Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20241201.12
Tsegaye Menberu
A need for high gain operational amplifiers (op-amps) exists for certain applications. This requires research in the area of its gain without affecting other parameters drastically. In this paper, high gain single stage Telescopic CMOS operational amplifier has been designed and verified, using PSPICE simulation software. The designed circuit operates at ±5V power supply in the 1µm CMOS technology. The simulation results show that the proposed single stage Telescopic CMOS op-amp has an open loop gain of 77.777dB, unity gain frequency of 7.3054MHz, ICMR of -0.248V to 4.4120V and output voltage swing of 7688.8 times to that of input. A 2pF load capacitor is applied in performing a stable phase margin of 80.669°. As result shows that the designed circuit has high gain, which is used for various applications where very large gain is required to amplify weak signals, such as heart beat in medical instrumentations. The total power consumed by the device is 0.589mW. This shows that the power consumed by the device is too small. Therefore, this device can operate for longer duration of time. The smaller the power dissipation the better the device is. Low power operation is a very important quality factor for batteries that should supply the system for hours or days to power more and more electronic systems.
{"title":"Design of High Gain Single Stage Telescopic Cmos Operational Amplifier","authors":"Tsegaye Menberu","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20241201.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20241201.12","url":null,"abstract":"A need for high gain operational amplifiers (op-amps) exists for certain applications. This requires research in the area of its gain without affecting other parameters drastically. In this paper, high gain single stage Telescopic CMOS operational amplifier has been designed and verified, using PSPICE simulation software. The designed circuit operates at ±5V power supply in the 1µm CMOS technology. The simulation results show that the proposed single stage Telescopic CMOS op-amp has an open loop gain of 77.777dB, unity gain frequency of 7.3054MHz, ICMR of -0.248V to 4.4120V and output voltage swing of 7688.8 times to that of input. A 2pF load capacitor is applied in performing a stable phase margin of 80.669°. As result shows that the designed circuit has high gain, which is used for various applications where very large gain is required to amplify weak signals, such as heart beat in medical instrumentations. The total power consumed by the device is 0.589mW. This shows that the power consumed by the device is too small. Therefore, this device can operate for longer duration of time. The smaller the power dissipation the better the device is. Low power operation is a very important quality factor for batteries that should supply the system for hours or days to power more and more electronic systems.\u0000","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141127286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20241201.11
Ahmadu Ibrahim
Ionizing radiation refers to a form of radiation with sufficient energy to dislodge tightly bound electrons from atoms, resulting in the formation of ions. It encompasses alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Exposure to ionizing radiation, especially through ingestion, can have detrimental effects on living organisms, including humans. The primary goal of this research is to measure and analyze the levels of alpha and beta radiation in water samples, using the obtained results to evaluate radiation concentrations. Water samples were collected from five different locations within Mubi-North Metropolis and analyzed using a desktop Alpha/Beta counting machine or detector (MPC 2000B-DP). The analysis results present the alpha and beta radiation activities in each sample location. For example, alpha activities ranged from 0.009844 Bq/L to 0.1821 Bq/L, and beta activities ranged from 0.04922 Bq/L to 10.21 Bq/L across different locations. Sample D recorded the highest alpha effective equivalent dose of 0.037mSv/y, while the lowest dose of 0.002mSv/y was recorded from sample D. Sample C had the highest beta effective equivalent dose of 5.143mSv/y, and the lowest dose of 0.329mSv/y was recorded from sample E. Sample C also recorded the highest total effective dose of 516mSv/y, while the lowest dose of 0.34mSv/y was from sample E. Only sample D exceeded the recommended screening level of 0.1mSv/y for Alpha, and only sample E recorded the lowest effective dose of 0.329mSv/y below the screening limit of 1.0mSv/y, indicating potential cancer risk for all samples except sample E. In summary, the study concludes that alpha activities in all collected samples are below the recommended screening levels for drinking water radioactivity set by organizations such as EPA, WHO, and GEG-FAO. However, beta activities in the samples, except for the one from Federal Polytechnic Reservoir, surpass the recommended screening levels, suggesting a potential health risk for individuals consuming water from those sources. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into alpha and beta radiation levels in water samples from various locations in Mubi-North Metropolis, highlighting the safety of alpha levels but indicating potential hazards in beta radiation levels.
