are diverse and healthy compared to other mangrove ecosystems in the region. To maintain the health and function of the mangrove ecosystem in Setiu Wetland, proper monitoring is required.
{"title":"Species Diversity and Assemblage of Mangroves at Setiu Wetland, Terengganu, Malaysia","authors":"A. Rahman, Mohammad Ahsanul Islam, M. Idris, Md. Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan, M. M. Chowdhury, Muyassar H. Abualreesh, Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal","doi":"10.33736/bjrst.5109.2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.5109.2023","url":null,"abstract":"Mangroves in wetland ecosystems are diverse and play significant role in the adjacent communities on which they are dependent for their livelihoods. It is also important for fishery resources and nutrient inputs in marine and brackish water ecosystems. However, little is known about the tropical wetland lagoon ecosystems, particularly mangrove diversity and assemblages. Therefore, this present study was initiated to observe the mangrove species diversity and assemblages together with the conservation status in an important tropical wetland ecosystem in Setiu, Terengganu, Malaysia. In a variety of landward and small fringe island areas, three zones of square plots were selected (zones 1, 2 and 3) to address the objectives of this study. As a result, a total of 20 true mangrove species belonging to 11 genera from nine families were documented, of which, Avicennia rumphiana was listed as vulnerable (VU) by the IUCN. Twelve species of mangrove associates from 11 genera and nine families were also found in the investigated zones at Setiu. One of the mangrove associates, Intsia bijuga, was designated as vulnerable (VU) by the IUCN. The Shannon diversity index (H') of mangroves was found to be 1.08 at Setiu Wetland. Rhizophora mucronata was found to be well-expanded (H' = 1.05) followed by A. rumphiana, A. officinalis, Heritiera littoralis, A. corniculatum. Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, and A. ebracteatus (H' = 0.0) as the lowest. The findings of the present study revealed that mangroves in the Setiu Wetland are diverse and healthy compared to other mangrove ecosystems in the region. To maintain the health and function of the mangrove ecosystem in Setiu Wetland, proper monitoring is required.","PeriodicalId":32107,"journal":{"name":"Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45003882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33736/bjrst.5271.2023
CARLINA FREDDIE SIMOL, JOHN KEEN CHUBO, KHALID NAWI, IRA CARLBRENIE SIMOL
Paddy husk (PH) is a waste generated from rice production that can be composted into organic fertiliser. Ligninolytic active Bacillus spp. from termite gut were added during the composting process to enhance the agronomic properties of compost produced from PH. This pot study was conducted using maize (Thai Super Sweet hybrid F1) as a test crop to determine the effects of using Bacillus composted PH in supplementing essential nutrients when used in tropical agricultural soil. A total of 144 planting pots, consisting of 12 treatments, were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three blocks, three replications and four sub-samples per replication. Maize growth namely plant height and leave number were recorded from 14 until 48 days after planting. Maize plants were harvested at 48 days after planting (tasseling stage) and total plant dry weights were recorded. Each plant part was ground and analysed for total N, P, K, Mg and Ca. Soil samples from the pots were sampled and analysed for TOC, pH, EC, total N, total P, available P, K, Mg and Ca. The results at 48 days after planting showed that Bacillus composted PH contributed to an increased by 24.29 to 31.67% in plant height, 53.84 to 61.61% in total plant dry weight and 9.09 to 16.67% in leaf number when compared to plants supplied with standard fertiliser. The use of Bacillus composted PH also improved soil pH, increased soil total N, total P, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg. Maize treated with Bacillus composted PH showed higher nutrient uptake by 42.79 to 67.89% N, 30.05 to 56.25% P, 61.39 to 70.34% K, 47.39 to 69.94% Ca, and 76.62 to 83.74% Mg when compared to maize treated with standard fertiliser. This study suggests that Bacillus composted PH can promote vegetative growth in maize by acting as soil amendment and providing sufficient nutrients to the plant. Therefore, Bacillus composted PH has great potentials in promoting a more environmentally friendly and sustainable cropping practices which can benefit the environment and society.
