Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138319
Vinh Van Tran , Thi Anh Nga Nguyen , Nguyen Tien Tran , Ha Huu Do
The rapid advancement of efficient, affordable, and stable electrocatalysts to stimulate the performance of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is critical for minimizing the carbon footprint and developing sustainable energy sources. Nickel selenides (NixSey) have emerged as extremely promising electrocatalysts for these reactions by virtue of the fact that they have metallic-like resistivity, earth-abundant, flexibility in oxidation states, and cost-effectiveness. In this review, we commence with the principle of HER/OER/ORR, followed by introducing key indicators for the evaluation of electrocatalysts. Then, the existing challenges in adopting NixSey for these applications are manifested. Moreover, recent works on various strategies of NixSey-based nanomaterials for HER/OER/ORR are presented, including morphology engineering, heterostructure construction, doping engineering, phase control, and NixSey-based composites. Ultimately, prospects in the advancement of NixSey-based multifunctional electrocatalysts for HER/OER/ORR are introduced.
{"title":"Nickel selenide-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and oxygen reduction reactions: recent strategies, challenges, and perspectives","authors":"Vinh Van Tran , Thi Anh Nga Nguyen , Nguyen Tien Tran , Ha Huu Do","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid advancement of efficient, affordable, and stable electrocatalysts to stimulate the performance of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is critical for minimizing the carbon footprint and developing sustainable energy sources. Nickel selenides (Ni<sub>x</sub>Se<sub>y</sub>) have emerged as extremely promising electrocatalysts for these reactions by virtue of the fact that they have metallic-like resistivity, earth-abundant, flexibility in oxidation states, and cost-effectiveness. In this review, we commence with the principle of HER/OER/ORR, followed by introducing key indicators for the evaluation of electrocatalysts. Then, the existing challenges in adopting Ni<sub>x</sub>Se<sub>y</sub> for these applications are manifested. Moreover, recent works on various strategies of Ni<sub>x</sub>Se<sub>y</sub>-based nanomaterials for HER/OER/ORR are presented, including morphology engineering, heterostructure construction, doping engineering, phase control, and Ni<sub>x</sub>Se<sub>y</sub>-based composites. Ultimately, prospects in the advancement of Ni<sub>x</sub>Se<sub>y</sub>-based multifunctional electrocatalysts for HER/OER/ORR are introduced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"414 ","pages":"Article 138319"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138281
Yilin Pan, Hai Zhang, Saibei Luo, Wenyang Liu, Weidong Fan
Amid the urgent need for energy structure transformation, the co-combustion of natural gas and ammonia has attracted considerable attention as it can significantly reduce carbon emissions while avoiding the difficulty of igniting ammonia during combustion. It is crucial to effectively reduce nitrogen oxide (NO) emissions for the co-firing system to achieve efficient and clean combustion. In this study, a combustion experiment bench was set up to systematically investigate the effects of different factors, such as gas injection mode, swirl intensity, and ammonia heat ratio, on NO emissions in the co-combustion of natural gas and ammonia. The results show that the lowest NO emissions occur when natural gas is directly injected into the outer channel while ammonia is swirled into the inner channel, with a reduction of over 50% compared to other high-emission conditions. Meanwhile, same kind of gas partial swirl and partial axial injected into the combustion chamber lead to higher NO emission than that in a unified method. Additionally, NO emissions increase initially and then decrease with the increase of the ammonia heat ratio, with the peak value varying from 0.1 to 0.3 depending on the relative positions of natural gas and ammonia. These conclusions can provide guidance for industrial applications and promote the industrial application of zero-carbon ammonia fuel.
