Pub Date : 2020-01-09DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190706.12
T. Ohnishi
The occurrence of prevalent phenomena is an almost unclear but interesting subject for us. Here we have constructed a dual model of information fields originated from the news media and showed that the quasi-cyclic appearance of prevalence can be explained by such a model. The homogeneous field of information around us was assumed, which is composed of the real field originated from the primary media such as newspapers and the television, and the cyber field from the PC and smart phones. The latter field is of the SNS cyber world affected by the field of real world. The public was assumed to be influenced simultaneously by these two types of fields to result in the enhancement of the awareness of some specific things. To investigate the viability of such a dual model, inputting the data of the real field regarding the global warming (GW) already reported in Japan as an external variable, the feature was derived in what manner the public awareness of GW had varied during the past ~35 years. The high public awareness was found to be realized at around 2009 when the information environment was explosively enhanced in the real world. Such enhancement of the awareness could be explained by the contribution from the cyber field, which was brought by the instability of the field, or a burst, induced by a small perturbation from the real field. A possibility was pointed out that the spontaneous occurrence of quasi-cyclic instability such as the case of our explosive awareness could take place in the interactive dual system of information between the real and cyber fields. We pointed out that the spontaneous occurrence of prevalence in general could be explained also by the similar mechanism as ours.
{"title":"Can Interactive Dual Fields of Information Explain the Prevalent Phenomena","authors":"T. Ohnishi","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190706.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190706.12","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of prevalent phenomena is an almost unclear but interesting subject for us. Here we have constructed a dual model of information fields originated from the news media and showed that the quasi-cyclic appearance of prevalence can be explained by such a model. The homogeneous field of information around us was assumed, which is composed of the real field originated from the primary media such as newspapers and the television, and the cyber field from the PC and smart phones. The latter field is of the SNS cyber world affected by the field of real world. The public was assumed to be influenced simultaneously by these two types of fields to result in the enhancement of the awareness of some specific things. To investigate the viability of such a dual model, inputting the data of the real field regarding the global warming (GW) already reported in Japan as an external variable, the feature was derived in what manner the public awareness of GW had varied during the past ~35 years. The high public awareness was found to be realized at around 2009 when the information environment was explosively enhanced in the real world. Such enhancement of the awareness could be explained by the contribution from the cyber field, which was brought by the instability of the field, or a burst, induced by a small perturbation from the real field. A possibility was pointed out that the spontaneous occurrence of quasi-cyclic instability such as the case of our explosive awareness could take place in the interactive dual system of information between the real and cyber fields. We pointed out that the spontaneous occurrence of prevalence in general could be explained also by the similar mechanism as ours.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133894572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-07DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190706.11
Kaixin Pan, Yiran Liu, Zhimin Pan
From Galileo telescope designed in 1609 to the recent advanced astronomical telescope, telescopes always help people in coping with different problem. The relation between the parameters of telescope and its performance has been a hot topic for a long time. In this paper, we have designed a simple single-lens telescope based on the Problem No. 3 in International Young Physicist Tournament (IYPT2017) and have done the research related to the performance of our telescope. Here, we mainly focus on the magnification, the contrast and the brightness To demonstrate the performance of our single-lens telescope, According to the theories of geometric optics and physical optics, we have systematically explored the influences of aperture and focal length on the magnification of the telescope, the contrast and brightness of the images and so on, we have experimentally conducted quantitative studies by varying these parameters and elaborate analysis of data with software including MATLAB and Toup View. According to the data and numerical simulation we get in our experiment, we found that our experimental results are consistent with our theory so that a generic conclusion has been drawn. Besides, possible origination of errors in the studies has been discussed and an outlook has been proposed.