{"title":"Bacillus Composted Paddy Husk as a Plant Nutrient Source to Promote Vegetative Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Maize","authors":"CARLINA FREDDIE SIMOL, JOHN KEEN CHUBO, KHALID NAWI, IRA CARLBRENIE SIMOL","doi":"10.33736/bjrst.5271.2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.5271.2023","url":null,"abstract":"Paddy husk (PH) is a waste generated from rice production that can be composted into organic fertiliser. Ligninolytic active Bacillus spp. from termite gut were added during the composting process to enhance the agronomic properties of compost produced from PH. This pot study was conducted using maize (Thai Super Sweet hybrid F1) as a test crop to determine the effects of using Bacillus composted PH in supplementing essential nutrients when used in tropical agricultural soil. A total of 144 planting pots, consisting of 12 treatments, were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three blocks, three replications and four sub-samples per replication. Maize growth namely plant height and leave number were recorded from 14 until 48 days after planting. Maize plants were harvested at 48 days after planting (tasseling stage) and total plant dry weights were recorded. Each plant part was ground and analysed for total N, P, K, Mg and Ca. Soil samples from the pots were sampled and analysed for TOC, pH, EC, total N, total P, available P, K, Mg and Ca. The results at 48 days after planting showed that Bacillus composted PH contributed to an increased by 24.29 to 31.67% in plant height, 53.84 to 61.61% in total plant dry weight and 9.09 to 16.67% in leaf number when compared to plants supplied with standard fertiliser. The use of Bacillus composted PH also improved soil pH, increased soil total N, total P, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg. Maize treated with Bacillus composted PH showed higher nutrient uptake by 42.79 to 67.89% N, 30.05 to 56.25% P, 61.39 to 70.34% K, 47.39 to 69.94% Ca, and 76.62 to 83.74% Mg when compared to maize treated with standard fertiliser. This study suggests that Bacillus composted PH can promote vegetative growth in maize by acting as soil amendment and providing sufficient nutrients to the plant. Therefore, Bacillus composted PH has great potentials in promoting a more environmentally friendly and sustainable cropping practices which can benefit the environment and society.","PeriodicalId":32107,"journal":{"name":"Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47589880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33736/bjrst.5100.2023
SITI-SYAMIM NURFATIHAH ABD RAHMAN, ROBERTA CHAYA TAWIE TINGGA, MOHAMAD FHAIZAL MOHAMAD BUKHORI, SHARIFAH MONA ABD AZIZ ABDULLAH
New and improved fertilisers are constantly being introduced to the market to help increase crop yields. However, the common usage of chemical fertilisers had brought upon negative impacts to the environment and the study for sustainable fertiliser is still ongoing. This review will highlight the usage of bat guano as a valuable fertiliser which has a potential to diminish the effects of chemical fertiliser usage, increase yield and is cost effective. Its role as a fertiliser can support the agricultural growth and in turn provides additional care for plants. The chemical compositions of guano which was found to be subpar with other fertilisers support its usage of guano as an alternative for crop yield enhancement. Plant growth performance that shows a significant positive impact of guano on crops, further demonstrates its usage as organic fertilisers. In-depth study of the chemical composition of guano should be pursued as the fertiliser has high beneficial value to the ecology and economy.
{"title":"A Brief Review of the Nutritive Value and Chemical Components of Bat Guano and Its Potential Use as a Natural Fertiliser in Agriculture","authors":"SITI-SYAMIM NURFATIHAH ABD RAHMAN, ROBERTA CHAYA TAWIE TINGGA, MOHAMAD FHAIZAL MOHAMAD BUKHORI, SHARIFAH MONA ABD AZIZ ABDULLAH","doi":"10.33736/bjrst.5100.2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.5100.2023","url":null,"abstract":"New and improved fertilisers are constantly being introduced to the market to help increase crop yields. However, the common usage of chemical fertilisers had brought upon negative impacts to the environment and the study for sustainable fertiliser is still ongoing. This review will highlight the usage of bat guano as a valuable fertiliser which has a potential to diminish the effects of chemical fertiliser usage, increase yield and is cost effective. Its role as a fertiliser can support the agricultural growth and in turn provides additional care for plants. The chemical compositions of guano which was found to be subpar with other fertilisers support its usage of guano as an alternative for crop yield enhancement. Plant growth performance that shows a significant positive impact of guano on crops, further demonstrates its usage as organic fertilisers. In-depth study of the chemical composition of guano should be pursued as the fertiliser has high beneficial value to the ecology and economy.","PeriodicalId":32107,"journal":{"name":"Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43497616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33736/bjrst.5283.2023
Ahmad Irfan Abdul Razak, S. Sazali, Ratnawati Hazali, Farah Nabillah Abu Hasan Aidil Fitri, Isaac Stia Marcellinus
The Penthicodes farinosus are strikingly coloured insects and can be found in India, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, the Philippines, and Borneo. Despite their wide distributional range in Asia with a common occurrence in Borneo, morphometric investigation of P. farinosus is still lacking. The study is aimed to investigate the morphological variations of this species between two different sexes in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Eleven morphometric characters were measured from 183 specimens (69 males and 114 females). The data were analysed using an independent t-test, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). Sexual dimorphism index (SDI) was found ranging from 0.044 (LV) to 0.1008 (BTg) indicating females were larger than males. In PCA, cumulative variations of 59.9% were recorded from two principal components, showing higher loadings in the length of tegmen (LTg) and total length (TL). DFA revealed a single function that explains a canonical correlation of 0.895 with 100% variation. The Wilks’ Lambda values of 0.199 were highly supported with p<0.0001. The highest loadings for the model are LTg and TL. The two variables were further tested using Leave-One-Out Cross Validation (LOOVC) method which resulted in 97.2% cases being correctly classified as male or female. This suggests LTg and TL can be useful in separating both sexes of P. farinosus.