{"title":"Research on the emission of nitrogen oxide from the co-firing of CH4 and NH3 on a designed swirl burner","authors":"Yilin Pan, Hai Zhang, Saibei Luo, Wenyang Liu, Weidong Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid the urgent need for energy structure transformation, the co-combustion of natural gas and ammonia has attracted considerable attention as it can significantly reduce carbon emissions while avoiding the difficulty of igniting ammonia during combustion. It is crucial to effectively reduce nitrogen oxide (NO) emissions for the co-firing system to achieve efficient and clean combustion. In this study, a combustion experiment bench was set up to systematically investigate the effects of different factors, such as gas injection mode, swirl intensity, and ammonia heat ratio, on NO emissions in the co-combustion of natural gas and ammonia. The results show that the lowest NO emissions occur when natural gas is directly injected into the outer channel while ammonia is swirled into the inner channel, with a reduction of over 50% compared to other high-emission conditions. Meanwhile, same kind of gas partial swirl and partial axial injected into the combustion chamber lead to higher NO emission than that in a unified method. Additionally, NO emissions increase initially and then decrease with the increase of the ammonia heat ratio, with the peak value varying from 0.1 to 0.3 depending on the relative positions of natural gas and ammonia. These conclusions can provide guidance for industrial applications and promote the industrial application of zero-carbon ammonia fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"414 ","pages":"Article 138281"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138315
Xiaohe Wang , Jiahao Yu , Yong Kou , Guangyu Shao , Guangpu Zhang , Junqing Yang , Wei Jiang
Nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic materials typically exhibit significantly negative oxygen balances, leading to incomplete energy release. The investigation of interaction mechanisms between nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds and oxidizers during thermal decomposition is crucial for optimizing their energy output and practical applications. Taking dihydroxylammonium 5, 5′-bistetrazole-1, 1′-diolate (TKX-50), ammonium perchlorate (AP), and the TKX-50/AP composite system as model systems, we conducted machine learning potential-based molecular dynamics simulations and identified three key interaction mechanisms between TKX-50 and AP: (1) Proton transfer between reorganized ions accelerates reaction kinetics; (2) the high oxygen content of AP promotes the oxidation of carbon and hydrogen in TKX-50, increasing the production of CO2 and H2O, while simultaneously enhancing the cleavage of CN bonds in the heterocycles, thereby facilitating the formation of N2; (3) oxidizing species derived from AP convert NO from TKX-50 into NO2, which competes with hydrogen-mediated NO2 reduction, ultimately leading to increased NO emissions. Notably, the effects generated by interaction (2) and (3) represent universal oxidizer effects on nitrogen-rich heterocycles: although significantly improving energy release efficiency (62.02 % increase in the TKX-50/AP system), oxidizer incorporation unavoidably elevates NO gas production, partially compromising the clean combustion advantage intrinsic to nitrogen-rich compounds. These atomic-level insights establish a fundamental framework for balancing energy output and environmental impact in advanced energetic material design.
{"title":"Oxidizer effects on energy release mechanisms in nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic materials: A Machine learning potential molecular dynamics study of TKX-50/AP","authors":"Xiaohe Wang , Jiahao Yu , Yong Kou , Guangyu Shao , Guangpu Zhang , Junqing Yang , Wei Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic materials typically exhibit significantly negative oxygen balances, leading to incomplete energy release. The investigation of interaction mechanisms between nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds and oxidizers during thermal decomposition is crucial for optimizing their energy output and practical applications. Taking dihydroxylammonium 5, 5′-bistetrazole-1, 1′-diolate (TKX-50), ammonium perchlorate (AP), and the TKX-50/AP composite system as model systems, we conducted machine learning potential-based molecular dynamics simulations and identified three key interaction mechanisms between TKX-50 and AP: (1) Proton transfer between reorganized ions accelerates reaction kinetics; (2) the high oxygen content of AP promotes the oxidation of carbon and hydrogen in TKX-50, increasing the production of CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O, while simultaneously enhancing the cleavage of C<img>N bonds in the heterocycles, thereby facilitating the formation of N<sub>2</sub>; (3) oxidizing species derived from AP convert NO from TKX-50 into NO<sub>2</sub>, which competes with hydrogen-mediated NO<sub>2</sub> reduction, ultimately leading to increased NO emissions. Notably, the effects generated by interaction (2) and (3) represent universal oxidizer effects on nitrogen-rich heterocycles: although significantly improving energy release efficiency (62.02 % increase in the TKX-50/AP system), oxidizer incorporation unavoidably elevates NO gas production, partially compromising the clean combustion advantage intrinsic to nitrogen-rich compounds. These atomic-level insights establish a fundamental framework for balancing energy output and environmental impact in advanced energetic material design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"414 ","pages":"Article 138315"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138304
