Pub Date : 2017-08-03DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20170505.11
Rikesh Bhattarai, S. Shrestha
The main purpose of the paper is to construct the four probes to calculate the sheet resistance the thin film. For the thin film this paper presents the experimental preparation of Tin dioxide thin films. A dual voltage power supply and constant current source is developed to study deeply for the constant current output. Electrical properties are measured using constant current source, sheet resistance, four probe), digital multimeter and micro ammeter. The effect of thickness of sheet resistance thin film is carried out by four probe method.
{"title":"Construction of Sheet Resistance Measurement Setup for Tin Dioxide Film Using Four Probe Method","authors":"Rikesh Bhattarai, S. Shrestha","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20170505.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20170505.11","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of the paper is to construct the four probes to calculate the sheet resistance the thin film. For the thin film this paper presents the experimental preparation of Tin dioxide thin films. A dual voltage power supply and constant current source is developed to study deeply for the constant current output. Electrical properties are measured using constant current source, sheet resistance, four probe), digital multimeter and micro ammeter. The effect of thickness of sheet resistance thin film is carried out by four probe method.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114297367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-02DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20170504.12
S. Senouci, A. Zerguerras
This "Paper" presents a comparison of the results obtained by means of the Finite Elementary Lines (EEL) approach to those obtained by other authors in the characterization of periodic microstrip structures on the localization, the width at - 20 dB and the depth of the rejection band. Designers of stop-band or pass-band filters find in this approach of FEL a safe and effective way to get inexpensive design and achievement that best meets their expectations.
{"title":"A Study of Periodic Microstrip Structures Using Finite Elementary Lines (FEL) Approach","authors":"S. Senouci, A. Zerguerras","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20170504.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20170504.12","url":null,"abstract":"This \"Paper\" presents a comparison of the results obtained by means of the Finite Elementary Lines (EEL) approach to those obtained by other authors in the characterization of periodic microstrip structures on the localization, the width at - 20 dB and the depth of the rejection band. Designers of stop-band or pass-band filters find in this approach of FEL a safe and effective way to get inexpensive design and achievement that best meets their expectations.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127502882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-02DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20170506.16
Krutikov Vladimir Nikolaevich, Parfentiev Nikolay Andreevich
A new method for calculation the spectral sensitivity of solar cells based on data obtained by measurement of differential sensitivity. As follows from the conducted analysis, measurements of cells can be carried out only at a constant spectral composition of background radiation. In particular with a single powerful lamp is repositionable relative to the cell. In the practical application of the method is expected to increase the accuracy of determining the spectral sensitivity, especially in the region of large wavelengths, where there is the maximum nonlinearity of the dependence of a current on irradiance.
{"title":"The Method of Calculating the Spectral Sensitivity of Solar Cells","authors":"Krutikov Vladimir Nikolaevich, Parfentiev Nikolay Andreevich","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20170506.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20170506.16","url":null,"abstract":"A new method for calculation the spectral sensitivity of solar cells based on data obtained by measurement of differential sensitivity. As follows from the conducted analysis, measurements of cells can be carried out only at a constant spectral composition of background radiation. In particular with a single powerful lamp is repositionable relative to the cell. In the practical application of the method is expected to increase the accuracy of determining the spectral sensitivity, especially in the region of large wavelengths, where there is the maximum nonlinearity of the dependence of a current on irradiance.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125913701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-28DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20170504.11
N. Ali, Seena I. Huseen, H. Jaffer
In this study Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and (3, 5, 10%)wt microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were prepared using a solution-casting method. The films that were produced characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, Differential Scanning Calorimetric, Tensile test, and Barrier properties. The results from FTIR shows that PVA and MCC were considered miscible and compatible owing to hydrogen bonding interaction. Results for Thermal analyses increased in the glass transition temperature (Tg) thermal stability of polyvinyl alchol. Tensile strength of the films were increased with the increased loading of MCC to a composites films. Water vapor permeability of the MCC composites was increased with increasing with content of MCC in the films but oxygen transmission rate was decreased.
