Fuel最新文献

{"title":"An experimental study on coal permeability enhancement by water freezing cycles without effects on produced gas compositions: Implications for enhancing coalbed methane production","authors":"Baoxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuehai Fu ,&nbsp;Zhaobiao Yang ,&nbsp;Junqiang Kang ,&nbsp;Ze Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freezing treatment with liquid nitrogen enhancing coal permeability is widely adopted, but its evaporation reduces the produced gas quality when freezing is terminated. The artificial ground freezing technology utilizes cycling brine as the media, which does not affect gas compositions. However, the temperature formed in ground freezing (approximately −20 °C) is significantly higher than that in liquid nitrogen treatment, and the effects of this temperature range on coal permeability remain unclear. This study conducted three 7-day cycles freezing at −20 °C on six coal samples, and the permeability/pore structure was determined before/after freezing. The results show that freezing cycles have weak effects on stress sensitivity, determined by the low changes in compression coefficient. The initial permeability (<em>k</em>₀, at atmospheric pressure) increases and then fluctuates with increasing freezing cycles, and the average change in <em>k</em>₀ in three cycles is 159.25 %, 1251.73 %, and 2037.06 %, respectively. The change in <em>k</em>₀ decreases with increasing ash yield and positively correlates with the change in porosity. The water in pores/fractures generates swelling stresses due to freezing, driving the pore/fracture formation, original fracture extension, and dead pore connection, jointly leading to the permeability enhancement, and the coal with low ash yield and extensive fracture development is more suitable for freezing cycles to enhance permeability under similar geological conditions. The results offer insights for evaluating the permeability enhancement potential by freezing without effects on produced gas compositions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 134666"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of flow interaction and the impact on flame propagation in an annular combustor with centrally staged burners","authors":"Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Zhixin Zhu ,&nbsp;Elsayed Barakat ,&nbsp;Jing Hou ,&nbsp;Haroun Hassan ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Wen Zeng ,&nbsp;Wenjie Tao ,&nbsp;Gaofeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation of a centrally staged annular combustor, aiming to analyze the flow interactions between adjacent burners and their effects on flame propagation in the light-round process. Moreover, the current study provides new insights into flow dynamics and their impact on flame propagation, offering valuable guidance for the design of annular combustors. Experimental measurements of longitudinal and circumferential flow distributions across multiple burners are conducted using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and serve to validate corresponding Large Eddy Simulation (LES) calculations. The results reveal that a longitudinal bridge flow connects the main jet with the recirculating flow between the two adjacent burners, forming an inner recirculation zone (In-RZ) in the interaction region. Flow interactions cause disruptions in circumferential swirling flows, resulting in low-velocity flows between the adjacent burners and high-velocity flows along the walls. Additional simulations are conducted to examine the three-dimensional flow interaction and the influence of burner-burner spacings on the flow dynamics. High-speed imaging captures flame propagation sequences in clockwise and anti-clockwise directions, revealing the influence of flow interactions on flame propagation under varying operating conditions. Therefore, the current investigation concluded that the longitudinal and circumferential flow interactions significantly influence the flame propagation patterns and should considered in the burner design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 134694"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-economic analysis of amine-based post-combustion carbon capture process with flexibility considerations","authors":"Hae Yong Jung ,&nbsp;Hyungmuk Lim ,&nbsp;Seongmin Heo","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amine-based post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) process is a key technology for efficient CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emission reduction, and owing to high technological maturity, its detailed design and operation have become an active area of research. While there exists a well-known trade-off between economic process design and flexible process operation, research efforts leveraging such trade-off for PCC process are rather scarce. To this end, in this work, a systematic procedure is proposed for the flexible design of PCC processes. Specifically, a flexible process design is defined as a design which can handle every possible realization of uncertain parameters (in this work, flowrate and CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> composition of flue gas coming from power plant) without violating any process constraint in the most economical way. To find such a design, a grid search algorithm is proposed, where the values of design variables are iteratively changed so as to increase the flexibility index (FI), which is defined as the ratio of the operable region in the uncertain parameter space. Through a case study, it was shown that the most economic process design has a FI value of 0.1597, which is very low, and by spending 4.2% more annual cost, the flexible design was obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 134634"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of single-atom electrocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions from water-splitting","authors":"Muhammad Shoaib ,&nbsp;Muhammad Yasin Naz ,&nbsp;Tong Wu ,&nbsp;Hafeez Ur Rehman ,&nbsp;Enqi Sun ,&nbsp;Aiping Li ,&nbsp;Qiliang Zhu ,&nbsp;Ning Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrocatalysis has gained significant research attention due to its potential for sustainable and renewable energy production. Single-atom electrocatalysts (SACs) have emerged as a promising solution, leveraging metal atoms to facilitate electrocatalytic reactions with enhanced stability, reactivity, and selectivity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in SACs for water splitting. It focuses on advanced synthesis methods, novel characterization techniques, and their applications in hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of structural engineering parameters, such as binding modes, coordination numbers, and dispersion tendencies, on electrocatalytic performance. We identified key challenges and opportunities for designing more selective, active, stable, and cost-effective SACs for energy conversion by analyzing associated mechanisms and summarizing recent experimental findings. The key challenges of SACs include scalability, stability, cost-effectiveness, mass transfer limitations, characterization, and standardization. These challenges can be addressed by developing scalable synthesis methods, designing stable and durable SACs, exploring earth-abundant metals, optimizing mass transfer, and establishing standardized characterization methods. The insights presented in this review pave the way for developing next-generation electrocatalysts for water splitting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 134704"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards the prediction of infinite dilution activity coefficient (IDAC) of methanol in ionic liquids (ILs) using QSPR-based COSMO descriptors: Considering temperature effect using machine learning","authors":"Ali Ebrahimpoor Gorji,&nbsp;Juho-Pekka Laakso,&nbsp;Ville Alopaeus,&nbsp;Petri Uusi-Kyyny","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the ‘Quantitative Structure-Activity/Property Relationship’ (QSAR/QSPR) approach has been applied for the prediction of infinite dilution activity coefficient (IDAC) of Methanol (MeOH) in Ionic Liquids (ILs) using an extensive dataset. A new predictive QSPR model including novel molecular descriptors, called ‘COSMO-RS descriptors’, has been developed for the first time. In this study, the dataset was divided to a training set for the development of models, and a validation set for external validation. According to the obtained results of statistical parameters (R² = 0.92 and Q²_LOO-CV = 0.91), the predictive capability of the developed QSPR model was acceptable for training set. Regarding the external validation, other statistical parameters such as AAD = 0.2034 and RMSE = 0.2926 were also satisfactory for validation set. While the values of IDAC increase or decrease with increasing temperature, the QSPR model based on the van’t Hoff equation takes into account the ‘negative’ and ‘positive’ effects of temperature on the IDAC of MeOH in ILs well, depending on the nature of ILs. It was also shown that the IDAC value in some new ILs, which had not been experimentally studied before, can be predicted using QSPR model. These predicted data can be considered as ‘Pseudo Experimental data’ for future efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 134674"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking super low-temperature, high-efficiency oxidative desulfurization: The role of oxygen vacancy in Phosphomolybdate-Vanadium catalysts","authors":"Qibin Yuan ,&nbsp;Ben Bin Xu ,&nbsp;YiZhen Su ,&nbsp;Fuquan Xiao ,&nbsp;Shitao Zhi ,&nbsp;Ye Xiao ,&nbsp;Linhua Zhu ,&nbsp;Chunyan Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The engineering of oxygen vacancies represents a strategic advancement in the pursuit of enhancing the electronic structure, surface characteristics, and the proliferation of active sites in oxygen-rich catalysts, thus significantly enhancing their catalytic performance. Herein, we have developed and synthesized an oxygen-deficient phosphomolybdate-vanadium (P₆MoV) catalyst, utilizing phytic acid − a compound rich in phosphoric acid groups − as a cornerstone for facilitating catalytic oxidative