The growth of the tourist industry in the Caribbean is a rich and varied success story. For the most part it has been a story of private enterprise, with the providers of tourism services pricing their services in line with the quality of service on offer, and, for a majority of countries, adjusting prices in a successful strategy of protecting or increasing their market share. The best performing countries recorded high average daily expenditures per visitor, full capacity, a growing inventory of accommodation, and strong growth in arrivals. Among the other countries there is every combination of high/low average daily expenditure, good and bad value propositions, diversification of source markets, full to low capacity utilization, and large, modest, or little or no increase in accommodation. The results ranged from modest to exceptional growth in visitor arrivals, sustaining the Caribbean’s share of world tourism above two per cent of the global total.
{"title":"The Caribbean Holds Its Own in Global Tourism Competition","authors":"Delisle Worrell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3568555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3568555","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of the tourist industry in the Caribbean is a rich and varied success story. For the most part it has been a story of private enterprise, with the providers of tourism services pricing their services in line with the quality of service on offer, and, for a majority of countries, adjusting prices in a successful strategy of protecting or increasing their market share. The best performing countries recorded high average daily expenditures per visitor, full capacity, a growing inventory of accommodation, and strong growth in arrivals. Among the other countries there is every combination of high/low average daily expenditure, good and bad value propositions, diversification of source markets, full to low capacity utilization, and large, modest, or little or no increase in accommodation. The results ranged from modest to exceptional growth in visitor arrivals, sustaining the Caribbean’s share of world tourism above two per cent of the global total.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121331107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the hypothesis that birth order in developing countries affects children's educational outcomes due to liquidity constraints by studying a cash transfer program implemented in rural Nicaragua. This program offers two types of cash transfers, one is unconditional on and the other is conditional on school attendance. I test this hypothesis by estimating the impact of the unconditional cash transfers on birth order effect and that of the conditional cash transfers for comparison. My findings show the cash transfers unconditional on school attendance do not affect the initial birth order effect, which implies that the hypothesis is unlikely to hold in this context. The cash transfers conditional on school attendance reinforce the initial birth order effect so that the gap between the first born children and the second or later born children is widened after the interventions.
{"title":"Birth Order Effect Under a Cash Transfer Program","authors":"Kensuke Maeba","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3010113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3010113","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the hypothesis that birth order in developing countries affects children's educational outcomes due to liquidity constraints by studying a cash transfer program implemented in rural Nicaragua. This program offers two types of cash transfers, one is unconditional on and the other is conditional on school attendance. I test this hypothesis by estimating the impact of the unconditional cash transfers on birth order effect and that of the conditional cash transfers for comparison. My findings show the cash transfers unconditional on school attendance do not affect the initial birth order effect, which implies that the hypothesis is unlikely to hold in this context. The cash transfers conditional on school attendance reinforce the initial birth order effect so that the gap between the first born children and the second or later born children is widened after the interventions.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125454753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In June 2018 we were two of twenty-one educators who spent four days visiting Cuba. During our visit we visited factories, farms, restaurants, and private businesses. We met with an American journalist who lives and works in Cuba, a lawyer, tobacco farmer, urban planner/architect/professor, attorney turned party planner, several business owners, and University of Havana economist.
In the next five to ten years the Cuban leadership of the 1959 Revolution will be dead or out of office. At that time Cuba will face an identity crisis. How the younger generations respond to new leadership will determine Cuba’s future.
Simultaneously, the U.S. embargo placed on Cuba in 1962 is now over fifty years old. Cubans believe the embargo is the reason for their struggles. From many Cubans’ perspective the embargo is the main issue holding them back. It is not the only issue but we agree. The embargo is not relevant in a decade of new Cuban leadership. We trade and have relations with other similar nations. Current U.S. relations with China and Russia make the old arguments in favor of the embargo moot in today’s growing global economy.