粉纹Penthicodes是一种色彩鲜艳的昆虫，分布在印度、缅甸、马来西亚半岛、爪哇岛、苏门答腊岛、苏拉威西岛、菲律宾和婆罗洲。尽管粉蚧在亚洲的分布范围很广，在婆罗洲也很常见，但对粉蚧的形态计量学研究仍然缺乏。本研究旨在调查该物种在马来西亚婆罗洲砂拉越两种不同性别之间的形态变化。从183个标本（69个雄性和114个雌性）中测量了11个形态计量学特征。使用独立t检验、主成分分析（PCA）和判别函数分析（DFA）对数据进行分析。两性异形指数（SDI）在0.044（LV）到0.1008（BTg）之间，表明雌性比雄性大。在主成分分析中，两个主要成分的累积变化为59.9%，显示被盖长度（LTg）和总长度（TL）的负荷更高。DFA揭示了一个单一的函数，该函数解释了0.895与100%变异的典型相关性。高度支持0.199的Wilks’Lambda值，p＜0.0001。该模型的最高负荷是LTg和TL。使用Leave One Out Cross Validation（LOOVC）方法对这两个变量进行了进一步测试，结果97.2%的病例被正确归类为男性或女性。这表明LTg和TL可以用于分离粉藻的两性。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33736/bjrst.5258.2023
Elissa Stella Rafael, F. Yeo, Norma Hussin, V. Thanh, T. Anh, Angela Sim, Zhang Hua Ewe, L. Lai
Rice blast (causal agent: Pyricularia oryzae) is an important disease of rice in Sarawak. Understanding the pathogen’s morphological characteristics, genetic diversity and pathogenicity is important. Having a suitable medium for culturing and maintaining P. oryzae is important to ensure the availability of inoculum or materials under laboratory conditions. Oatmeal agar (OMA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) are common media used for growing P. oryzae. OMA allows better mycelial growth and better sporulation as compared to PDA. There are also other alternatives such as fresh rice leaf agar and rice straw agar. Although OMA seems to be the best medium, unfortunately the opaqueness of the medium causes difficulty in observing the morphology and growth of mycelia. In addition, it is known that different isolates of P. oryzae will respond differently to different media. This study aims to identify the best media for culturing and maintaining P. oryzae isolates from Sarawak. A total of 14 P. oryzae isolates were characterised for their morphological characteristics, growth rate and sporulation rate using seven growing media. These 14 isolates included seven newly identified isolates in this study and seven isolates from a previous study, which were verified using internal transcribed spacer DNA sequence. The colony surface of the 14 P. oryzae isolates varied on different growing media. The pigmentation of colony surface varied from different shades of grey, translucent light brown, white and colourless. Pyricularia oryzae isolates grew better on OMA and PDA, while OMA was the best for sporulation. These two media can be recommended for culturing and maintaining different P. oryzae isolates under laboratory conditions.