Haiyu Liu , Haonan Zhou , Jingbin Hao , Hao Liu , Haifeng Yang , Deqing Mei
Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures are promising options as catalyst supports for hydrogen production via methanol reforming due to their excellent specific surface area and highly interconnected pores. In order to further enhance the performance of TPMS porous catalyst supports, this paper proposes a novel flow topology optimization method of TPMS porous structures to obtain the optimal porosity distribution. Three common types of TPMS units, including P, G, and D curved surfaces, were homogenized into porous medium. Based on the flow simulation results of the TPMS porous units, the permeability and reaction rate of the corresponding porous medium for different TPMS units were calculated for equivalence of flow performance and reaction performance. The topology optimization model was established based on the structure of stacked methanol steam reforming (MSR) microreactor, and the optimization process was developed to iteratively calculate the porosity distribution of three TPMS porous supports. Then, the non-uniform TPMS porous supports were reconfigured, and the numerical simulation and experimental tests were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimization method. The experimental results demonstrate that the hydrogen production of the P and G curved surface supports was improved by 7.07 % and 6.73 %, respectively, with the pressure drop reduced by 21.33 % and 14.91 %. Meanwhile, the D curved surface support had a slight improvement of 2.58 % in hydrogen production while maintaining its flow performance. This work presents a novel approach for the design and optimization of high-performance porous catalyst supports.
{"title":"Design optimization of non-uniform triply periodic minimal surface porous catalyst supports for hydrogen production","authors":"Haiyu Liu , Haonan Zhou , Jingbin Hao , Hao Liu , Haifeng Yang , Deqing Mei","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures are promising options as catalyst supports for hydrogen production via methanol reforming due to their excellent specific surface area and highly interconnected pores. In order to further enhance the performance of TPMS porous catalyst supports, this paper proposes a novel flow topology optimization method of TPMS porous structures to obtain the optimal porosity distribution. Three common types of TPMS units, including P, G, and D curved surfaces, were homogenized into porous medium. Based on the flow simulation results of the TPMS porous units, the permeability and reaction rate of the corresponding porous medium for different TPMS units were calculated for equivalence of flow performance and reaction performance. The topology optimization model was established based on the structure of stacked methanol steam reforming (MSR) microreactor, and the optimization process was developed to iteratively calculate the porosity distribution of three TPMS porous supports. Then, the non-uniform TPMS porous supports were reconfigured, and the numerical simulation and experimental tests were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimization method. The experimental results demonstrate that the hydrogen production of the P and G curved surface supports was improved by 7.07 % and 6.73 %, respectively, with the pressure drop reduced by 21.33 % and 14.91 %. Meanwhile, the D curved surface support had a slight improvement of 2.58 % in hydrogen production while maintaining its flow performance. This work presents a novel approach for the design and optimization of high-performance porous catalyst supports.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"414 ","pages":"Article 138304"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138279
Zezheng Shi , Yang Liu , Yongxiao Jia , Jiye Tao , Kuangyu Li , Zhi Wang , Xinyu Wang , Yumin Chen , Bo Yu , Shisen Xu , Dongliang Xu , Xiangping Wang , Pihuan Cui , Peifang Fu , Huaichun Zhou
This study investigates the ignition, combustion mechanisms and kinetic parameters of Zhundong coal and its high-temperature rapid pyrolysis char using nonisothermal TG-DSC experiments, combined with the David Merrick model, DSC inflection point method, and general surface activation function model (GSAFM)—the latter applied for the first time to coal combustion kinetics. Results show GSAFM outperforms the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods in predicting reaction rates R(X). Coal’s nonisothermal kinetic parameters are closer to intrinsic values. While its average apparent activation energy is comparable to that of char, their variation trends differ, and coal exhibits a significantly larger pre-exponential factor, attributed to its greater number of active sites. The specific heat capacity of coal (0.98‒2.44 kJ/(kg·K)) is higher than that of char (0.77‒1.88 kJ/(kg·K)), with both increasing with temperature. Coal’s limiting ignition temperature Tig,max (413.75‒440.82 °C) is much lower than char’s (666.85‒672.87 °C). Structural characterization via FESEM, BET, XRF and Raman spectroscopy reveals chars have reduced specific surface areas, increased aromatic ordering (higher ID1/IG and AD1/AG ratios) and altered surface morphologies compared to raw coals. This study provides clear guidance for selecting fuel properties: coal, with low ignition temperature and high active sites, suits spontaneous combustion research; high-temperature pyrolysis char, with high ignition temperature and stable structure, is key for accurate analysis of in-furnace high-temperature combustion.