电离辐射是指能量足以使原子中紧密结合的电子脱落，从而形成离子的一种辐射形式。它包括阿尔法粒子、贝塔粒子和伽马射线。接触电离辐射，尤其是通过摄入电离辐射，会对包括人类在内的生物体产生有害影响。这项研究的主要目标是测量和分析水样中的α和β辐射水平，并利用所获得的结果评估辐射浓度。水样采集自穆比北都市内的五个不同地点，并使用台式阿尔法/贝塔计数器或探测器（MPC 2000B-DP）进行分析。分析结果显示了每个采样点的α和β辐射活度。例如，不同地点的阿尔法放射性活度从 0.009844 Bq/L 到 0.1821 Bq/L，贝塔放射性活度从 0.04922 Bq/L 到 10.21 Bq/L。樣本 D 錄得最高的阿爾法有效當量為 0.037 毫希沃特/年，樣本 D 則錄得最低的 0.002 毫希沃特/年；樣本 C 錄得最高的貝他有效當量為 5.143 毫希沃特/年，樣本 E 則錄得最低的 0.329 毫希沃特/年。只有样本 D 的阿尔法放射性活度超过了 0.1 毫希沃特/年的建议筛查水平，只有样本 E 的最低有效剂量 0.329 毫希沃特/年低于 1.0 毫希沃特/年的筛查限值，这表明除样本 E 外，所有样本都存在潜在的致癌风险。然而，除联邦理工学院水库的样本外，其他样本中的β放射性活度都超过了建议的筛查水平，这表明饮用这些水源的水对个人健康有潜在风险。总之，这项研究为了解穆比北部大都会不同地点水样中的α和β辐射水平提供了宝贵的信息，突出了α辐射水平的安全性，但也表明了β辐射水平的潜在危害。
{"title":"Evaluation of the Risk Associated with Drinkable Water Sources Through Analysis of Gross Alpha and Beta Radioactivity Levels in Chosen Locations, Mubi – North","authors":"Ahmadu Ibrahim","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20241201.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20241201.11","url":null,"abstract":"Ionizing radiation refers to a form of radiation with sufficient energy to dislodge tightly bound electrons from atoms, resulting in the formation of ions. It encompasses alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Exposure to ionizing radiation, especially through ingestion, can have detrimental effects on living organisms, including humans. The primary goal of this research is to measure and analyze the levels of alpha and beta radiation in water samples, using the obtained results to evaluate radiation concentrations. Water samples were collected from five different locations within Mubi-North Metropolis and analyzed using a desktop Alpha/Beta counting machine or detector (MPC 2000B-DP). The analysis results present the alpha and beta radiation activities in each sample location. For example, alpha activities ranged from 0.009844 Bq/L to 0.1821 Bq/L, and beta activities ranged from 0.04922 Bq/L to 10.21 Bq/L across different locations. Sample D recorded the highest alpha effective equivalent dose of 0.037mSv/y, while the lowest dose of 0.002mSv/y was recorded from sample D. Sample C had the highest beta effective equivalent dose of 5.143mSv/y, and the lowest dose of 0.329mSv/y was recorded from sample E. Sample C also recorded the highest total effective dose of 516mSv/y, while the lowest dose of 0.34mSv/y was from sample E. Only sample D exceeded the recommended screening level of 0.1mSv/y for Alpha, and only sample E recorded the lowest effective dose of 0.329mSv/y below the screening limit of 1.0mSv/y, indicating potential cancer risk for all samples except sample E. In summary, the study concludes that alpha activities in all collected samples are below the recommended screening levels for drinking water radioactivity set by organizations such as EPA, WHO, and GEG-FAO. However, beta activities in the samples, except for the one from Federal Polytechnic Reservoir, surpass the recommended screening levels, suggesting a potential health risk for individuals consuming water from those sources. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into alpha and beta radiation levels in water samples from various locations in Mubi-North Metropolis, highlighting the safety of alpha levels but indicating potential hazards in beta radiation levels.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"40 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140752158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-17DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20231104.12
Haddouche Mohammed Reda, Haddouche Abdelhadi, Benazza Abdelylah
The thermohydraulic performance of an enhanced PTC’s tube is evaluated in this paper. A passive method is used by introducing transversal inserts on the bottom part of the receiver. The height of the inserts is investigated using MCRT method coupling FVM for Reynolds number range from 2 . 36 [?] 10 4 to 11 . 83 [?] 10 4 . the heat transfer fluid used in this study is the Therminol ® VP1 with. The numerical results show that the tube enhanced by inserts augments the reliability of the system, and the introduction of the inserts into the receiver tube decreases the temperature difference over the circumferential area of the absorber tube and minimizes the heat losses and also increase the lifetime of the receiver.