{"title":"Study on the Single-Lens Telescope and Its Imaging Parameters","authors":"Kaixin Pan, Yiran Liu, Zhimin Pan","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190706.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190706.11","url":null,"abstract":"From Galileo telescope designed in 1609 to the recent advanced astronomical telescope, telescopes always help people in coping with different problem. The relation between the parameters of telescope and its performance has been a hot topic for a long time. In this paper, we have designed a simple single-lens telescope based on the Problem No. 3 in International Young Physicist Tournament (IYPT2017) and have done the research related to the performance of our telescope. Here, we mainly focus on the magnification, the contrast and the brightness To demonstrate the performance of our single-lens telescope, According to the theories of geometric optics and physical optics, we have systematically explored the influences of aperture and focal length on the magnification of the telescope, the contrast and brightness of the images and so on, we have experimentally conducted quantitative studies by varying these parameters and elaborate analysis of data with software including MATLAB and Toup View. According to the data and numerical simulation we get in our experiment, we found that our experimental results are consistent with our theory so that a generic conclusion has been drawn. Besides, possible origination of errors in the studies has been discussed and an outlook has been proposed.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123755442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-30DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20190705.15
D. Akpootu, B. Tijjani, U. M. Gana
This study investigates the most accurate sunshine and temperature dependent models for estimating global solar radiation over Makurdi and Ibadan situated in the Guinea savannah of Nigeria by comparing nine (9) different existing sunshine dependent models. The study also proposed two temperature dependent models that took the form of quadratic logarithmic and quadratic exponential and were compared to three existing temperature dependent models (Chen, Hargreaves and Samani (HS) and Garcia). The measured monthly average daily global solar radiation, sunshine hours, maximum and minimum temperature meteorological parameters during the period of thirty one (1980-2010) years was utilized and the accuracy of the sunshine and temperature dependent models to ascertain the most suitable models in each location were tested using seven various statistical validation indicators of coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Percentage Error (MPE), t-test, Nash-Sutcliffe Equation (NSE) and Index of Agreement (IA). The results revealed that the exponent sunshine dependent model proposed by Bakirci and the linear exponential sunshine dependent model proposed by Bakirci were found more accurate for estimating global solar radiation in Makurdi and Ibadan respectively. The proposed quadratic logarithmic and quadratic exponential temperature dependent models were found more suitable for estimating global solar radiation in Makurdi and Ibadan respectively. These recommended models can be found appropriate, if properly calibrated in regions with similar climatic information. The HS temperature dependent model evaluated in this study for Ibadan was compared with those available in literatures and was found more suitable. Furthermore, the most suitable sunshine dependent model was found more suitable for global solar radiation estimation when compared to the most suitable temperature dependent model in each of the studied locations and this was testified from the figures of the comparison between the measured and estimated sunshine and temperature dependent models as the sunshine dependent models depicts the best fitting with the measured global solar radiation data.
本研究通过比较九种不同的现有的阳光依赖模型，探讨了最准确的估算尼日利亚几内亚大草原上马库尔迪和伊巴丹地区全球太阳辐射的阳光和温度依赖模型。该研究还提出了两种采用二次对数和二次指数形式的温度依赖模型，并与现有的三种温度依赖模型(Chen, Hargreaves and Samani (HS)和Garcia)进行了比较。利用1980-2010年31年的月平均日全球太阳辐射、日照时数、最高和最低温度气象参数，利用决定系数(R2)、平均偏倚误差(MBE)、均方根误差(RMSE)等7个统计验证指标，对日照和温度依赖模型的精度进行了检验，以确定各地区最适合的模型。平均百分比误差(MPE)、t检验、Nash-Sutcliffe方程(NSE)和一致性指数(IA)。结果表明，Bakirci提出的指数日照依赖模型和Bakirci提出的线性指数日照依赖模型分别对马库尔迪和伊巴丹的全球太阳辐射估算更为准确。结果表明，所建立的二次对数和二次指数温度依赖模型更适合于估算马库尔迪和伊巴丹地区的太阳总辐射。如果在具有类似气候信息的地区进行适当校准，可以发现这些推荐的模式是合适的。将本研究建立的HS温度依赖模型与已有文献的HS温度依赖模型进行了比较，发现HS温度依赖模型更适用于伊巴丹。此外，在每个研究地点，与最适合的温度依赖模式相比，最适合的日照依赖模式更适合全球太阳辐射的估计，这从测量和估计的日照和温度依赖模式的对比图中得到了证明，因为日照依赖模式描述了与测量的全球太阳辐射数据的最佳拟合。
{"title":"Sunshine and Temperature Dependent Models for Estimating Global Solar Radiation Across the Guinea Savannah Climatic Zone of Nigeria","authors":"D. Akpootu, B. Tijjani, U. M. Gana","doi":"10.11648/j.ajpa.20190705.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20190705.15","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the most accurate sunshine and temperature dependent models for estimating global solar radiation over Makurdi and Ibadan situated in the Guinea savannah of Nigeria by comparing nine (9) different existing sunshine dependent models. The study also proposed two temperature dependent models that took the form of quadratic logarithmic and quadratic exponential and were compared to three existing temperature dependent models (Chen, Hargreaves and Samani (HS) and Garcia). The measured monthly average daily global solar radiation, sunshine hours, maximum and minimum temperature meteorological parameters during the period of thirty one (1980-2010) years was utilized and the accuracy of the sunshine and temperature dependent models to ascertain the most suitable models in each location were tested using seven various statistical validation indicators of coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Percentage Error (MPE), t-test, Nash-Sutcliffe Equation (NSE) and Index of Agreement (IA). The results revealed that the exponent sunshine dependent model