{"title":"Comparative study on ignition mechanism and intrinsic combustion kinetics between coal and char","authors":"Zezheng Shi , Yang Liu , Yongxiao Jia , Jiye Tao , Kuangyu Li , Zhi Wang , Xinyu Wang , Yumin Chen , Bo Yu , Shisen Xu , Dongliang Xu , Xiangping Wang , Pihuan Cui , Peifang Fu , Huaichun Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the ignition, combustion mechanisms and kinetic parameters of Zhundong coal and its high-temperature rapid pyrolysis char using nonisothermal TG-DSC experiments, combined with the David Merrick model, DSC inflection point method, and general surface activation function model (GSAFM)—the latter applied for the first time to coal combustion kinetics. Results show GSAFM outperforms the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods in predicting reaction rates <em>R</em>(<em>X</em>). Coal’s nonisothermal kinetic parameters are closer to intrinsic values. While its average apparent activation energy is comparable to that of char, their variation trends differ, and coal exhibits a significantly larger pre-exponential factor, attributed to its greater number of active sites. The specific heat capacity of coal (0.98‒2.44 kJ/(kg·K)) is higher than that of char (0.77‒1.88 kJ/(kg·K)), with both increasing with temperature. Coal’s limiting ignition temperature <em>T</em><sub>ig,max</sub> (413.75‒440.82 °C) is much lower than char’s (666.85‒672.87 °C). Structural characterization via FESEM, BET, XRF and Raman spectroscopy reveals chars have reduced specific surface areas, increased aromatic ordering (higher <em>I</em><sub>D1</sub><em>/I</em><sub>G</sub> and <em>A</em><sub>D1</sub><em>/A</em><sub>G</sub> ratios) and altered surface morphologies compared to raw coals. This study provides clear guidance for selecting fuel properties: coal, with low ignition temperature and high active sites, suits spontaneous combustion research; high-temperature pyrolysis char, with high ignition temperature and stable structure, is key for accurate analysis of in-furnace high-temperature combustion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"414 ","pages":"Article 138279"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138323
Hao Kong , Siyu Xu , Xiaolong Yan , Yan Yun , Fang Chen , Hanyu Jiang , Ergang Yao , Shudong Tian , Taizhong Huang
Aluminum-based materials, with the theoretical calorific value of 30.5 kJ/g, have become an important additive in fireworks, high energy fuels and weapon fields. However, the application of traditional micron-sized aluminum powder still suffers from the issue of oxide layer, severe agglomeration, low combustion efficiency (< 80 %), etc. In this paper, we report the preparation of aluminum-based composite material that encapsulated by fluororubber (F2603) and nitrocellulose (NC). The encapsulation of F2603/NC prevent the deep oxidation and improve the ignition and combustion of Al powder. Photo morphology, SEM and FTIR tests prove the successful encapsulation. BET test show that the F2603/NC form a mesoporous encapsulation layer on the surface of Al powder and the specific surface area of the composite is as double as that of the pristine Al powder. Lase ignition and combustion tests show that the ignition delay time of the composite shortens to 31 ms, which is only half of that of the pristine Al powder. The calorific value of the F2603/NC encapsulated Al surpassed 28 kJ/g, which is about 10 % higher than that of the pristine Al. Based on the DTA tests with different heating rates, it is calculated that the combustion activation energy is about 124–130 kJ/mol. The Al-F2603/NC composite can be molded into different shape by facile method, which can meet the demand of higher energy density field, such as fireworks, propellants etc. The results of the paper show that the encapsulation of fluororubber/nitrocellulose is an effective way to improve the combustion performances and widen the application fields of Al based materials.
