Pub Date : 2023-01-31DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20221006.11
Tsegaye Menberu
{"title":"Analysis and Comparison of Two Stage and Single Stage Operational Amplifiers Using 0.18µm Technology","authors":"Tsegaye Menberu","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20221006.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20221006.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125303530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-05DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20210906.11
Alassane Diaw, Awa Dieye, O. Ngom, M. Diagne, N. Mbengue, O. A. Niasse, B. Ba
The deposition of an antireflection coating (ARC) on the front side of the solar cells allows a significant reduction of the losses by reflection. It thus allows an increase in the efficiency of the cells. Various materials are used as an antireflection layer. For our studies, we focused on the deposition of some materials as an antireflection layer on the solar cell such as SiO2, Si3N4, TiO2, Al2O3, MgF2, and studied the efficiency of the latter. A theoretical study of antireflection layers has shown that a single antireflection layer does not have as low a reflectivity as a double antireflection layer over a large wavelength range. Thus, our interest was focused on double and multiple antireflection layers. The influence of parameters such as the thickness of the layer (s) as well as the associated refractive indexes on the optical properties of the antireflective structure has been studied. It was found that there are optimal thicknesses and refractive indices for which the reflectivity of the antireflective system is almost zero over a wider or shorter range of wavelengths. The same phenomena are noted in the study of the external quantum efficiency of the solar cell with these materials.
{"title":"Optimization of Antireflective Layers of Silicon Solar Cells: Comparative Studies of the Efficiency Between Single and Double Layer at the Reference Wavelength","authors":"Alassane Diaw, Awa Dieye, O. Ngom, M. Diagne, N. Mbengue, O. A. Niasse, B. Ba","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20210906.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20210906.11","url":null,"abstract":"The deposition of an antireflection coating (ARC) on the front side of the solar cells allows a significant reduction of the losses by reflection. It thus allows an increase in the efficiency of the cells. Various materials are used as an antireflection layer. For our studies, we focused on the deposition of some materials as an antireflection layer on the solar cell such as SiO2, Si3N4, TiO2, Al2O3, MgF2, and studied the efficiency of the latter. A theoretical study of antireflection layers has shown that a single antireflection layer does not have as low a reflectivity as a double antireflection layer over a large wavelength range. Thus, our interest was focused on double and multiple antireflection layers. The influence of parameters such as the thickness of the layer (s) as well as the associated refractive indexes on the optical properties of the antireflective structure has been studied. It was found that there are optimal thicknesses and refractive indices for which the reflectivity of the antireflective system is almost zero over a wider or shorter range of wavelengths. The same phenomena are noted in the study of the external quantum efficiency of the solar cell with these materials.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125138847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-28DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.15
Chang Deshuang, Chen Zhigang, Xu Jianguo, Han Yuchun, Sun Xing, Guo Jianming
Fracture is a kind of important reservoir in petroleum exploration, which usually exist in the carbonate rock or igneous rock. However, it is always difficult to predict the fracture with the seismic data. In this paper, based on curvature attributes, we develop a workflow for the prediction of fractured zone, fracture orientation, and open fractures. We begin with curvature calculation to predict fractured reservoirs and then calculate rose diagrams using curvature data. Fracture orientation is established by comparing the rose diagrams from imaging logs and the analogues from curvature data. We identify two principal orientations and calculate the azimuth intensity in these two directions using the curvature data. As per the crossplots of azimuth intensity in two directions and productivity, the azimuth with good correlation is the open azimuth of fractures. We apply this method to a Kazakhstan oilfield K and predict fractured-vuggy reservoirs in the eastern field and fractured reservoirs in the western field. In accordance with the prediction, there are two groups of fractures, one in a northeast direction and the other in a northwest direction. NE fractures are open in the northern field, and NW fractures are open in the southern field. We suggest two sites for well drilling, which obtain economic oil flow.