proposed by Bakirci and the linear exponential sunshine dependent model proposed by Bakirci were found more accurate for estimating global solar radiation in Makurdi and Ibadan respectively. The proposed quadratic logarithmic and quadratic exponential temperature dependent models were found more suitable for estimating global solar radiation in Makurdi and Ibadan respectively. These recommended models can be found appropriate, if properly calibrated in regions with similar climatic information. The HS temperature dependent model evaluated in this study for Ibadan was compared with those available in literatures and was found more suitable. Furthermore, the most suitable sunshine dependent model was found more suitable for global solar radiation estimation when compared to the most suitable temperature dependent model in each of the studied locations and this was testified from the figures of the comparison between the measured and estimated sunshine and temperature dependent models as the sunshine dependent models depicts the best fitting with the measured global solar radiation data.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122520370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-16DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190705.14
Y. Shin
The average current through a single-electron transistor (SET) under fluctuations of an observer’s frame of reference (OFR) is reported. To date, the average current through a SET has been studied under the assumption that an OFR remains constant throughout the performance of measurements of the current; thus, it remains an unsolved problem as to what is measured of the current when the OFR is assumed to fluctuate. In this paper, a SET comprising a source, drain, and single channel is considered, where an OFR is assumed to be matched to the electrochemical potential energy of the drain of the SET. The average current through the SET for two types of OFR fluctuation is formulated: periodic-square-wave fluctuation and periodic-sawtooth-wave fluctuation, in time representations. Under these types of fluctuation, the average current exhibits a zero-bias Coulomb peak—the amplitude of which gradually increases with the amplitude of the fluctuation type divided by temperature. The amplitude of the zero-bias Coulomb peak is greater in the case of periodic-square-wave fluctuations. Therefore, the amplitude of the zero-bias Coulomb peak together with a varying of both the energy of the channel and the temperature has the potential to reveal the distribution of fluctuations of an OFR.
{"title":"Average Current Through a Single-electron Transistor Under Fluctuations of an Observer’s Frame of Reference","authors":"Y. Shin","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190705.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190705.14","url":null,"abstract":"The average current through a single-electron transistor (SET) under fluctuations of an observer’s frame of reference (OFR) is reported. To date, the average current through a SET has been studied under the assumption that an OFR remains constant throughout the performance of measurements of the current; thus, it remains an unsolved problem as to what is measured of the current when the OFR is assumed to fluctuate. In this paper, a SET comprising a source, drain, and single channel is considered, where an OFR is assumed to be matched to the electrochemical potential energy of the drain of the SET. The average current through the SET for two types of OFR fluctuation is formulated: periodic-square-wave fluctuation and periodic-sawtooth-wave fluctuation, in time representations. Under these types of fluctuation, the average current exhibits a zero-bias Coulomb peak—the amplitude of which gradually increases with the amplitude of the fluctuation type divided by temperature. The amplitude of the zero-bias Coulomb peak is greater in the case of periodic-square-wave fluctuations. Therefore, the amplitude of the zero-bias Coulomb peak together with a varying of both the energy of the channel and the temperature has the potential to reveal the distribution of fluctuations of an OFR.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124308384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-02DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190704.13
Shangting Jiang, J. Shan, Hui Yang, Jinglin Li, Songsong Li, Tao Guo
Accurate measurement of radon exhalation rate of building materials plays an important role in controlling indoor radon concentration. In order to achieve rapid and accurate measurement of radon exhalation, the influence of the volume, base area and pumping flow rate of radon collector on radon exhalation rate was studied to optimize the measurement parameters of radon exhalation rate and improve the measurement efficiency of radon exhalation rate. The study has shown that the larger the volume of radon collector is, the longer the radon concentration equilibrium time will be when radon exhalation rate is measured with constant pumping flow rate and surface precipitation rate, while the influence of the volume of radon collector on the equilibrium radon concentration can be neglected, but there is a specific linear relationship between the equilibrium radon concentration and the base area of radon collector. When the radon exhalation rate is measured with constant volume and base area of radon collector, the higher the pumping flow rate is, the shorter the radon concentration equilibrium time is and the smaller the equilibrium radon concentration is. When the radon exhalation rate is 3.9Bq∙m-2∙s-1 in the experiment, the optimum volume of radon collector is 2.1×10-3m3, the optimum base area is 3.46×10-2m-2, and the optimum pumping flow rate is 1.349×10-5m3/s. The measurement parameters of the radon exhalation rate, such as the best volume and base area of radon collector and the pumping flow rate can be obtained for different radon exhalation rates through this optimization method.