{"title":"Encapsulation of fluororubber/nitrocellulose to improve the ignition and combustion of aluminum particles","authors":"Hao Kong , Siyu Xu , Xiaolong Yan , Yan Yun , Fang Chen , Hanyu Jiang , Ergang Yao , Shudong Tian , Taizhong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aluminum-based materials, with the theoretical calorific value of 30.5 kJ/g, have become an important additive in fireworks, high energy fuels and weapon fields. However, the application of traditional micron-sized aluminum powder still suffers from the issue of oxide layer, severe agglomeration, low combustion efficiency (< 80 %), <em>etc</em>. In this paper, we report the preparation of aluminum-based composite material that encapsulated by fluororubber (F2603) and nitrocellulose (NC). The encapsulation of F2603/NC prevent the deep oxidation and improve the ignition and combustion of Al powder. Photo morphology, SEM and FTIR tests prove the successful encapsulation. BET test show that the F2603/NC form a mesoporous encapsulation layer on the surface of Al powder and the specific surface area of the composite is as double as that of the pristine Al powder. Lase ignition and combustion tests show that the ignition delay time of the composite shortens to 31 ms, which is only half of that of the pristine Al powder. The calorific value of the F2603/NC encapsulated Al surpassed 28 kJ/g, which is about 10 % higher than that of the pristine Al. Based on the DTA tests with different heating rates, it is calculated that the combustion activation energy is about 124–130 kJ/mol. The Al-F2603/NC composite can be molded into different shape by facile method, which can meet the demand of higher energy density field, such as fireworks, propellants <em>etc</em>. The results of the paper show that the encapsulation of fluororubber/nitrocellulose is an effective way to improve the combustion performances and widen the application fields of Al based materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"414 ","pages":"Article 138323"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138295
Yuanqiang Duan, Lin Li, Dennis Lu, Shuo Zhang, Guang Sun, Zhengkun Sun, Lunbo Duan
Fluidized Bed Reactors (FBRs) exhibit exceptional mixing performance, efficient heat and mass transfer capabilities, flexible operational control and scalability, making them a critical component in carbon capture technologies. This review provides a briefly overview of the applications and advancements of FBRs in carbon capture systems. Firstly, it introduces the fundamental principles of fluidized beds, encompassing flow dynamics, heat and mass transfer characteristics, and scale-up methodologies. The paper systematically evaluates the progress of various carbon capture technologies utilizing FBRs, including pre-combustion carbon capture (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, IGCC), in-combustion carbon capture (oxy-fuel combustion and chemical looping combustion) and post-combustion carbon capture (high-temperature and low-temperature sorption) processes. For each technology, the paper highlights the unique advantages offered by FBRs and examines the technical challenges encountered during scale-up through case studies ranging from laboratory experiments to industrial demonstration projects. Furthermore, this review also outlines potential future research directions for FBRs in carbon capture applications. It underscores the pivotal role of advancing FBR-based carbon capture technologies in mitigating global climate change while fostering further research and innovation in this vital field.
