Pub Date : 2019-06-04DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.13
B. Hu
In this paper, the principle of ac magnetic flux leakage (referred to as MFL) detection is presented by analyzing the formation of ac magnetic flux leakage and how it is collected. It is found that ac excitation frequency is a very important equipment parameter for ac magnetic flux leakage detection of steel rod. High-frequency current not only stabilizes the penetration depth of ac magnetic field under the rod surface and leakage magnetic field of defects, but also improves the ability to detect defects and adapts to higher detection speed. It is concluded that the lift-off effect is the fundamental reason affecting the reliability of MFL detection of steel rod, and there is an inherent signal amplitude deviation from the irremovable probe bouncing on the surface of steel rod. Then, the factors that aggravate the lift-off effect are analyzed synthetically, and the corresponding countermeasures are put forward. It provides an effective basis for improving the test reliability and reasonably controls the quality risk of the rod.
{"title":"Discussion on the Principle and Reliability Improvement of AC Magnetic Flux Leakage Detection of Steel Rod","authors":"B. Hu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.13","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the principle of ac magnetic flux leakage (referred to as MFL) detection is presented by analyzing the formation of ac magnetic flux leakage and how it is collected. It is found that ac excitation frequency is a very important equipment parameter for ac magnetic flux leakage detection of steel rod. High-frequency current not only stabilizes the penetration depth of ac magnetic field under the rod surface and leakage magnetic field of defects, but also improves the ability to detect defects and adapts to higher detection speed. It is concluded that the lift-off effect is the fundamental reason affecting the reliability of MFL detection of steel rod, and there is an inherent signal amplitude deviation from the irremovable probe bouncing on the surface of steel rod. Then, the factors that aggravate the lift-off effect are analyzed synthetically, and the corresponding countermeasures are put forward. It provides an effective basis for improving the test reliability and reasonably controls the quality risk of the rod.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131303880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-11DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.12
Gu Jia, Yuying Liu
Physics is an exciting, living, discipline that continually moves in new directions. College Physics is a very important course for scientists and engineers. According to the study of Physics teaching experience, authors believe that the goal of studying Physics for non-physics major students is the application of Physics. Using the thinking fashion, research method and knowledge of Physics enhances student’s science accomplishment, innovation ability, obtaining knowledge in other fields and scientific literacy. In Physics learning, students obtain the ability of raising the question, analyzing and solving the question, and therefore which has a significant influence in their major or profession in future. Do not teach non-Physics major students with the pure professional teaching mode of Physics. Physics course should be combined with the specialty of students; also the contents of physics course should be kept in a basic system. The culture in physics, such as philosophy, is very important in the study of special knowledge of physics. Physics teachers should pay attention to teaching and scientific research, and promote each other. Teacher should cultivate students' ability of thinking and expression, and train students in scientific thinking, etc.
{"title":"The Realization of “College Physics” Teaching for Non-Physics Major Students","authors":"Gu Jia, Yuying Liu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.12","url":null,"abstract":"Physics is an exciting, living, discipline that continually moves in new directions. College Physics is a very important course for scientists and engineers. According to the study of Physics teaching experience, authors believe that the goal of studying Physics for non-physics major students is the application of Physics. Using the thinking fashion, research method and knowledge of Physics enhances student’s science accomplishment, innovation ability, obtaining knowledge in other fields and scientific literacy. In Physics learning, students obtain the ability of raising the question, analyzing and solving the question, and therefore which has a significant influence in their major or profession in future. Do not teach non-Physics major students with the pure professional teaching mode of Physics. Physics course should be combined with the specialty of students; also the contents of physics course should be kept in a basic system. The culture in physics, such as philosophy, is very important in the study of special knowledge of physics. Physics teachers should pay attention to teaching and scientific research, and promote each other. Teacher should cultivate students' ability of thinking and expression, and train students in scientific thinking, etc.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121562293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-21DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.11
M. Béranger
Energy dispersive X-Ray detectors are among the most common tools installed on scanning electron microscopes and, as they are sensitive to light, they can be used to get panchromatic cathodoluminescence information. This article presents practical considerations about the parameters to choose to obtain a good cathodoluminescence signal on a silicon drift detector. Probe current is the most important but other parameters of electron microscope and energy dispersive X-Ray detector are also explored. Filament brightness, if not fixed, influences the number of electrons incident on the sample and modifies cathodoluminescence response. Beam voltage and working distance must be adapted to the sample and to the electron microscope geometry. Acquisition and shaping times are important parameters for spectrum quality: the high sensitivity of silicon drift detector to light allows the use of low acquisition times and high shaping times. As cathodoluminescent materials are mostly high band gap materials, charge effects can influence their response and the size of the acquisition area must be carefully chosen. The influence of all these parameters is studied through two scintillating materials. Some examples of application are described to show the potential of this method. They include localization of luminescent particles, a demonstration of the effect of strong electron beam on a needle of material and the characterization of light emitted by a structural defect in a scintillator material.