{"title":"Study on the Influence of Radon Collector Parame","authors":"Shangting Jiang, J. Shan, Hui Yang, Jinglin Li, Songsong Li, Tao Guo","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190704.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190704.13","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate measurement of radon exhalation rate of building materials plays an important role in controlling indoor radon concentration. In order to achieve rapid and accurate measurement of radon exhalation, the influence of the volume, base area and pumping flow rate of radon collector on radon exhalation rate was studied to optimize the measurement parameters of radon exhalation rate and improve the measurement efficiency of radon exhalation rate. The study has shown that the larger the volume of radon collector is, the longer the radon concentration equilibrium time will be when radon exhalation rate is measured with constant pumping flow rate and surface precipitation rate, while the influence of the volume of radon collector on the equilibrium radon concentration can be neglected, but there is a specific linear relationship between the equilibrium radon concentration and the base area of radon collector. When the radon exhalation rate is measured with constant volume and base area of radon collector, the higher the pumping flow rate is, the shorter the radon concentration equilibrium time is and the smaller the equilibrium radon concentration is. When the radon exhalation rate is 3.9Bq∙m-2∙s-1 in the experiment, the optimum volume of radon collector is 2.1×10-3m3, the optimum base area is 3.46×10-2m-2, and the optimum pumping flow rate is 1.349×10-5m3/s. The measurement parameters of the radon exhalation rate, such as the best volume and base area of radon collector and the pumping flow rate can be obtained for different radon exhalation rates through this optimization method.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"47 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131805227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190704.12
Hua Zhang, Deng Yun Shao, Yun-liang Shao
In this paper, an E-plane stepped-impedance transformer and Y-junction bifurcation are used to form a waveguide power divider with ceramic substrate loaded with thin film resistors. This structure is realized high isolation in V-band by inserting a ceramic substrate at the H-plane center of the Y-junction waveguide bifurcation, both sides of which loaded with thin film resistors. The waveguide power divider was fabricated with aluminium-50% silicon, and has characteristics of light weight, lower coefficient of thermal expansion, good thermal conductivity, and its properties are more compatible with those of ceramic substrate. The principle and design procedure are described in detail. A V-band E-plane waveguide power divider is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show that insertion loss is less than 0.4dB in the frequency range of 50~60GHz, with typical isolation levels of 25dB between the two output ports and amplitude imbalance less than 0.19dB, phase imbalance less than 1.4°. The measured and simulated results show good amplitude, phase, and isolation characteristics validating the proposed power divider.