{"title":"Workflow of Fracture Prediction Using Curvature-Related Attributes and a Case Study","authors":"Chang Deshuang, Chen Zhigang, Xu Jianguo, Han Yuchun, Sun Xing, Guo Jianming","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.15","url":null,"abstract":"Fracture is a kind of important reservoir in petroleum exploration, which usually exist in the carbonate rock or igneous rock. However, it is always difficult to predict the fracture with the seismic data. In this paper, based on curvature attributes, we develop a workflow for the prediction of fractured zone, fracture orientation, and open fractures. We begin with curvature calculation to predict fractured reservoirs and then calculate rose diagrams using curvature data. Fracture orientation is established by comparing the rose diagrams from imaging logs and the analogues from curvature data. We identify two principal orientations and calculate the azimuth intensity in these two directions using the curvature data. As per the crossplots of azimuth intensity in two directions and productivity, the azimuth with good correlation is the open azimuth of fractures. We apply this method to a Kazakhstan oilfield K and predict fractured-vuggy reservoirs in the eastern field and fractured reservoirs in the western field. In accordance with the prediction, there are two groups of fractures, one in a northeast direction and the other in a northwest direction. NE fractures are open in the northern field, and NW fractures are open in the southern field. We suggest two sites for well drilling, which obtain economic oil flow.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115057925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-15DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.14
Wu Yiwen, L. Sijin, Zhu Pei, W. Xiaoyu
The surface residual stress of mechanical parts and large mechanical components has an important influence on their fatigue strength, stress corrosion resistance and service life. X-ray diffraction method is used to measure the surface residual stress of steel bars and the influence of factors such as testing methods, testing equipment status and sample status on testing results is discussed in this paper. The results show that the testing parameters such as the target material, filter, diffraction angle and the minimum step shall be selected according to the material type and crystal structure under the premise of stable operation of the equipment in testing process. After that, the data treatment is under consideration. The peak determination is a very important part of data processing. The cross-correlation method is widely used because it uses all the original test data for the calculation, and the accuracy of the peak determination is high in this test. It also shows that the sampling process and specimen protection can also affect the testing results of the residual stress. The structure state of materials will have a great impact on testing results. For example, the texture will cause excessive errors of the testing results. It is recommended to understand the material properties in detail before testing so as to ensure sufficient margin when sampling, to apply the strict protection for the test surface of the sample, and to add a swing angle appropriately when the material is with texture.
{"title":"Influencing Factors on Measuring Surface Residual Stress of Steel Bars by X-ray Diffraction Method","authors":"Wu Yiwen, L. Sijin, Zhu Pei, W. Xiaoyu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.14","url":null,"abstract":"The surface residual stress of mechanical parts and large mechanical components has an important influence on their fatigue strength, stress corrosion resistance and service life. X-ray diffraction method is used to measure the surface residual stress of steel bars and the influence of factors such as testing methods, testing equipment status and sample status on testing results is discussed in this paper. The results show that the testing parameters such as the target material, filter, diffraction angle and the minimum step shall be selected according to the material type and crystal structure under the premise of stable operation of the equipment in testing process. After that, the data treatment is under consideration. The peak determination is a very important part of data processing. The cross-correlation method is widely used because it uses all the original test data for the calculation, and the accuracy of the peak determination is high in this test. It also shows that the sampling process and specimen protection can also affect the testing results of the residual stress. The structure state of materials will have a great impact on testing results. For example, the texture will cause excessive errors of the testing results. It is recommended to understand the material properties in detail before testing so as to ensure sufficient margin when sampling, to apply the strict protection for the test surface of the sample, and to add a swing angle appropriately when the material is with texture.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133382447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.13
I. N. Shishkova, A. Kryukov
The study of evaporation and condensation should include consideration of heat and mass transfer processes inside the liquid, in the inter-phase transition domain, in the Knudsen layer, and in the outer area. Possible way to realize it is to use the conjugate approach, in which the description of these regions is carried out employing a single computational method. This method allows us to consider the condensed phase and gas as a single system and use the solution of kinetic equations throughout the region. Currently, processes in the gas phase have been studied quite well. The greatest obstacle to the use of kinetic equations in the condensed phase is the description of collisions involving multiple particles at the same time. In this paper a procedure is proposed to take the multi-particulate interactions within the condensed phase into account. Such approach is applied to the test study of the thermal conductivity problem for argon, neon, xenon, and krypton. Values of thermal conductivity coefficients for different quantities of interacting particles have been obtained. The comparison with corresponding experimental data is presented. Thus, the integral of paired collisions in the Boltzmann kinetic equation can be replaced by the proposed computational procedure. This approach provides a description of both liquid and gas at the level of the distribution function and ensures that the conditions at the interface are set correctly.