{"title":"Study on the Use of Silicon Drift Detector to Get Information on Light Emitted by Luminescent Materials","authors":"M. Béranger","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.11","url":null,"abstract":"Energy dispersive X-Ray detectors are among the most common tools installed on scanning electron microscopes and, as they are sensitive to light, they can be used to get panchromatic cathodoluminescence information. This article presents practical considerations about the parameters to choose to obtain a good cathodoluminescence signal on a silicon drift detector. Probe current is the most important but other parameters of electron microscope and energy dispersive X-Ray detector are also explored. Filament brightness, if not fixed, influences the number of electrons incident on the sample and modifies cathodoluminescence response. Beam voltage and working distance must be adapted to the sample and to the electron microscope geometry. Acquisition and shaping times are important parameters for spectrum quality: the high sensitivity of silicon drift detector to light allows the use of low acquisition times and high shaping times. As cathodoluminescent materials are mostly high band gap materials, charge effects can influence their response and the size of the acquisition area must be carefully chosen. The influence of all these parameters is studied through two scintillating materials. Some examples of application are described to show the potential of this method. They include localization of luminescent particles, a demonstration of the effect of strong electron beam on a needle of material and the characterization of light emitted by a structural defect in a scintillator material.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117307006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-19DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.15
H. Yin
The aim of this study is to investigate the chimera states in three populations of pendulum-like elements with inertia in varying network topology. Considering the coupling strength between oscillators within each population is stronger than the inter-population coupling, we search for the chimera states in three populations of pendulum-like elements under the ring and the chain structures by adjusting the inertia and the damping parameter. The numerical evidence is presented showing that chimera states exist in a narrow interval of inertia in ring and chain structures. It is found that chimera states cease to exist with the decreasing of damping parameter. Furthermore, it is revealed that there is a linear relationship between the inertia (m) and damping parameter threshold (eth) in the two network structures.