{"title":"A Broadband Millimeter-Wave Waveguide Power Divider with High Isolation","authors":"Hua Zhang, Deng Yun Shao, Yun-liang Shao","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190704.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190704.12","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an E-plane stepped-impedance transformer and Y-junction bifurcation are used to form a waveguide power divider with ceramic substrate loaded with thin film resistors. This structure is realized high isolation in V-band by inserting a ceramic substrate at the H-plane center of the Y-junction waveguide bifurcation, both sides of which loaded with thin film resistors. The waveguide power divider was fabricated with aluminium-50% silicon, and has characteristics of light weight, lower coefficient of thermal expansion, good thermal conductivity, and its properties are more compatible with those of ceramic substrate. The principle and design procedure are described in detail. A V-band E-plane waveguide power divider is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show that insertion loss is less than 0.4dB in the frequency range of 50~60GHz, with typical isolation levels of 25dB between the two output ports and amplitude imbalance less than 0.19dB, phase imbalance less than 1.4°. The measured and simulated results show good amplitude, phase, and isolation characteristics validating the proposed power divider.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132534679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-26DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190703.14
Xinyu Li, Xiaohan Song
The early universe consists of bacis particles like quarks and gluons. Their interactions are controlled by strong interactions. In order to produce this new kind of matters, one can collide heavy ions. Large amount of energy will be transformed into particles. These particles form a matter with extremely high temperature. Usually this kind of matter can only be produced in heavy ion collisions, not nucleon collisions. But the recent experimental data indicate that it may also generate this kind of matter. The signal in nucleon collisions are taken as a baseline for heavy ion collisions, and other theoretical and experimental studies are based on this assumption that no hot medium is produced in nucleon collisions. If this new matter is also produced in nucleon collisions, this will affect the signals in heavy ion collisions. This work studies the momentum correlations of heavy quark pairs in the small colliding system such as proton-proton collisions based on the Langevin equation. With the production of deconfined hot medium, heavy quarks moving in the opposite direction can suffer energy loss and random kicks from the thermal medium. Moving in different directions, heavy quark and its anti-quark will suffer different random kicks from the thermal medium, which will change their momentum randomly. Their momentum correlations will be modified after moving out of the hot medium. Finally when heavy quark and anti-quark move out of the hot medium, their momentum is not in the opposite direction. Insteand, they move with a angular less than pi. We propose the momentum correlation of D mesons as a probe of the early stage of the proton-proton collisions, where the deconfined medium may be produced.
{"title":"Correlations of Heavy Quarks in Hot Deconfined Medium","authors":"Xinyu Li, Xiaohan Song","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190703.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190703.14","url":null,"abstract":"The early universe consists of bacis particles like quarks and gluons. Their interactions are controlled by strong interactions. In order to produce this new kind of matters, one can collide heavy ions. Large amount of energy will be transformed into particles. These particles form a matter with extremely high temperature. Usually this kind of matter can only be produced in heavy ion collisions, not nucleon collisions. But the recent experimental data indicate that it may also generate this kind of matter. The signal in nucleon collisions are taken as a baseline for heavy ion collisions, and other theoretical and experimental studies are based on this assumption that no hot medium is produced in nucleon collisions. If this new matter is also produced in nucleon collisions, this will affect the signals in heavy ion collisions. This work studies the momentum correlations of heavy quark pairs in the small colliding system such as proton-proton collisions based on the Langevin equation. With the production of deconfined hot medium, heavy quarks moving in the opposite direction can suffer energy loss and random kicks from the thermal medium. Moving in different directions, heavy quark and its anti-quark will suffer different random kicks from the thermal medium, which will change their momentum randomly. Their momentum correlations will be modified after moving out of the hot medium. Finally when heavy quark and anti-quark move out of the hot medium, their momentum is not in the opposite direction. Insteand, they move with a angular less than pi. We propose the momentum correlation of D mesons as a probe of the early stage of the proton-proton collisions, where the deconfined medium may be produced.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126293288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-26DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190703.13
Nikolay Nikolaevitch Schitov
The aim of the article is the elaboration of parametric resonance theory at piecewise constant frequency modulation. The investigation is based on the analogy with optics and optimal control theory (OCT) application. The exact expressions of oscillation frequency, gain/damping coefficients, dependencies of these coefficients on the modulation depth, duty ratio and initial phase are derived. First of all, the results obtained on the basis of the energy behavior analysis (at the conjunction conditions execution) in frictionless systems are presented. The well-known parametric resonance triggering condition is revised and adjusted. The heuristic feedback introduction (based on the energy behavior analysis) in the oscillation equation permits one to prove that the frequency modulation satisfying the parametric resonance condition is not necessary and sufficient condition of the oscillations unlimited increase. Their damping/shaking up formally corresponds by the frequency and duty ratio to the condition of the equality of optical paths to the quarter-wavelength characteristic of the interference filter or mirror. The unity of space-time coordinates shows itself in this specific form of the optical-mechanical analogy due to the general Hill’s equation description. It is marked that this equation theory underlies most of metamaterials advantages because all transport phenomena imply different wave – electromagnetic, acoustic, spin etc. propagation one way or another. The question about control uniqueness arises that is modulating frequency, duty ratio and signature sign uniqueness. Another question of characteristic index extremum at different controls is tightly bound with the former. The answers to these questions are obtained on the basis of OCT. The similarity of the optimal control problem solution and the one obtained at the heuristic feedback introduction through fundamental solutions product permits one to introduced the new form named general or mixed Hamiltonian along with the ordinary and OCT Hamiltonians. Besides this mixed Hamiltonian equality to zero together with the Wronskian constancy (almost everywhere) is the useful analogous in form to the Liouville’s theorem equation. The nonlinearity accounting using the OCT formalism is described too.