{"title":"Cuba: Can the Past Last?","authors":"D. Dieterle, Jamie Wagner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3386464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3386464","url":null,"abstract":"In June 2018 we were two of twenty-one educators who spent four days visiting Cuba. During our visit we visited factories, farms, restaurants, and private businesses. We met with an American journalist who lives and works in Cuba, a lawyer, tobacco farmer, urban planner/architect/professor, attorney turned party planner, several business owners, and University of Havana economist. <br><br>In the next five to ten years the Cuban leadership of the 1959 Revolution will be dead or out of office. At that time Cuba will face an identity crisis. How the younger generations respond to new leadership will determine Cuba’s future.<br><br>Simultaneously, the U.S. embargo placed on Cuba in 1962 is now over fifty years old. Cubans believe the embargo is the reason for their struggles. From many Cubans’ perspective the embargo is the main issue holding them back. It is not the only issue but we agree. The embargo is not relevant in a decade of new Cuban leadership. We trade and have relations with other similar nations. Current U.S. relations with China and Russia make the old arguments in favor of the embargo moot in today’s growing global economy.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"126 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132851874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Maldonado, Viviana León-Jurado, J. Gómez, Daniel Rodríguez, Laura I. Villa
Rural poverty, a widespread problem for the Paraguayan government over the last decade –as well as for other economies in the region-, led to the implementation, in 2016 and 2017, of the “Sembrando Oportunidades Familia por Familia” pilot program, an initiative based on the graduation approach to reduce the incidence of extreme poverty in rural areas. Evaluating the intervention results is essential to understand the effectiveness of this approach in reducing poverty in the Paraguayan context, where the government is in charge of its implementation. For this evaluation, an instrumental-variable impact evaluation and a results evaluation were conducted, showing significant positive changes in the treated households’ productive capacity and savings behavior as well in their perception of wellbeing. These results are useful for the design of a program that can help to effectively overcome extreme poverty in this and other developing countries. This exercise is part of the set of evaluations carried out by the Platform for Evaluation and Learning of the Graduation Program in Latin America (www.plataformagraduacionla.info).
农村贫困是巴拉圭政府以及该地区其他经济体在过去十年中普遍存在的问题，因此在2016年和2017年实施了“Sembrando Oportunidades Familia poverty Familia”试点项目，这是一项基于毕业方法减少农村地区极端贫困发生率的倡议。评估干预结果对于了解这种方法在巴拉圭减少贫困方面的有效性至关重要，巴拉圭政府负责干预措施的实施。对于这项评估，进行了工具变量影响评估和结果评估，显示了治疗家庭的生产能力和储蓄行为以及他们对幸福的看法发生了显著的积极变化。这些结果对设计一个能够帮助中国和其他发展中国家有效克服极端贫困的项目很有帮助。这项工作是拉丁美洲毕业方案评价和学习平台(www.plataformagraduacionla.info)开展的一套评价工作的一部分。
{"title":"The Graduation Approach for the Reduction of Extreme Poverty: Impact Evaluation of Sembrando Oportunidades Familia Por Familia in Paraguay","authors":"J. Maldonado, Viviana León-Jurado, J. Gómez, Daniel Rodríguez, Laura I. Villa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3411131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3411131","url":null,"abstract":"Rural poverty, a widespread problem for the Paraguayan government over the last decade –as well as for other economies in the region-, led to the implementation, in 2016 and 2017, of the “Sembrando Oportunidades Familia por Familia” pilot program, an initiative based on the graduation approach to reduce the incidence of extreme poverty in rural areas. Evaluating the intervention results is essential to understand the effectiveness of this approach in reducing poverty in the Paraguayan context, where the government is in charge of its implementation. For this evaluation, an instrumental-variable impact evaluation and a results evaluation were conducted, showing significant positive changes in the treated households’ productive capacity and savings behavior as well in their perception of wellbeing. These results are useful for the design of a program that can help to effectively overcome extreme poverty in this and other developing countries. This exercise is part of the set of evaluations carried out by the Platform for Evaluation and Learning of the Graduation Program in Latin America (www.plataformagraduacionla.info).","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133379646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mexico introduced a Defined Contribution (DC) Pension System in 1997. We analyzed the behavior of affiliated workers under the institutional design of the reformed system. Before the reform, 75% of affiliated workers could receive a lifetime annuity upon retirement; we project that under the new rules only 30% of participants will be able to transform savings into pension income. Furthermore, participation is positively related to income and privileged workers (males, living in richer regions and having a mortgage). The new institutional design is not entirely serving as a pension system and may not prevent poverty at old age.