{"title":"Chimera States in Three Populations of Pendulum-Like Elements with Inertia","authors":"H. Yin","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.15","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to investigate the chimera states in three populations of pendulum-like elements with inertia in varying network topology. Considering the coupling strength between oscillators within each population is stronger than the inter-population coupling, we search for the chimera states in three populations of pendulum-like elements under the ring and the chain structures by adjusting the inertia and the damping parameter. The numerical evidence is presented showing that chimera states exist in a narrow interval of inertia in ring and chain structures. It is found that chimera states cease to exist with the decreasing of damping parameter. Furthermore, it is revealed that there is a linear relationship between the inertia (m) and damping parameter threshold (eth) in the two network structures.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124308139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-22DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.14
Y. Shin
We report an observer effect in an Einstein solid, a quantum-mechanical system, induced by fluctuations of an observer’s frame of reference; which has been studied so far under the assumption that the observer’s frame of reference remains constant throughout the performance of a measurement, thus, what is actually measured throughout the performance of a measurement is an unresolved problem during which the observer’s frame of reference is assumed to fluctuate. We investigate the average energy and molar specific heat at constant volume of an Einstein solid measured by an observer with fluctuating frame of reference. The Einstein solid consists of N identical non-interacting simple harmonic oscillators per mole, where N is the Avogadro’s number at temperature T . The average energy and molar specific heat at constant volume of the Einstein solid are formulated for two types of fluctuations of the observer’s frame of reference in order to consider pedagogical and experimental demonstrations. The average energy of the Einstein solid is formulated from the definition of canonical ensemble average and the molar specific heat at constant volume of it is calculated by differentiating the average energy with T. The molar specific heat at constant volume of the Einstein solid exhibits novel features at low temperatures according to the distribution of fluctuations of the observer’s frame of reference: 0 and 3R at T = 0 K for square-wave and sawtooth-wave fluctuations, respectively, where R is the gas constant.
{"title":"The Average Energy and Molar Specific Heat at Constant Volume of an Einstein Solid Measured by an Observer with Fluctuating Frame of Reference","authors":"Y. Shin","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.14","url":null,"abstract":"We report an observer effect in an Einstein solid, a quantum-mechanical system, induced by fluctuations of an observer’s frame of reference; which has been studied so far under the assumption that the observer’s frame of reference remains constant throughout the performance of a measurement, thus, what is actually measured throughout the performance of a measurement is an unresolved problem during which the observer’s frame of reference is assumed to fluctuate. We investigate the average energy and molar specific heat at constant volume of an Einstein solid measured by an observer with fluctuating frame of reference. The Einstein solid consists of N identical non-interacting simple harmonic oscillators per mole, where N is the Avogadro’s number at temperature T . The average energy and molar specific heat at constant volume of the Einstein solid are formulated for two types of fluctuations of the observer’s frame of reference in order to consider pedagogical and experimental demonstrations. The average energy of the Einstein solid is formulated from the definition of canonical ensemble average and the molar specific heat at constant volume of it is calculated by differentiating the average energy with T. The molar specific heat at constant volume of the Einstein solid exhibits novel features at low temperatures according to the distribution of fluctuations of the observer’s frame of reference: 0 and 3R at T = 0 K for square-wave and sawtooth-wave fluctuations, respectively, where R is the gas constant.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117082196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-22DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.13
M. Septiyanti, Muhammad Rizky Mulyana, Rahmawati Putri, Y. Meliana
Pathogenic fungi has became a problem and caused crop failure. Synthetic fungicide was commonly used to control the growth of the fungi, however it has an adverse effect which can pollute the environment. As an alternative, botanical fungicide can be used as antifungal agent which is safer for environment. Neem oil has been reported as inhibitor for pathogen fungi, while eugenol and citronella oil have been proved to have antifungal effect against Aspergillus Niger. The essential oil does not dissolved naturally in water, therefore it is important to formulate this oil using palm oil based surfactant in order to form water dispersed formulation which might enhance the effectiveness of the formulation. This study investigate the best emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation using palm oil based surfactant and also the residue in water and soil in order to ensure that the formulation is safe for environment. Nanoemulsion was prepared by mixing essential oil and surfactant with ratio of 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10 each. The stability was investigated by observing creaming height and particle size overtime. The residue evaluation was done by analyzing TSS, TDS, COD value for water residue and GCMS analysis for soil residue. The best formulation was achieved with composition of neem, eugenol and citronella by 33% each, surfactant MES 20%, PDO 10% and PMO 70% with oil/surfactant ratio 60/40 and solvent ethanol ratio 1:2. The droplet size ranged between 350-480 nm and polydispersity index 0.3-0.5. This fungicide formulation also considered allowable by regulatory standard where the value of TDS was in range 1-100 mg/l, TSS 0-04 mg/l, COD 30-1270 mg/l and pH was in range 5-5.7. The result of Soil residue analysis shows that the essential oil derivatives still remain in soil for five days. It is expected that this result can become reference for fungicide companies and other related stakeholder to formulate stable botanical fungicide.