{"title":"Morphological and Physiological Development of Pyricularia oryzae Isolates from North-western Region of Sarawak on Different Media under Laboratory Conditions","authors":"Elissa Stella Rafael, F. Yeo, Norma Hussin, V. Thanh, T. Anh, Angela Sim, Zhang Hua Ewe, L. Lai","doi":"10.33736/bjrst.5258.2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.5258.2023","url":null,"abstract":"Rice blast (causal agent: Pyricularia oryzae) is an important disease of rice in Sarawak. Understanding the pathogen’s morphological characteristics, genetic diversity and pathogenicity is important. Having a suitable medium for culturing and maintaining P. oryzae is important to ensure the availability of inoculum or materials under laboratory conditions. Oatmeal agar (OMA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) are common media used for growing P. oryzae. OMA allows better mycelial growth and better sporulation as compared to PDA. There are also other alternatives such as fresh rice leaf agar and rice straw agar. Although OMA seems to be the best medium, unfortunately the opaqueness of the medium causes difficulty in observing the morphology and growth of mycelia. In addition, it is known that different isolates of P. oryzae will respond differently to different media. This study aims to identify the best media for culturing and maintaining P. oryzae isolates from Sarawak. A total of 14 P. oryzae isolates were characterised for their morphological characteristics, growth rate and sporulation rate using seven growing media. These 14 isolates included seven newly identified isolates in this study and seven isolates from a previous study, which were verified using internal transcribed spacer DNA sequence. The colony surface of the 14 P. oryzae isolates varied on different growing media. The pigmentation of colony surface varied from different shades of grey, translucent light brown, white and colourless. Pyricularia oryzae isolates grew better on OMA and PDA, while OMA was the best for sporulation. These two media can be recommended for culturing and maintaining different P. oryzae isolates under laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":32107,"journal":{"name":"Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45462761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33736/bjrst.5244.2023
Sunarno, NURUL ANNISA, SRI ISDADIYANTO
The problem often encountered by laying duck breeders is a decrease in the physical quality of eggs. Nanochitosan is a polysaccharide that has the potential as a feed additive to improve the physical quality of eggs in pengging ducks. The use of nanochitosan at levels of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g/kg of feed can improve digestive performance and nutrient absorption in ducks. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nanochitosan as a feed additive on the physical quality of eggs in pengging ducks. This study used a completely randomised design with five groups and five ducks per group. The treatments consist of control and the addition of nanochitosan as a feed additive with a concentration of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g/kg of feed. The variables observed in this study included the haugh unit (HU), yolk index (IKT), yolk weight, white weight, egg weight, shell thickness, and egg shape index. The research data were analysed using ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the addition of nanochitosan at different levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g/kg of feed) had a significant effect on the measured egg quality consisting of HU, IKT, egg yolk weight, egg white weight, egg weight egg, shell thickness, and egg shape index. The study concluded that nanochitosan can be used as a feed additive to improve the physical quality of eggs in pengging ducks. The use of nanochitosan with different levels as a feed additive can be useful for others by providing a reference about the levels of nanochitosan used as a feed additive which can improve the physical quality of duck eggs and become important information in increasing exploration in the use of nanochitosan products. This study is expected to open opportunities for further research in the future about the mechanistic effects of nanochitosan in improving egg quality and productivity of laying ducks.
{"title":"Physical Quality of Eggs in Pengging Duck (Anas platyrinchos) after Administration of Nanochitosan as a Feed Additive","authors":"Sunarno, NURUL ANNISA, SRI ISDADIYANTO","doi":"10.33736/bjrst.5244.2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.5244.2023","url":null,"abstract":"The problem often encountered by laying duck breeders is a decrease in the physical quality of eggs. Nanochitosan is a polysaccharide that has the potential as a feed additive to improve the physical quality of eggs in pengging ducks. The use of nanochitosan at levels of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g/kg of feed can improve digestive performance and nutrient absorption in ducks. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nanochitosan as a feed additive on the physical quality of eggs in pengging ducks. This study used a completely randomised design with five groups and five ducks per group. The treatments consist of control and the addition of nanochitosan as a feed additive with a concentration of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g/kg of feed. The variables observed in this study included the haugh unit (HU), yolk index (IKT), yolk weight, white weight, egg weight, shell thickness, and egg shape index. The research data were analysed using ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the addition of nanochitosan at different levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g/kg of feed) had a significant effect on the measured egg quality consisting of HU, IKT, egg yolk weight, egg white weight, egg weight egg, shell thickness, and egg shape index. The study concluded that nanochitosan can be used as a feed additive to improve the physical quality of eggs in pengging ducks. The use of nanochitosan with different levels as a feed additive can be useful for others by providing a reference about the levels of nanochitosan used as a feed additive which can improve the physical quality of duck eggs and become important information in increasing exploration in the use of nanochitosan products. This study is expected to open opportunities for further research in the future about the mechanistic effects of nanochitosan in improving egg quality and productivity of laying ducks.","PeriodicalId":32107,"journal":{"name":"Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45464263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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