{"title":"Innovative approaches to carbon capture using fluidized bed reactors: A brief review","authors":"Yuanqiang Duan, Lin Li, Dennis Lu, Shuo Zhang, Guang Sun, Zhengkun Sun, Lunbo Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluidized Bed Reactors (FBRs) exhibit exceptional mixing performance, efficient heat and mass transfer capabilities, flexible operational control and scalability, making them a critical component in carbon capture technologies. This review provides a briefly overview of the applications and advancements of FBRs in carbon capture systems. Firstly, it introduces the fundamental principles of fluidized beds, encompassing flow dynamics, heat and mass transfer characteristics, and scale-up methodologies. The paper systematically evaluates the progress of various carbon capture technologies utilizing FBRs, including pre-combustion carbon capture (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, IGCC), in-combustion carbon capture (oxy-fuel combustion and chemical looping combustion) and post-combustion carbon capture (high-temperature and low-temperature sorption) processes. For each technology, the paper highlights the unique advantages offered by FBRs and examines the technical challenges encountered during scale-up through case studies ranging from laboratory experiments to industrial demonstration projects. Furthermore, this review also outlines potential future research directions for FBRs in carbon capture applications. It underscores the pivotal role of advancing FBR-based carbon capture technologies in mitigating global climate change while fostering further research and innovation in this vital field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"414 ","pages":"Article 138295"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138312
Feng Wang , Zheng Zhang , Xiaoqi Zhang , Shouhui Jiao , Ying Yang , Xiaohan Jin , He Liu , Zongxian Wang , Aijun Guo
While numerous studies have explored vacuum residue (VR) hydrogenation for oil quality enhancement, conventional approaches remain constrained by their reliance on costly hydrogen sources and harsh reaction conditions. To address these limitations, we proposed an innovative strategy for in-situ hydrogenation of VR via medium temperature water–gas shift reaction (mtWGSR) in the presence of supercritical n-heptane. Systematic analyses demonstrate that the supercritical n-heptane-enhanced mtWGSR system significantly outperformed conventional mtWGSR at 300 °C, achieving superior polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) hydrogenation efficiency. Molecular characterization revealed significant structural modifications in hydrogenated VR (smtWGSR-VR) obtained through mtWGSR with supercritical n-heptane, including a 6.6 % increase in H/C atomic ratio, 13.5 % reduction in carbon residue, and a remarkable 170 % enhancement in hydrogen-donating ability (HDA) compared to original VR. These structural improvements translated to exceptional performance during subsequent thermal cracking at 410 °C for 40 min. The distillate oil yield increased from 37.3 wt% (original VR) to 43.2 wt%, accompanied by reductions in coke yield (0.30 % to 0.09 %), olefinic hydrogen content (3.02 % to 0.94 %), and thermal instability (spot number decreased from 4 to 2). Through model compound experiments and controlled trials, supercritical n-heptane was shown to enhance in-situ hydrogen utilization efficiency for direct PAH hydrogenation (e.g., anthracene and pyrene), enabling deeper hydrogenation pathways. Concurrently, hydrogen transfer from hydrogenated aromatics effectively suppressed both olefin formation and coke formation during smtWGSR thermal cracking. This work established a cost-effective and scalable pathway for heavy oil upgrading under moderate conditions, circumventing both the economic and technical barriers of traditional hydrogenation methods.
{"title":"In-situ hydrogenation of heavy oil via medium-temperature water–gas shift reaction enhanced with supercritical n-heptane: Improved PAHs hydrogenation effectiveness and upgraded thermal cracking performance","authors":"Feng Wang , Zheng Zhang , Xiaoqi Zhang , Shouhui Jiao , Ying Yang , Xiaohan Jin , He Liu , Zongxian Wang , Aijun Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While numerous studies have explored vacuum residue (VR) hydrogenation for oil quality enhancement, conventional approaches remain constrained by their reliance on costly hydrogen sources and harsh reaction conditions. To address these limitations, we proposed an innovative strategy for in-situ hydrogenation of VR via medium temperature water–gas shift reaction (<em>mt</em>WGSR) in the presence of supercritical n-heptane. Systematic analyses demonstrate that the supercritical n-heptane-enhanced <em>mt</em>WGSR system significantly outperformed conventional <em>mt</em>WGSR at 300 °C, achieving superior polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) hydrogenation efficiency. Molecular characterization revealed significant structural modifications in hydrogenated VR (<em>smt</em>WGSR-VR) obtained through <em>mt</em>WGSR with supercritical n-heptane, including a 6.6 % increase in H/C atomic ratio, 13.5 % reduction in carbon residue, and a remarkable 170 % enhancement in hydrogen-donating ability (HDA) compared to original VR. These