desulfurization (ODS). Remarkably, this catalyst demonstrates a profound desulfurization efficiency, achieving a remarkable 99.55% efficiency in desulfurizing aromatic sulfides even at a low temperature of 0 °C. Additionally, its resilience is highlighted by impressive recyclability, maintaining performance for up to 20 cycles of use. Through meticulous design and innovative application of phytic acid, this study not only highlights the pivotal role of oxygen vacancy engineering in catalysis but also establishes new paradigms in the efficiency and sustainability of oxidative desulfurization processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 134662"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minerals change the equilibrium condition and water transformation ratio of methane hydrates","authors":"Jianzhong Zhao ,&nbsp;Yijie Li ,&nbsp;Li Huang ,&nbsp;Zhengcai Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Chen ,&nbsp;Jianye Sun ,&nbsp;Xiluo Hao ,&nbsp;Qiang Gao ,&nbsp;Jiapeng Jin ,&nbsp;Renat B. Shakirov ,&nbsp;Nengyou Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural gas hydrates(NGHs), as a promising clean energy source, are primarily found in seabed sediments and permafrost layers. Efforts are underway globally to develop efficient and economical methods for their extraction. However, improper drilling during extraction can lead to geological disasters and contribute to climate change due to large release of the green gas methane, which does not help with target selection, extraction strategy planning, and on-site production design. To investigate the influence of minerals on the phase equilibrium of methane hydrates and the characteristics of pore water conversion into hydrates, this study conducted quantitative analyses using a high-pressure differential scanning calorimeter (HP DSC). The experimental materials included feldspar and carbonate—the mainly mineral components in the hydrate reservoirs of the South China Sea, and foraminiferal sediments. The results reveal that the phase equilibrium curves of methane hydrates in feldspar, carbonate, and foraminiferal systems shift toward lower temperatures or higher pressures. The foraminiferal system exhibits the most significant shift, up to 3.51 K, which is attributed to its abundant surface structures. Thermodynamically, hydrate formation is inhibited within mineral systems, with the phase equilibrium shifts being more pronounced at lower water saturation conditions. Additionally, feldspar and carbonate systems achieve the highest water-to-hydrate conversion ratio (ranging from 80 % to 95 %) at low water saturation (S_w = 10 %), but the foraminiferal system attains its highest conversion ratio (81.43 %) at highest water saturation (S_w = 80 %). This work not only effectively explains the hydrate formation mechanism but also provides critical insights into the hydrate drilling and production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 134747"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamics and kinetics of methane hydrate formation in the presence of galactose as an eco-friendly inhibitor","authors":"Ali Rasoolzadeh ,&nbsp;Jafar Javanmardi ,&nbsp;Amir H. Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production processes for traditional gas hydrate inhibitors are energy-intensive and pose environmental risks if released. Fortunately, ongoing research and development initiatives are being undertaken to find environmentally sustainable alternatives. This study investigated the thermodynamics and kinetics of methane hydrate formation in the presence of the eco-friendly inhibitor galactose. The abundance of hydroxyl groups (OH) in galactose structure promotes strong hydrogen bonding with water molecules, enhancing solubility. A stainless-steel equilibrium cell was employed for thermodynamic and kinetic measurements of methane hydrate formation in galactose aqueous solution. Thermodynamic tests were performed using an isochoric pressure-search method to determine the dissociation conditions of methane hydrate in 5 wt%, 15 wt%, and 25 wt% galactose aqueous solutions. The pressure and temperature ranges of equilibrium measurements were (3.18 to 6.62) MPa and (274.6 to 281.3) K, respectively. The results have demonstrated that galactose causes suppression temperatures of 0.2 K (5 wt%), 0.9 K (15 wt%), and 2.1 K (25 wt%), thereby confirming its weak inhibition impact. In the thermodynamic modeling section, three thermodynamic packages (vdW-P + PR + FH, vdW-P + PR + UNIQUAC, and vdW-P + PR + NRTL) were employed. The AADs for the combinations (vdW-P + PR + FH), (vdW-P + PR + UNIQUAC), and (vdW-P + PR + NRTL) across all measured data points (26 data points) are 0.4 K, 0.6 K, and 0.4 K, respectively. Kinetic measurements were performed to determine the induction time for methane hydrate formation in galactose solution. For induction time measurements, the cooling step was also important. The temperature reduction can be described as follows: the cell temperature did undergo a rapid decrease from the initial ambient temperature to 10 °C during a time of 1 h. Thereafter, the cell temperature was reduced at a rate of 1 K.hr^-1 until it reached the desired set point (−7 °C). The induction time decreases as pressure increases. Moreover, elevating the concentration of galactose in aqueous solution increases the induction time, signifying the kinetic inhibition effect of galactose. A new two-parameter correlation was introduced for the modeling of the induction time for methane hydrate formation. The results were compared with experimental data and the outputs of a three-parameter correlation introduced in our previous study. The investigation demonstrates that the proposed model can yield superior outcomes (AAD = 0.7 min for 31 data points) relative to a three-parameter model (AAD = 0.9 min for 31 data points).