{"title":"Development of a Unified Numerical Kinetic Approach, Taking into Account Many-Particle Interactions in Liquid-Vapor Systems","authors":"I. N. Shishkova, A. Kryukov","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.13","url":null,"abstract":"The study of evaporation and condensation should include consideration of heat and mass transfer processes inside the liquid, in the inter-phase transition domain, in the Knudsen layer, and in the outer area. Possible way to realize it is to use the conjugate approach, in which the description of these regions is carried out employing a single computational method. This method allows us to consider the condensed phase and gas as a single system and use the solution of kinetic equations throughout the region. Currently, processes in the gas phase have been studied quite well. The greatest obstacle to the use of kinetic equations in the condensed phase is the description of collisions involving multiple particles at the same time. In this paper a procedure is proposed to take the multi-particulate interactions within the condensed phase into account. Such approach is applied to the test study of the thermal conductivity problem for argon, neon, xenon, and krypton. Values of thermal conductivity coefficients for different quantities of interacting particles have been obtained. The comparison with corresponding experimental data is presented. Thus, the integral of paired collisions in the Boltzmann kinetic equation can be replaced by the proposed computational procedure. This approach provides a description of both liquid and gas at the level of the distribution function and ensures that the conditions at the interface are set correctly.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126715052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.11
E. Ivanova
Due to high efficiency, X-ray lasers based on transitions of Ni-like krypton (Kr8+) are being actively studied. The main focus is on an X-ray laser based on the conventional 3d5/24d5/2 [J=0] – 3d3/24p1/2 [J=1] transition at λ=32.8 nm. Gaseous krypton targets or krypton cluster jets are used in various experiments. X-ray lasers at 32.8 nm in a plasma formed by optical field ionization in a krypton cluster jet are widely used for research of nanoobjects. In this article, the possibility of creating an efficient X-ray laser in Ni-like krypton based on a transition with optical self-pumping 3d3/24f5/2 [J=1] – 3d3/24d5/2 [J=1] at λ=44.4 nm is predicted for the first time. The plasma filament is excited upon interaction of a jet of krypton clusters with an intense pump laser pulse. Optimal conditions to achieve the duration tlas ≤300 fs of the X-ray laser radiation are determined. The optimal electron density is in a rather narrow interval in the range ne ~ 1021 - 2×1021 cm-3. The optimal electron temperature is several keV. It is likely that this explains the fact that no X-ray laser has been observed on this transition in Kr8+ so far. The conversion factor per pulse is found to be ~5×10-5. For an X-ray laser operating on the conventional transition 3d5/24d5/2 [J=0] – 3d3/24p1/2 [J=1] at λ=32.8 nm, tlas ≤ 300 fs can also be achieved; however, the conversion factor for this transition is times ~5 smaller than that for the former transition.
{"title":"Femtosecond X-ray Lasers at λ=32.8 and 44.4 nm in a Plasma Formed by Optical Field Ionization in a Krypton Cluster Jet","authors":"E. Ivanova","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20210905.11","url":null,"abstract":"Due to high efficiency, X-ray lasers based on transitions of Ni-like krypton (Kr8+) are being actively studied. The main focus is on an X-ray laser based on the conventional 3d5/24d5/2 [J=0] – 3d3/24p1/2 [J=1] transition at λ=32.8 nm. Gaseous krypton targets or krypton cluster jets are used in various experiments. X-ray lasers at 32.8 nm in a plasma formed by optical field ionization in a krypton cluster jet are widely used for research of nanoobjects. In this article, the possibility of creating an efficient X-ray laser in Ni-like krypton based on a transition with optical self-pumping 3d3/24f5/2 [J=1] – 3d3/24d5/2 [J=1] at λ=44.4 nm is predicted for the first time. The plasma filament is excited upon interaction of a jet of krypton clusters with an intense pump laser pulse. Optimal conditions to achieve the duration tlas ≤300 fs of the X-ray laser radiation are determined. The optimal electron density is in a rather narrow interval in the range ne ~ 1021 - 2×1021 cm-3. The optimal electron temperature is several keV. It is likely that this explains the fact that no X-ray laser has been observed on this transition in Kr8+ so far. The conversion factor per pulse is found to be ~5×10-5. For an X-ray laser operating on the conventional transition 3d5/24d5/2 [J=0] – 3d3/24p1/2 [J=1] at λ=32.8 nm, tlas ≤ 300 fs can also be achieved; however, the conversion factor for this transition is times ~5 smaller than that for the former transition.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121308835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-27DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20210904.14
P. Mihas
In teaching about waves the students are learning how to find the refracted rays by using wave fronts or finding the wave fronts by using the rays. The usual teaching is based on models where the speed of the wave is constant in one medium and changes abruptly as the wave passes from one medium to another. This paper deals with ways of calculation the wave fronts and the rays for the case of a continuous changing of the index of refraction. For this purpose, Fermat’s principle is applied for multiple layers of very small thickness. Two models are presented for the speed of the waves: A model on which the wave speed depends on the square root of the depth of penetration of the wave and the other model, where the speed depends on a linear dependence. In both cases it is found that as the wave progresses it is “totally reflected”. In the case of the “square root dependence” the solution is a kind of cycloid which shows this behavior. In the linear case it is found that there is a moment where the wave is reflected, which is found by the maximum of a quantity “Z”. By using this quantity, the coordinates x and y can be calculated. As an application the refraction of the light in the atmosphere is calculated, where the dependence of the distance from the center of the earth is calculated and again the 2 models are applied. In this case the “square root” model gives a stronger deviation from the linear model. This helps the student to understand the change on the perceived position of the celestial bodies.