{"title":"Heat Transfer Behavior of a PTC Receiver Tube Using Transversal Focal Inserts and CFD","authors":"Haddouche Mohammed Reda, Haddouche Abdelhadi, Benazza Abdelylah","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20231104.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20231104.12","url":null,"abstract":"The thermohydraulic performance of an enhanced PTC’s tube is evaluated in this paper. A passive method is used by introducing transversal inserts on the bottom part of the receiver. The height of the inserts is investigated using MCRT method coupling FVM for Reynolds number range from 2 . 36 [?] 10 4 to 11 . 83 [?] 10 4 . the heat transfer fluid used in this study is the Therminol ® VP1 with. The numerical results show that the tube enhanced by inserts augments the reliability of the system, and the introduction of the inserts into the receiver tube decreases the temperature difference over the circumferential area of the absorber tube and minimizes the heat losses and also increase the lifetime of the receiver.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139263844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Energy Criterion for Rheological Failure of Rock and Application in Stability Analysis of Natural High Slope","authors":"Zuan Chen, Yu Zhou, Jing-qiao Lu, Shenwen Qi, Song-feng Guo, Shuaihua Song","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20231103.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20231103.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128117435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-27DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20231102.11
Xie Cuili, Zhang Yunong
{"title":"On the Variable Acceleration Motion of Falling Sphere in a Fluid Medium","authors":"Xie Cuili, Zhang Yunong","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20231102.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20231102.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131936158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20231101.13
A. Abidi
: The quick progress in quantum entanglement research allows us not one to study quantum systems down to N-bodies but also to take a new look at these systems in different branches of physics; particularly the statistical thermodynamics where the application of the thermo-field dynamics ( TFD ) method to the investigation of entanglement is fruitful. Because the traditional methods based on the identification of a specific parameter show their limit. The process using ( TFD ) facilitates the understanding of entanglement because it focuses directly on the eigenstate of the system and it is useful in the equilibrium and the non-equilibrium states also. In this context, the ( TFD ) method is used in this paper to analyze entanglement of an electron interacting with a two-mode electromagnetic field assimilated to an electron with two harmonic oscillators. Entanglement entropies are derived between concerned, not concerned harmonic oscillator and electron compute when the system is in a thermodynamic equilibrium and non-equilibrium state. For the equilibrium case, an increase in the number of particles per unit volume increases the quantum entanglement consequently entanglement appears more important for the couple oscillator-electron than the one electron, this trend is reversed for the non-equilibrium case. By respecting the entanglement parameters, such results allow us to know the relative equilibrium state of the overall system.