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 134690"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-temperature CO2 methanation over SiO2 supported Ni catalysts derived from sol-gel precursors: Effect of pretreatment process","authors":"Yanpeng Pei ,&nbsp;Xinyan Qiu ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Sibudjing Kawi","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ methanation is a promising approach for simultaneously valorizing CO₂ while displacing fossil-derived methane. Although Ni is a well-known earth-abundant methanation catalyst, achieving high activity at low reaction temperatures requires a combination of well-dispersed Ni, proper basicity, and abundant surface oxygen vacancies that is often difficult to achieve over an inert support such as SiO₂. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of active, selective, and stable SiO₂-supported Ni (Ni/SiO₂) catalysts for low-temperature methanation via the direct H₂ reduction of dried sol–gel precursors. At the optimal H₂ reduction temperature of 400 °C, above 40 % CO₂ conversion and essentially 100 % methane selectivity could be achieved at a reaction temperature of 200 °C (P = 1 bar and GHSV = 8,000 mL⋅g_cat.⁻¹⋅h⁻¹). A comprehensive suite of characterizations revealed well-dispersed Ni together with moderate basicity engendered by Ni-O-Si sites. Notably, these Ni-O-Si sites are lost upon air calcination or partially destroyed under higher-temperature H₂ pretreatment, highlighting the important effect of pretreatment conditions on catalyst performance. Further, in-situ DRIFTS analysis linked the superior performance of the best catalyst to a high concentration of surface carbonyl intermediates. Overall, these findings not only provide valuable insights into sol–gel syntheses and low-temperature CO₂ methanation, but also reveal a simple, scalable, and cost-effective route towards low-temperature methanation catalysts with prospective industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 134651"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and optimization of a trickle-bed reactor with hydrogen quenching for cost-effective hydrotreated biodiesel production","authors":"Yonghyun Lee ,&nbsp;Jaehun Choi ,&nbsp;Hyoung-il Kim ,&nbsp;Jungho Jae ,&nbsp;Jung Rae Kim ,&nbsp;Sang Hwan Son","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing global demand for sustainable energy and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have driven interest in renewable fuels such as biodiesel. However, conventional biodiesels commonly exhibit limitations in oxidation stability and low-temperature operability, which restrict their blendability with petroleum diesel. Hydrotreated biodiesel (HBD), produced by hydrotreating vegetable oils, offers improved fuel properties, making it a promising alternative. This study addresses challenges in cost-effective industrial-scale HBD production by developing a modeling and optimization framework for a trickle-bed reactor (TBR) equipped with quench zones. Specifically, a kinetic study was conducted to identify the most suitable reaction rate model, followed by the construction of a pilot-scale hydrotreating TBR model based on the selected kinetics, validated against experimental data. Among the kinetic models evaluated, the A3 kinetic model demonstrated robust accuracy, with R-square values of 0.9889. To manage the exothermic heat of hydrotreatment reactions, quench zones utilizing hydrogen were strategically introduced between reactor beds to prevent hotspot formation. Then, economic optimization was performed, considering hydrogen recovery and utility usage in the entire production process, including units such as three-phase separator, H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-pressure swing adsorption, and multistage compressors. The results demonstrated that the optimal quench zone design and operating conditions could effectively enhance the economic feasibility by significantly reducing the required amount of quenching hydrogen while maintaining high HBD yield. Specifically, HBD revenue increased by 5.01%, electricity costs decreased by 4.36%, and chilled water costs were reduced by 2.86%. Overall, the optimal case achieved a 25.17% improvement in profitability compared with the base case.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 134514"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}