{"title":"Institutional Design of Pension Systems and Individual Behavior: How do Households Respond?","authors":"Renata Herrerias, Guillermo Zamarripa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3352135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3352135","url":null,"abstract":"Mexico introduced a Defined Contribution (DC) Pension System in 1997. We analyzed the behavior of affiliated workers under the institutional design of the reformed system. Before the reform, 75% of affiliated workers could receive a lifetime annuity upon retirement; we project that under the new rules only 30% of participants will be able to transform savings into pension income. Furthermore, participation is positively related to income and privileged workers (males, living in richer regions and having a mortgage). The new institutional design is not entirely serving as a pension system and may not prevent poverty at old age.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121801747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jesús Peña-Vinces, Diego Sánchez-Ancochea, Jorge Guillén, Luis F. Aguado
Different bodies of literature emphasise the separate impact of the manufacturing sector and scientific capacity for competitiveness in developing countries. Scientific knowledge can increase productivity and promote innovation, while the manufacturing sector creates spillovers and generates processes of learning-by-doing. Yet, do these two processes complement each other? Do they, together, contribute to even higher international competitiveness? This paper explores these questions, drawing on an eleven-years panel data set for ten South American economies. We develop a moderation hypothesis model based on the congruence between science, industry, and international competitiveness. Our results support our hypothesis that scientific capacity and manufacturing development have a joint impact on international competitiveness that goes beyond their marginal effects and thus calls for future efforts to implement industrial policy.
{"title":"Scientific Capacity and Industrial Development As Locomotors of International Competitiveness in Latin America","authors":"Jesús Peña-Vinces, Diego Sánchez-Ancochea, Jorge Guillén, Luis F. Aguado","doi":"10.3846/TEDE.2019.8073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/TEDE.2019.8073","url":null,"abstract":"Different bodies of literature emphasise the separate impact of the manufacturing sector and scientific capacity for competitiveness in developing countries. Scientific knowledge can increase productivity and promote innovation, while the manufacturing sector creates spillovers and generates processes of learning-by-doing. Yet, do these two processes complement each other? Do they, together, contribute to even higher international competitiveness? This paper explores these questions, drawing on an eleven-years panel data set for ten South American economies. We develop a moderation hypothesis model based on the congruence between science, industry, and international competitiveness. Our results support our hypothesis that scientific capacity and manufacturing development have a joint impact on international competitiveness that goes beyond their marginal effects and thus calls for future efforts to implement industrial policy.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"9 Suppl 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115128255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I study how much Brazilian local legislators benefit financially from holding public office. Employing a Regression Discontinuity strategy, I find that the annual asset growth of elected candidates is 10.2 percentage points higher than that of the unelected. The higher relative asset growth of elected politicians is found to be positively associated with public office wages, but not with rent-seeking. These results suggest the existence of large legal financial benefits from legislative office with unclear implications to social welfare.
{"title":"Financial Gains from Legislative Office: Evidence from Brazilian Municipal Councilors","authors":"G. Cunha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3299680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3299680","url":null,"abstract":"I study how much Brazilian local legislators benefit financially from holding public office. Employing a Regression Discontinuity strategy, I find that the annual asset growth of elected candidates is 10.2 percentage points higher than that of the unelected. The higher relative asset growth of elected politicians is found to be positively associated with public office wages, but not with rent-seeking. These results suggest the existence of large legal financial benefits from legislative office with unclear implications to social welfare.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133363794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the importance of remittances in total international flows, the conclusion of the studies on the relationship between remittances and financial development, is still not completely unanimous, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, financial development matters for growth and poverty alleviation and financial inclusion have many beneficial effects for households. We examine the relationship between remittances and financial sector development with several dynamic panel data methods. We find a positive, significant, and robust bidirectional link between remittances and financial development for the panel of 32 countries.
{"title":"Remittances and Financial Development in Latin America and the Caribbean Countries: A Dynamic Approach","authors":"Vincent Fromentin","doi":"10.1111/rode.12368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12368","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the importance of remittances in total international flows, the conclusion of the studies on the relationship between remittances and financial development, is still not completely unanimous, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, financial development matters for growth and poverty alleviation and financial inclusion have many beneficial effects for households. We examine the relationship between remittances and financial sector development with several dynamic panel data methods. We find a positive, significant, and robust bidirectional link between remittances and financial development for the panel of 32 countries.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131537220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Historical essay dealing with the regional processes of economic integration in Latin America, following the main phases of attraction and repulsion in those experiments; main challenges for the accomplishments of that integration have been industrialization efforts by countries, characterized by protectionist trade and industrial policies, defense of national sovereignty, and also rules presiding the multilateral trade system during the initial phase of Gatt; reforms in that system, allowing for some flexibility in the reciprocity clauses, started a new phase in that process, opening the way for a sub-regional approach in the integration agreements; Brazil and Argentina decided to create Mercosur, with a customs union framework to arrive at a common market objective; despite some progresses, the project is still unfinished.