structural improvements translated to exceptional performance during subsequent thermal cracking at 410 °C for 40 min. The distillate oil yield increased from 37.3 wt% (original VR) to 43.2 wt%, accompanied by reductions in coke yield (0.30 % to 0.09 %), olefinic hydrogen content (3.02 % to 0.94 %), and thermal instability (spot number decreased from 4 to 2). Through model compound experiments and controlled trials, supercritical n-heptane was shown to enhance in-situ hydrogen utilization efficiency for direct PAH hydrogenation (e.g., anthracene and pyrene), enabling deeper hydrogenation pathways. Concurrently, hydrogen transfer from hydrogenated aromatics effectively suppressed both olefin formation and coke formation during <em>smt</em>WGSR thermal cracking. This work established a cost-effective and scalable pathway for heavy oil upgrading under moderate conditions, circumventing both the economic and technical barriers of traditional hydrogenation methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"414 ","pages":"Article 138312"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.138181
Christoffer Sevonius, Patrik Yrjas, Emil Vainio, Leena Hupa
The use of agricultural residue biomass fuels (agrofuels) in power and heat production is increasing steadily as they are readily available and affordable. However, the high content of alkali, phosphorus, and silicon can lead to agglomeration challenges. To effectively mitigate agglomeration, it is essential to identify the underlying mechanisms and assess the influence of various elements present in the ash. In this study, four agrofuels − wheat straw, sunflower seed shells, wheat bran, and rape seed residue − were studied in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor at 850 and 900 °C using a quartz bed. These fuels had high potassium contents, and varying silicon, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur contents, which drastically affected the agglomeration mechanisms and tendencies. Detailed analyses including SEM/EDX, XRD, DSC/TGA and thermodynamic calculations were conducted to understand the agglomeration mechanisms, ash species formation, and melting behavior. The results showed that if the fuel had a high potassium content relative to both silicon and phosphorus, a reactive K-silicate forming agglomeration mechanism was observed. Using an Si-free bed material (ilmenite) proved an effective countermeasure against this mechanism. In contrast, if the fuel had a K:Si or K:P molar ratio equal to 1 or below, agglomeration was mainly caused by molten ash. Increasing the Ca content for a fuel with a high K and P content, decreased agglomeration due to formation of K-Ca-phosphates. Additionally, a high calcium or sulfur content reduced the agglomeration tendency of the fuel due to formation of high-temperature melting K-Ca-phosphates, Ca-phosphates and K2SO4.
在电力和热力生产中使用农业残渣生物质燃料（农业燃料）的情况正在稳步增加，因为它们容易获得且价格合理。然而，高含量的碱、磷和硅会导致团聚的挑战。为了有效地减轻团聚，必须确定潜在的机制，并评估灰中存在的各种元素的影响。在这项研究中，四种农业燃料-小麦秸秆，葵花籽壳，麦麸和油菜籽渣-在实验室规模的流化床反应器在850和900°C石英床上进行了研究。这些燃料的钾含量高，硅、磷、钙、镁和硫含量不同，这极大地影响了团聚机制和倾向。通过SEM/EDX、XRD、DSC/TGA和热力学计算等详细分析，了解了烧结过程中的团聚机理、灰分形成和熔融行为。结果表明，当燃料中钾含量相对于硅和磷均较高时，观察到反应性k -硅酸盐形成团聚机制。采用不含硅的床层材料（钛铁矿）是解决这一问题的有效方法。当燃料的K:Si或K:P摩尔比小于等于1时，结块主要由熔融灰引起。对于高钾、高磷燃料，提高钙含量可减少钾-钙磷酸盐形成的结块。此外，高钙或高硫的燃料由于高温熔融形成k - ca -phosphate， ca -phosphate和K2SO4而降低了燃料的结块倾向。
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Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138320
Wen Tang , Jing-Pei Cao , Xiao-Yan Zhao , Dan Xie , Kai-Rui Luan , Chang-Jiang Li , Qi-Ming She , Tungalagtamir Bold
Research on pressurized methane dry reforming (DRM) is of great significance for the integration with downstream F-T synthesis processes and reducing gas compression costs. However, the increase in pressure leads to severe coking, which limits the stable operation of the process. Developing Co-based bimetallic catalysts doped with a small amount of noble metals is one of the important approaches to improving the catalysts’ coking resistance and catalytic performance, thereby alleviating this issue. In this work, a carbon-supported Co-Ir bimetallic catalyst doped with 0.2 wt% Ir (denoted as Co-0.2Ir/C) was developed. Structural characterizations confirmed the formation of Co-Ir alloy, with the metal particles on the catalyst being highly dispersed and having an average particle size of 4.82 nm. Under the reaction conditions of 800 °C, 0.5 MPa, and 30,000 mL gcat-1h−1, the incorporation of Ir effectively enhanced the initial catalytic activity of the catalyst and achieved stable operation for 100 h, with final CH4 and CO2 conversion reaching 73.9 % and 82.8 %, respectively. In addition, this study focused on the structural changes of the catalyst during the induction period, confirming the dynamic evolution laws of metal particle redispersion and amorphous carbon graphitization. These findings explain the dynamic variation phenomenon where the conversion of CH4 and CO2 first increased significantly and then gradually stabilized during the reaction. This study provides certain guiding significance for the development of relatively low-cost carbon-supported metal catalysts, the realization of stable operation of DRM under pressurized conditions, and the clarification of the structure–activity relationship of such catalysts in the DRM reaction.