{"title":"Excel Files for Teaching About Wave Fronts and Rays for a Wave Moving in Media with Changing Index of Refraction","authors":"P. Mihas","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20210904.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20210904.14","url":null,"abstract":"In teaching about waves the students are learning how to find the refracted rays by using wave fronts or finding the wave fronts by using the rays. The usual teaching is based on models where the speed of the wave is constant in one medium and changes abruptly as the wave passes from one medium to another. This paper deals with ways of calculation the wave fronts and the rays for the case of a continuous changing of the index of refraction. For this purpose, Fermat’s principle is applied for multiple layers of very small thickness. Two models are presented for the speed of the waves: A model on which the wave speed depends on the square root of the depth of penetration of the wave and the other model, where the speed depends on a linear dependence. In both cases it is found that as the wave progresses it is “totally reflected”. In the case of the “square root dependence” the solution is a kind of cycloid which shows this behavior. In the linear case it is found that there is a moment where the wave is reflected, which is found by the maximum of a quantity “Z”. By using this quantity, the coordinates x and y can be calculated. As an application the refraction of the light in the atmosphere is calculated, where the dependence of the distance from the center of the earth is calculated and again the 2 models are applied. In this case the “square root” model gives a stronger deviation from the linear model. This helps the student to understand the change on the perceived position of the celestial bodies.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131055595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metasurfaces in a metal–semiconductor–metal configuration have been studied in multiple contexts, including perfect absorption and phase modulation. Nevertheless, limit progress has been achieved in independent phase modulation. To study further in this work, a metasurface composed of an Au film/ VO2 film/ Au patch array with square holes was proposed in this paper. Through simulating and analysing the optical properties, simulated results indicated that an extremely switchable function can be realized by modulating the phase transition of VO2, when VO2 was in the metal (semiconductor) phase, the whole structure represented as ON (OFF) state. Additionally, the efficient modulation depth is approximately 99.6% for the y-polarization at a wavelength of 2.019 µm. What’s more, by modulating symmetry-breaking of the structure or polarization, an extreme reflection phase change can been applied. As for the former, by adjusting the asymmetry degreed, the reflection phase can change from less than 180° to nearly 360°, and for the latter, the adjustment in polarization resulted in a phase change of nearly 180° for the x-polarization and nearly 360° for the y-polarization. While the amplitude remained almost constant at the corresponding wavelength. That is to say, an independent regulation of amplitude and phase was accomplished. And a two-mode one-port temporal coupled mode theory supported by full-wave simulations can explain the underlying physics of the designed independent phase modulation. The research findings mentioned above established the possibility for plasmonic integration as well as the design of multi-functional devices such as gradient metasurfaces and temperature-controlled switches.
{"title":"Independent Modulation of the Phase and Amplitude of Electromagnetic Waves Based on the Phase Change of VO2 and Mode Coupling","authors":"Tianrui Pan, Yuan Pei, Maosheng Wang, Xiaojuan Xie, Wan-xia Huang","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20210904.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20210904.13","url":null,"abstract":"Metasurfaces in a metal–semiconductor–metal configuration have been studied in multiple contexts, including perfect absorption and phase modulation. Nevertheless, limit progress has been achieved in independent phase modulation. To study further in this work, a metasurface composed of an Au film/ VO2 film/ Au patch array with square holes was proposed in this paper. Through simulating and analysing the optical properties, simulated results indicated that an extremely switchable function can be realized by modulating the phase transition of VO2, when VO2 was in the metal (semiconductor) phase, the whole structure represented as ON (OFF) state. Additionally, the efficient modulation depth is approximately 99.6% for the y-polarization at a wavelength of 2.019 µm. What’s more, by modulating symmetry-breaking of the structure or polarization, an extreme reflection phase change can been applied. As for the former, by adjusting the asymmetry degreed, the reflection phase can change from less than 180° to nearly 360°, and for the latter, the adjustment in polarization resulted in a phase change of nearly 180° for the x-polarization and nearly 360° for the y-polarization. While the amplitude remained almost constant at the corresponding wavelength. That is to say, an independent regulation of amplitude and phase was accomplished. And a two-mode one-port temporal coupled mode theory supported by full-wave simulations can explain the underlying physics of the designed independent phase modulation. The research findings mentioned above established the possibility for plasmonic integration as well as the design of multi-functional devices such as gradient metasurfaces and temperature-controlled switches.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132659499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20210904.11
Takele Teshome
The squeezing, and statistical properties of a superposed light beam produced by a lambda type three-level lasers configuration have been studied. We have determined the quadrature variances mean as well as variance photon number for cavity modes with the aid of the solutions of c-number Langevin equations associated with the normal order. We have carried out our analysis a light in a squeezing state can be produced by the system under consideration under the condition that the cavity decay constant is larger than the linear gain coefficient and the squeezing occurs in the minus-quadrature. Furthermore, we also obtain with the aid of the Q-functions and the density operator the superposition beam, and superposed light beams are determined in quadrature variance and mean photon number. The result shows that the mean photon number and the quadrature variance of the superposed light beam are the sum of the mean photon number and the quadrature variance of the constituent light beams.