{"title":"Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Concentrate Botanical Fungicide from Neem, Citronella and Eugenol Oil Using Palm Oil Based Surfactant","authors":"M. Septiyanti, Muhammad Rizky Mulyana, Rahmawati Putri, Y. Meliana","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.13","url":null,"abstract":"Pathogenic fungi has became a problem and caused crop failure. Synthetic fungicide was commonly used to control the growth of the fungi, however it has an adverse effect which can pollute the environment. As an alternative, botanical fungicide can be used as antifungal agent which is safer for environment. Neem oil has been reported as inhibitor for pathogen fungi, while eugenol and citronella oil have been proved to have antifungal effect against Aspergillus Niger. The essential oil does not dissolved naturally in water, therefore it is important to formulate this oil using palm oil based surfactant in order to form water dispersed formulation which might enhance the effectiveness of the formulation. This study investigate the best emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation using palm oil based surfactant and also the residue in water and soil in order to ensure that the formulation is safe for environment. Nanoemulsion was prepared by mixing essential oil and surfactant with ratio of 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10 each. The stability was investigated by observing creaming height and particle size overtime. The residue evaluation was done by analyzing TSS, TDS, COD value for water residue and GCMS analysis for soil residue. The best formulation was achieved with composition of neem, eugenol and citronella by 33% each, surfactant MES 20%, PDO 10% and PMO 70% with oil/surfactant ratio 60/40 and solvent ethanol ratio 1:2. The droplet size ranged between 350-480 nm and polydispersity index 0.3-0.5. This fungicide formulation also considered allowable by regulatory standard where the value of TDS was in range 1-100 mg/l, TSS 0-04 mg/l, COD 30-1270 mg/l and pH was in range 5-5.7. The result of Soil residue analysis shows that the essential oil derivatives still remain in soil for five days. It is expected that this result can become reference for fungicide companies and other related stakeholder to formulate stable botanical fungicide.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131011425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-16DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.12
H. Wen, J. Xia
The LLG equation including the spin-transfer torque term, and the frequency spectrum analysis method are used to study the dynamic process of ferromagnetic resonance. The effects of damping factor α, internal anisotropic field, magnetic field inclination, and spin-transfer torque caused by the spin current are studied. The following results are found as follows. The ferromagnetic resonance spectra as functions of the frequency ω for fixed magnetic field, and functions of magnetic field for fixed frequency are obtained, and it is found that the internal magnetic field also has contribution to the resonance field or frequency, and we know that the resonant frequency ω0≈he + h1 (in unit of γH0). In addition, when the damping factor increases from 0.01 to 0.03, the resonance frequencies increases slightly, and the resonance strength decreases. And the oscillatory waves of mx and my reach their stable values more quickly. Furthermore, the internal field perpendicular to the external field h0 as well as it parallel to h0 also has the effect to the resonant frequency. The positive and negative internal field will have reversed effects to the resonance field or frequency. And in the end when the spin current becomes larger the STT effect becomes stronger, even exceeds the ferromagnetic resonance effect, makes mz reversed, and mx and my decreased.