{"title":"Regional Integration in Latin America: Historical Developments, Current Challenges, Especially in Mercosur","authors":"P. Almeida","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3182150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3182150","url":null,"abstract":"Historical essay dealing with the regional processes of economic integration in Latin America, following the main phases of attraction and repulsion in those experiments; main challenges for the accomplishments of that integration have been industrialization efforts by countries, characterized by protectionist trade and industrial policies, defense of national sovereignty, and also rules presiding the multilateral trade system during the initial phase of Gatt; reforms in that system, allowing for some flexibility in the reciprocity clauses, started a new phase in that process, opening the way for a sub-regional approach in the integration agreements; Brazil and Argentina decided to create Mercosur, with a customs union framework to arrive at a common market objective; despite some progresses, the project is still unfinished.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114159732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-02DOI: 10.1017/9781108776608.009
María Paula Saffon, Juan F González Bertomeu
We examine the way in which social resistance and elites’ interests shaped the politics of compliance of liberal land laws under Mexico’s liberal era (1855-1910). During that period, liberal governments in power recognized the enclosure of public lands and the disentailment of collective lands as key endeavors. However, the content and enforcement of liberal land laws varied significantly across governments. Before 1876, such laws were almost entirely left unenforced by state authorities vis-à-vis indigenous groups. In contrast, the 1876-1910 government of Porfirio Díaz enacted complementary regulation that tightened the grip of liberal land laws regarding indigenous lands, and eagerly promoted their enforcement across the territory. At first sight, this difference could be explained as the outcome of divergent levels of state capacity. Nevertheless, we argue that variation in the enforcement of Mexican liberal land laws was also the result of political will. We study judicial decisions as a strategy to capture how state authorities at different levels contributed to the strong or weak enforcement of land rights of different actors, as well as to tell apart the potentially different motivations at play. We theorize that both interest-based motivations and liberal ideological motivations can lead to the enforcement or over-enforcement of individual private property rights to the detriment of collective and public land property rights. But only interest-based motivations—not ideologically liberal ones—can lead to the weak enforcement of the individual property rights of indigenous or poor persons. We substantiate the theory using a novel dataset of judicial cases related to land issues that the Mexican Supreme Court published between 1871 and 1910.
{"title":"What/Whose Property Rights? The Selective Enforcement of Land Rights Under Mexican Liberalism","authors":"María Paula Saffon, Juan F González Bertomeu","doi":"10.1017/9781108776608.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108776608.009","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the way in which social resistance and elites’ interests shaped the politics of compliance of liberal land laws under Mexico’s liberal era (1855-1910). During that period, liberal governments in power recognized the enclosure of public lands and the disentailment of collective lands as key endeavors. However, the content and enforcement of liberal land laws varied significantly across governments. Before 1876, such laws were almost entirely left unenforced by state authorities vis-à-vis indigenous groups. In contrast, the 1876-1910 government of Porfirio Díaz enacted complementary regulation that tightened the grip of liberal land laws regarding indigenous lands, and eagerly promoted their enforcement across the territory. At first sight, this difference could be explained as the outcome of divergent levels of state capacity. Nevertheless, we argue that variation in the enforcement of Mexican liberal land laws was also the result of political will. We study judicial decisions as a strategy to capture how state authorities at different levels contributed to the strong or weak enforcement of land rights of different actors, as well as to tell apart the potentially different motivations at play. We theorize that both interest-based motivations and liberal ideological motivations can lead to the enforcement or over-enforcement of individual private property rights to the detriment of collective and public land property rights. But only interest-based motivations—not ideologically liberal ones—can lead to the weak enforcement of the individual property rights of indigenous or poor persons. We substantiate the theory using a novel dataset of judicial cases related to land issues that the Mexican Supreme Court published between 1871 and 1910.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116778758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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