{"title":"The Quantum Properties of a Superposition of Vee Type Three-level Lasers","authors":"Takele Teshome","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20210904.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20210904.11","url":null,"abstract":"The squeezing, and statistical properties of a superposed light beam produced by a lambda type three-level lasers configuration have been studied. We have determined the quadrature variances mean as well as variance photon number for cavity modes with the aid of the solutions of c-number Langevin equations associated with the normal order. We have carried out our analysis a light in a squeezing state can be produced by the system under consideration under the condition that the cavity decay constant is larger than the linear gain coefficient and the squeezing occurs in the minus-quadrature. Furthermore, we also obtain with the aid of the Q-functions and the density operator the superposition beam, and superposed light beams are determined in quadrature variance and mean photon number. The result shows that the mean photon number and the quadrature variance of the superposed light beam are the sum of the mean photon number and the quadrature variance of the constituent light beams.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126348958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-13DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20210903.12
Toksan A. Zhakatayev, K. Kakimova
Zhakatayev T. A., Kakimova K. Sh. A New Type of Protective Weapon Based on the Creation of a Rotating Powerful Intensive Beam of Electro-Magnetic Waves (Emw) High Frequencies (Hf). The idea is completely new. Therefore, we cannot indicate before history and analogues for comparison. A physical justification of the fundamentally new idea that a perpendicular alternating magnetic field rotating in a circle can be superimposed from the outside on a continuous directional flow of Hf Emw was carried out. Which will cause the entire continuous flow of the Hf Emw as a whole vortex cord to rotate. Possible options for using this new technical installation for protective purposes, in defensive hostilities have been analyzed. Like electronic blocking of all combat vehicles, missiles and shells. With wave Emw interlocking, radio isolation, they lose radio communication, orientation and aiming at the target. It can also be used to block the physical and mental activity of soldiers by affecting the brain and other vital organs of human functional activity. Semi-empirical formulas are given for calculating the spatial flow of Emw as a function of two cylindrical coordinates. Initial radiation is formed in resonance chamber of magnetron. You can use a traveling wave lamp. Mathematical modeling uses an analogy with the propagation of the jet stream. Gas dynamic analogy. Semi-empirical formulas were obtained for calculating the spatial flow of Emw as a function of two cylindrical coordinates. The calculation model is proposed to be used for Emw intensive flow calculation. The scheme of "collecting lens" for Emw flow is proposed. For practical application, it is proposed to work together with interested scientists and specialists.
Zhakatayev T. A.， Kakimova K. Sh.一种基于高频(Hf)旋转强强电磁波(Emw)产生的新型防护武器。这个想法是全新的。因此，我们不能指出之前的历史和类似物进行比较。从物理上证明了一个垂直的交变磁场可以从外部叠加在一个连续的高频Emw定向流上。这将导致整个高频电磁辐射的连续流动作为一个完整的漩涡线旋转。已经分析了在防御性敌对行动中将这种新的技术装置用于保护目的的可能选择。比如对所有战斗车辆、导弹和炮弹进行电子封锁。由于电磁波联锁，无线电隔离，它们失去了无线电通信，定向和瞄准目标。它还可以通过影响大脑和其他重要器官的人体功能活动来阻断士兵的身心活动。给出了以两个柱坐标为函数计算Emw空间流动的半经验公式。初始辐射是在磁控管谐振腔中形成的。你可以使用行波灯。数学模型使用了与急流传播的类比。气体动力学类比。得到了二维柱坐标下Emw空间流动的半经验公式。提出了一种适用于Emw强流计算的计算模型。提出了Emw流的“收集透镜”方案。在实际应用中，建议与感兴趣的科学家和专家一起工作。
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