{"title":"Spin Dynamics in the Ferromagnetic Resonance","authors":"H. Wen, J. Xia","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.12","url":null,"abstract":"The LLG equation including the spin-transfer torque term, and the frequency spectrum analysis method are used to study the dynamic process of ferromagnetic resonance. The effects of damping factor α, internal anisotropic field, magnetic field inclination, and spin-transfer torque caused by the spin current are studied. The following results are found as follows. The ferromagnetic resonance spectra as functions of the frequency ω for fixed magnetic field, and functions of magnetic field for fixed frequency are obtained, and it is found that the internal magnetic field also has contribution to the resonance field or frequency, and we know that the resonant frequency ω0≈he + h1 (in unit of γH0). In addition, when the damping factor increases from 0.01 to 0.03, the resonance frequencies increases slightly, and the resonance strength decreases. And the oscillatory waves of mx and my reach their stable values more quickly. Furthermore, the internal field perpendicular to the external field h0 as well as it parallel to h0 also has the effect to the resonant frequency. The positive and negative internal field will have reversed effects to the resonance field or frequency. And in the end when the spin current becomes larger the STT effect becomes stronger, even exceeds the ferromagnetic resonance effect, makes mz reversed, and mx and my decreased.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129470792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-21DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.11
Lianyou Lai, Weijian Xu
The expression of Gaussian envelope soliton in Schrodinger equations are given and proved in this paper. According to the characteristics of the Gauss envelope soliton, further proposed that the interaction between Gaussian envelope solitons exists in Schrodinger equation. The symplectic algorithm for solving Schrodinger equation is proposed after analysis characteristics of Schrodinger equation. First, the Schrodinger equation is transformed into the standard Hamiltonian canonical equation by separating the real and imaginary parts of wave function. Secondly, the symplectic algorithm is implemented by using the Euler center difference method for the canonical equation. The conserved quantity of symplectic algorithm is given, and the stability of symplectic algorithm is proved. The numerical simulation experiment was carried out on Schrodinger equation in Gauss envelope soliton motion and multi solitons interaction. The experimental results show that the proposed method is correct and the symplectic algorithm is effective.
{"title":"Motion and Interaction of Envelope Solitons in Schrödinger Equation Simulated by Symplectic Algorithm","authors":"Lianyou Lai, Weijian Xu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190701.11","url":null,"abstract":"The expression of Gaussian envelope soliton in Schrodinger equations are given and proved in this paper. According to the characteristics of the Gauss envelope soliton, further proposed that the interaction between Gaussian envelope solitons exists in Schrodinger equation. The symplectic algorithm for solving Schrodinger equation is proposed after analysis characteristics of Schrodinger equation. First, the Schrodinger equation is transformed into the standard Hamiltonian canonical equation by separating the real and imaginary parts of wave function. Secondly, the symplectic algorithm is implemented by using the Euler center difference method for the canonical equation. The conserved quantity of symplectic algorithm is given, and the stability of symplectic algorithm is proved. The numerical simulation experiment was carried out on Schrodinger equation in Gauss envelope soliton motion and multi solitons interaction. The experimental results show that the proposed method is correct and the symplectic algorithm is effective.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133565052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-15DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20180606.14
Tong Xie
Large ammonia chillers are widely used in the food production industry. Ammonia refrigerators generate a large amount of exhaust heat energy while cooling work. Traditionally, these exhaust heat energy is used as waste heat and discharged to the atmosphere through a condenser cooling fan. In this paper, the exhaust heat energy of ammonia refrigerator is analyzed. The exhaust energy is divided into two parts: sensible heat and latent heat. The sensible heat energy recovery and latent heat energy recovery and utilization schemes are studied respectively, and a aquatic product processing in Qingdao area is selected. The enterprise carried out the actual chiller heat recovery and recovery test. After three years of actual operation, the results show that the ammonia chiller exhaust heat energy and sensible heat recovery can obtain 40-70 degrees hot water for employee bathing and Production of sanitary cleaning, etc., and the cost of heat recovery is almost zero; the latent heat is partially recovered, the cooling water of the ammonia refrigerator is used as the water source, and the heat source is used to extract heat energy from the cooling water. The unit operates in winter, is not affected by the ambient temperature, and the heating efficiency is not Will decay, the energy efficiency ratio is maintained at more than 5 times.