{"title":"Barrier, Mechanical and Thermal of Polyvinyl Alchol/Microcrystalline Cellouse Composites in Packaging Application","authors":"N. Ali, Seena I. Huseen, H. Jaffer","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20170504.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20170504.11","url":null,"abstract":"In this study Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and (3, 5, 10%)wt microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were prepared using a solution-casting method. The films that were produced characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, Differential Scanning Calorimetric, Tensile test, and Barrier properties. The results from FTIR shows that PVA and MCC were considered miscible and compatible owing to hydrogen bonding interaction. Results for Thermal analyses increased in the glass transition temperature (Tg) thermal stability of polyvinyl alchol. Tensile strength of the films were increased with the increased loading of MCC to a composites films. Water vapor permeability of the MCC composites was increased with increasing with content of MCC in the films but oxygen transmission rate was decreased.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115389516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-28DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20170503.12
Liang Haiyi, Liu Yongzhi, Gao Bingxiang, Xie Liqiang
Titanium nitride (TiN x ) thin films were prepared on Si(111) substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The influence of chamber pressure on the lattice constants, grain size, surface morphologies, conductivity and visible-near infrared reflectance of TiN x thin films were investigated. It is shown that the main component of the thin films is cubic TiN with (200) preferred orientation. The resistivity of the TiN thin film increase along with the increase of the chamber pressure, whereas the lattice constants and average reflectance within near infrared range of the TiN thin film decrease gradually. For all the TiN films, there is a minimum reflectance around 455nm.
{"title":"Highly (200)-Preferred Orientation TiN Thin Films Grown by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering","authors":"Liang Haiyi, Liu Yongzhi, Gao Bingxiang, Xie Liqiang","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20170503.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20170503.12","url":null,"abstract":"Titanium nitride (TiN x ) thin films were prepared on Si(111) substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The influence of chamber pressure on the lattice constants, grain size, surface morphologies, conductivity and visible-near infrared reflectance of TiN x thin films were investigated. It is shown that the main component of the thin films is cubic TiN with (200) preferred orientation. The resistivity of the TiN thin film increase along with the increase of the chamber pressure, whereas the lattice constants and average reflectance within near infrared range of the TiN thin film decrease gradually. For all the TiN films, there is a minimum reflectance around 455nm.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"276 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116424676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-26DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20170503.11
A. Hamoudi, T. Abdulhussein
Chaotic properties of nuclear energy spectra in A=32 nuclei are investigated via the framework of the nuclear shell model. The energies (the main object of this investigation) are calculated through accomplishing shell model calculations employing the OXBASH computer code with the realistic effective interaction of W in the isospin formalism. The A=32 nuclei are supposed to have an inert 16O core with 16 nucleons move in the 1d5/2, 2s1/2 and 1d3/2 orbitals. For full hamiltonian calculations, the spectral fluctuations (i.e., the nearest neighbor level spacing distributions P(S) and the Δ3 statistics) are well characterized by the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble of random matrices. Besides, they show no dependency on the spin J and isospin T. For unperturbed hamiltonian calculations, we find a regular behavior for the distribution of P(S) and an intermediate behavior between the GOE and the Poisson limits for the Δ3 statistics.
{"title":"Spectral Fluctuations in A=32 Nuclei Using the Framework of the Nuclear Shell Model","authors":"A. Hamoudi, T. Abdulhussein","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20170503.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20170503.11","url":null,"abstract":"Chaotic properties of nuclear energy spectra in A=32 nuclei are investigated via the framework of the nuclear shell model. The energies (the main object of this investigation) are calculated through accomplishing shell model calculations employing the OXBASH computer code with the realistic effective interaction of W in the isospin formalism. The A=32 nuclei are supposed to have an inert 16O core with 16 nucleons move in the 1d5/2, 2s1/2 and 1d3/2 orbitals. For full hamiltonian calculations, the spectral fluctuations (i.e., the nearest neighbor level spacing distributions P(S) and the Δ3 statistics) are well characterized by the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble of random matrices. Besides, they show no dependency on the spin J and isospin T. For unperturbed hamiltonian calculations, we find a regular behavior for the distribution of P(S) and an intermediate behavior between the GOE and the Poisson limits for the Δ3 statistics.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115987543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-15DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.14
Yu Feng, Guang Wang, Minxing Zhao
When the metal wire is irradiated with a beam of laser, a light ring will appear on the screen. The formation mechanism of the light ring is discussed in this article. It is also discussed how various parameters, including the shape of the laser beam, the laser diameter, the wire diameter, the wire roughness, and the incidence angle, influence the ring through computational simulation and experiments simultaneously. Our calculation is in good agreement with experimental results.
{"title":"Research on a Laser Ring Induced by a Metal Wire","authors":"Yu Feng, Guang Wang, Minxing Zhao","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.14","url":null,"abstract":"When the metal wire is irradiated with a beam of laser, a light ring will appear on the screen. The formation mechanism of the light ring is discussed in this article. It is also discussed how various parameters, including the shape of the laser beam, the laser diameter, the wire diameter, the wire roughness, and the incidence angle, influence the ring through computational simulation and experiments simultaneously. Our calculation is in good agreement with experimental results.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115264660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-14DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.13
Mao Xi, Jiehao Zhang, Liang Xinlan, Xiuyuan Lu, Yanping Tan, M. Yang, K. Tang
The characteristics of the flow in vertical slot fishway depend mainly on the specific pool design, such as the geometry of the pool. We present the results of a study on comparison between four different designs of vertical slot fishways. The results indicated that central baffle cannot cut down the value of the velocity substantially, but it can stabilize the flow pattern, and it can make energy dissipation uniform. Simultaneously, slope has significant impact on hydraulic characteristics like velocity and flow pattern in the fishway. Of the four designs studied, design 4 is recommended for practical use, in terms of velocity and flow pattern.