{"title":"The Thermo-field Dynamics Method for Electron with Two-mode Electromagnetic Field","authors":"A. Abidi","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20231101.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20231101.13","url":null,"abstract":": The quick progress in quantum entanglement research allows us not one to study quantum systems down to N-bodies but also to take a new look at these systems in different branches of physics; particularly the statistical thermodynamics where the application of the thermo-field dynamics ( TFD ) method to the investigation of entanglement is fruitful. Because the traditional methods based on the identification of a specific parameter show their limit. The process using ( TFD ) facilitates the understanding of entanglement because it focuses directly on the eigenstate of the system and it is useful in the equilibrium and the non-equilibrium states also. In this context, the ( TFD ) method is used in this paper to analyze entanglement of an electron interacting with a two-mode electromagnetic field assimilated to an electron with two harmonic oscillators. Entanglement entropies are derived between concerned, not concerned harmonic oscillator and electron compute when the system is in a thermodynamic equilibrium and non-equilibrium state. For the equilibrium case, an increase in the number of particles per unit volume increases the quantum entanglement consequently entanglement appears more important for the couple oscillator-electron than the one electron, this trend is reversed for the non-equilibrium case. By respecting the entanglement parameters, such results allow us to know the relative equilibrium state of the overall system.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122436712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-15DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20231101.12
S. Beril, A. Starchuk
{"title":"On the Bipolaronic Mechanism of High-Temperature Superconductivity in \"Ginzburg Sandwiches\" FeSe-SrTiO<sub>3</sub>; SrTiO<sub>3</sub>-FeSe-SrTiO<sub>3</sub>","authors":"S. Beril, A. Starchuk","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20231101.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20231101.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122840510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The particular interest of this paper is to investigate the impact of various values of temperature exposed to weak and strong magnetic field strength. A thermodynamic property's oscillatory change as a function of magnetic field effect (B) intensifies the quantization of electron orbits in a constant magnetic field intensity and is the primary contributor to the de Haas-van Alphen effects due to cyclotron frequency and its impact on localizing electron at circular region imposed with the magnetic field that is in contrary to the result of the temperature effect. Thus the interdependent effects of external magnetic field and temperature on thermodynamic properties are studied with harmonic oscillator potentials considering material parameters of GaAs quantum dot. The finite energy state is analytically solved using Nikiforov-Uvarov mathematical formalism. Moreover, the direct impact of the external magnetic fields and temperature on thermodynamic properties of the system is analyzed, and numerically simulated using matlab R2017a version. The dominance of temperature over the external magnetic field and vice versa effect is investigated, thus the value specific heat capacity fluctuated, while the equiponderate impact of temperature and magnetic field shows similar steady values of the specific heat capacity. The study clearly shows the interdependence of magnetic field and temperature affect thermodynamic quantities
{"title":"Interdependence of External Magnetic and Temperature Effect on Thermodynamic Properties of GaAs Two Electron Quantum Dot","authors":"Alemu Gurmessa Gindaba, Menberu Mengesha Woldemariam, Senbeto Kena Etana","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20231101.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20231101.11","url":null,"abstract":": The particular interest of this paper is to investigate the impact of various values of temperature exposed to weak and strong magnetic field strength. A thermodynamic property's oscillatory change as a function of magnetic field effect (B) intensifies the quantization of electron orbits in a constant magnetic field intensity and is the primary contributor to the de Haas-van Alphen effects due to cyclotron frequency and its impact on localizing electron at circular region imposed with the magnetic field that is in contrary to the result of the temperature effect. Thus the interdependent effects of external magnetic field and temperature on thermodynamic properties are studied with harmonic oscillator potentials considering material parameters of GaAs quantum dot. The finite energy state is analytically solved using Nikiforov-Uvarov mathematical formalism. Moreover, the direct impact of the external magnetic fields and temperature on thermodynamic properties of the system is analyzed, and numerically simulated using matlab R2017a version. The dominance of temperature over the external magnetic field and vice versa effect is investigated, thus the value specific heat capacity fluctuated, while the equiponderate impact of temperature and magnetic field shows similar steady values of the specific heat capacity. The study clearly shows the interdependence of magnetic field and temperature affect thermodynamic quantities","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128338657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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