加压甲烷干式重整（DRM）的研究对于与下游F-T合成工艺的整合以及降低气体压缩成本具有重要意义。然而，压力的增加导致严重的焦化，这限制了工艺的稳定运行。开发少量贵金属掺杂的co基双金属催化剂是提高催化剂抗结焦性能和催化性能的重要途径之一，从而缓解这一问题。在这项工作中，开发了一种掺杂0.2 wt% Ir的碳负载Co-Ir双金属催化剂（记为Co-0.2Ir/C）。结构表征证实了Co-Ir合金的形成，催化剂上的金属颗粒高度分散，平均粒径为4.82 nm。在800℃、0.5 MPa、30000 mL gcat-1h−1的反应条件下，Ir的加入有效提高了催化剂的初始催化活性，并稳定运行100 h，最终CH4和CO2转化率分别达到73.9%和82.8%。此外，本研究重点研究了催化剂在诱导期的结构变化，确认了金属颗粒再分散和非晶碳石墨化的动态演化规律。这些发现解释了反应过程中CH4和CO2的转化率先显著增加后逐渐稳定的动态变化现象。本研究对开发成本相对较低的碳载金属催化剂，实现加压条件下DRM的稳定运行，明确该类催化剂在DRM反应中的构效关系具有一定的指导意义。
{"title":"Relationship of catalytic performance and catalyst structure evolution based on pressurized CH4-CO2 reforming reaction over carbon-supported Co-Ir alloy catalysts","authors":"Wen Tang , Jing-Pei Cao , Xiao-Yan Zhao , Dan Xie , Kai-Rui Luan , Chang-Jiang Li , Qi-Ming She , Tungalagtamir Bold","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on pressurized methane dry reforming (DRM) is of great significance for the integration with downstream F-T synthesis processes and reducing gas compression costs. However, the increase in pressure leads to severe coking, which limits the stable operation of the process. Developing Co-based bimetallic catalysts doped with a small amount of noble metals is one of the important approaches to improving the catalysts’ coking resistance and catalytic performance, thereby alleviating this issue. In this work, a carbon-supported Co-Ir bimetallic catalyst doped with 0.2 wt% Ir (denoted as Co-0.2Ir/C) was developed. Structural characterizations confirmed the formation of Co-Ir alloy, with the metal particles on the catalyst being highly dispersed and having an average particle size of 4.82 nm. Under the reaction conditions of 800 °C, 0.5 MPa, and 30,000 mL g<sub>cat</sub><sup>-1</sup>h<sup>−1</sup>, the incorporation of Ir effectively enhanced the initial catalytic activity of the catalyst and achieved stable operation for 100 h, with final CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> conversion reaching 73.9 % and 82.8 %, respectively. In addition, this study focused on the structural changes of the catalyst during the induction period, confirming the dynamic evolution laws of metal particle redispersion and amorphous carbon graphitization. These findings explain the dynamic variation phenomenon where the conversion of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> first increased significantly and then gradually stabilized during the reaction. This study provides certain guiding significance for the development of relatively low-cost carbon-supported metal catalysts, the realization of stable operation of DRM under pressurized conditions, and the clarification of the structure–activity relationship of such catalysts in the DRM reaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"414 ","pages":"Article 138320"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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