{"title":"Study on Application of Waste Heat Recovery in Ammonia Refrigerator","authors":"Tong Xie","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20180606.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20180606.14","url":null,"abstract":"Large ammonia chillers are widely used in the food production industry. Ammonia refrigerators generate a large amount of exhaust heat energy while cooling work. Traditionally, these exhaust heat energy is used as waste heat and discharged to the atmosphere through a condenser cooling fan. In this paper, the exhaust heat energy of ammonia refrigerator is analyzed. The exhaust energy is divided into two parts: sensible heat and latent heat. The sensible heat energy recovery and latent heat energy recovery and utilization schemes are studied respectively, and a aquatic product processing in Qingdao area is selected. The enterprise carried out the actual chiller heat recovery and recovery test. After three years of actual operation, the results show that the ammonia chiller exhaust heat energy and sensible heat recovery can obtain 40-70 degrees hot water for employee bathing and Production of sanitary cleaning, etc., and the cost of heat recovery is almost zero; the latent heat is partially recovered, the cooling water of the ammonia refrigerator is used as the water source, and the heat source is used to extract heat energy from the cooling water. The unit operates in winter, is not affected by the ambient temperature, and the heating efficiency is not Will decay, the energy efficiency ratio is maintained at more than 5 times.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127133378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-15DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20180606.15
Khakim Khushvaktov, A. Jumabaev, V. Pogorelov, U. Tashkenbaev, A. Absanov, G. Sharifov, Barno Amrullaeva
C=O vibrational bands of various aggregated formations of pure acetic acid in the Raman spectra have different values of the depolarization ratio. Ab initio calculations using the Gaussian 98 W program in the Hartree-Fock approximation with the basic set of Gaussian functions RHF 6-31G++(d, p) show that this is how it should be. Thus, the formation of aggregates from molecules leads not only to a change in the dipole moment of the molecules, but also to a change in the bond polarizability tensor. Calculations according to this program showed that one of the hydrogen atoms of CH3 group of acetonitrile can participate in the intermolecular hydrogen bond. This can lead to the formation of closed acetonitrile-acetic acid dimers. However, a comparison of the calculated and experimental data shows that in the case of acid-acetonitrile molecules, the H-bond is formed in the direction of the elongation –О-Н…N of acetonitrile molecules. The activity of one of the hydrogen atoms of the CH3 group of acetonitrile leads to the formation of closed dimeric aggregates in pure acetonitrile with a shift of the СN band of acetonitrile towards lower frequencies. The low-frequency asymmetry of СN acetonitrile band in the Raman spectra is associated with the presence of such aggregates in liquid acetonitrile.
{"title":"Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond in Acetic Acid Solutions. Raman Spectra and ab initio Calculations","authors":"Khakim Khushvaktov, A. Jumabaev, V. Pogorelov, U. Tashkenbaev, A. Absanov, G. Sharifov, Barno Amrullaeva","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20180606.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20180606.15","url":null,"abstract":"C=O vibrational bands of various aggregated formations of pure acetic acid in the Raman spectra have different values of the depolarization ratio. Ab initio calculations using the Gaussian 98 W program in the Hartree-Fock approximation with the basic set of Gaussian functions RHF 6-31G++(d, p) show that this is how it should be. Thus, the formation of aggregates from molecules leads not only to a change in the dipole moment of the molecules, but also to a change in the bond polarizability tensor. Calculations according to this program showed that one of the hydrogen atoms of CH3 group of acetonitrile can participate in the intermolecular hydrogen bond. This can lead to the formation of closed acetonitrile-acetic acid dimers. However, a comparison of the calculated and experimental data shows that in the case of acid-acetonitrile molecules, the H-bond is formed in the direction of the elongation –О-Н…N of acetonitrile molecules. The activity of one of the hydrogen atoms of the CH3 group of acetonitrile leads to the formation of closed dimeric aggregates in pure acetonitrile with a shift of the СN band of acetonitrile towards lower frequencies. The low-frequency asymmetry of СN acetonitrile band in the Raman spectra is associated with the presence of such aggregates in liquid acetonitrile.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129133214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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