{"title":"Design of Baffle and Slope for Hydraulic Characteristics of Vertical Slot Fishway","authors":"Mao Xi, Jiehao Zhang, Liang Xinlan, Xiuyuan Lu, Yanping Tan, M. Yang, K. Tang","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.13","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of the flow in vertical slot fishway depend mainly on the specific pool design, such as the geometry of the pool. We present the results of a study on comparison between four different designs of vertical slot fishways. The results indicated that central baffle cannot cut down the value of the velocity substantially, but it can stabilize the flow pattern, and it can make energy dissipation uniform. Simultaneously, slope has significant impact on hydraulic characteristics like velocity and flow pattern in the fishway. Of the four designs studied, design 4 is recommended for practical use, in terms of velocity and flow pattern.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"275 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115944575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-09DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.12
Basim Rejah
In this research the specific activity of natural radionuclides 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K were determined by sodium iodide enhanced by thallium NaI (Tl) detector and assessed the annual effective dose in Beladi, Aldar, Alusraa, Alkhaleej and Aletehaad which are available in Baghdad markets. The specific activity of 40 K has the greater value in all the types which is in the range of allowed levels globally that suggested by UNSCEAR. The mean value of annual effective doses was 0.198, 0.094 and 0.098 mSv/y for 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K respectively.
{"title":"Specific Activities and Annual Effective Dose of Natural Radionuclides Due to the Intake of Some Types of Sugar Available in Baghdad Markets","authors":"Basim Rejah","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.12","url":null,"abstract":"In this research the specific activity of natural radionuclides 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K were determined by sodium iodide enhanced by thallium NaI (Tl) detector and assessed the annual effective dose in Beladi, Aldar, Alusraa, Alkhaleej and Aletehaad which are available in Baghdad markets. The specific activity of 40 K has the greater value in all the types which is in the range of allowed levels globally that suggested by UNSCEAR. The mean value of annual effective doses was 0.198, 0.094 and 0.098 mSv/y for 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K respectively.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128691657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-03DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.11
E. Salem
Large number of accidents that have occurred in three major practices, namely: industrial radiography, gamma irradiators, and radiotherapy. A radiological accident involves a sealed or unsealed radiation source leads to an uncontrolled release of ionizing radiation or radioactive materials into the environment, which may result in significant human exposure and/or material damage. A major accident occurred in greater Cairo Area during 2000 due to bad practice and human error. A radiological source (Ir-192 capsule with activity 31.5 Ci) was lost at the examination site near the pipe. Members of the public were plucked up. At least seven persons have exposed to overdoses, two of them died due to overexposure dose. In this study, the absorbed radiation doses and the associated hazards due to uncontrolled radioactive sources Ir-192 and Cs-137 are calculating using RESRAD‑Building computer code. An overview of the consequences and the obtained results are registered in lessons learned study would clarify the necessary that the regulatory authority to introduce measures capable to avoid the recurrence of similar accidents.
{"title":"Risk Analysis for Overexposure Measurements Due to Radiological Accidents Using Computer Code and the Lessons Learned “Meet Halfa as a Case Study, Egypt\"","authors":"E. Salem","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20170502.11","url":null,"abstract":"Large number of accidents that have occurred in three major practices, namely: industrial radiography, gamma irradiators, and radiotherapy. A radiological accident involves a sealed or unsealed radiation source leads to an uncontrolled release of ionizing radiation or radioactive materials into the environment, which may result in significant human exposure and/or material damage. A major accident occurred in greater Cairo Area during 2000 due to bad practice and human error. A radiological source (Ir-192 capsule with activity 31.5 Ci) was lost at the examination site near the pipe. Members of the public were plucked up. At least seven persons have exposed to overdoses, two of them died due to overexposure dose. In this study, the absorbed radiation doses and the associated hazards due to uncontrolled radioactive sources Ir-192 and Cs-137 are calculating using RESRAD‑Building computer code. An overview of the consequences and the obtained results are registered in lessons learned study would clarify the necessary that the regulatory authority to introduce measures capable to avoid the recurrence of similar accidents.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122384293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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