{"title":"The Optics and Optimal Control Theory Interpretation of the Parametric Resonance","authors":"Nikolay Nikolaevitch Schitov","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190703.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190703.13","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article is the elaboration of parametric resonance theory at piecewise constant frequency modulation. The investigation is based on the analogy with optics and optimal control theory (OCT) application. The exact expressions of oscillation frequency, gain/damping coefficients, dependencies of these coefficients on the modulation depth, duty ratio and initial phase are derived. First of all, the results obtained on the basis of the energy behavior analysis (at the conjunction conditions execution) in frictionless systems are presented. The well-known parametric resonance triggering condition is revised and adjusted. The heuristic feedback introduction (based on the energy behavior analysis) in the oscillation equation permits one to prove that the frequency modulation satisfying the parametric resonance condition is not necessary and sufficient condition of the oscillations unlimited increase. Their damping/shaking up formally corresponds by the frequency and duty ratio to the condition of the equality of optical paths to the quarter-wavelength characteristic of the interference filter or mirror. The unity of space-time coordinates shows itself in this specific form of the optical-mechanical analogy due to the general Hill’s equation description. It is marked that this equation theory underlies most of metamaterials advantages because all transport phenomena imply different wave – electromagnetic, acoustic, spin etc. propagation one way or another. The question about control uniqueness arises that is modulating frequency, duty ratio and signature sign uniqueness. Another question of characteristic index extremum at different controls is tightly bound with the former. The answers to these questions are obtained on the basis of OCT. The similarity of the optimal control problem solution and the one obtained at the heuristic feedback introduction through fundamental solutions product permits one to introduced the new form named general or mixed Hamiltonian along with the ordinary and OCT Hamiltonians. Besides this mixed Hamiltonian equality to zero together with the Wronskian constancy (almost everywhere) is the useful analogous in form to the Liouville’s theorem equation. The nonlinearity accounting using the OCT formalism is described too.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114922495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-14DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.15
T. Mason, J. Lindesay, G. Dunston
Using genodynamics, the Howard University biophysics research and interdisciplinary development group transforms genomic sequence data into genomic energy measures to explore the science of genome variation in population diversity and human biology. Genodynamics utilizes the statistical distribution of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from the Haplotype Map project to mathematically model whole genome-environment interactions in human adaptation to environmental stressors/stimuli by functionally parameterizing the interplay between the biophysical and environmental factors in a quantifiable manner. Our double-blind computer program flagged smooth mathematical function relationships between allelic energies of two SNPs in intron one of the egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1 (EGLN1) and the environmental parameter averaged ancestral annual ultraviolet radiation exposure. EGLN1 is a gene on chromosome 1 known to play an essential role in the regulation of the hypoxia inducible factor pathway. We have demonstrated that our genodynamics approach can quantify, through adaptive forces, the effects that environmental stressors/stimuli have had on patterns of common variation in the human genome and by doing so offer an alternative means of investigating the implications of SNP information dynamics on natural selection in human populations.
{"title":"Genodynamics: A New Biophysical Approach to Modeling Adaptation in Human Populations","authors":"T. Mason, J. Lindesay, G. Dunston","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.15","url":null,"abstract":"Using genodynamics, the Howard University biophysics research and interdisciplinary development group transforms genomic sequence data into genomic energy measures to explore the science of genome variation in population diversity and human biology. Genodynamics utilizes the statistical distribution of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from the Haplotype Map project to mathematically model whole genome-environment interactions in human adaptation to environmental stressors/stimuli by functionally parameterizing the interplay between the biophysical and environmental factors in a quantifiable manner. Our double-blind computer program flagged smooth mathematical function relationships between allelic energies of two SNPs in intron one of the egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1 (EGLN1) and the environmental parameter averaged ancestral annual ultraviolet radiation exposure. EGLN1 is a gene on chromosome 1 known to play an essential role in the regulation of the hypoxia inducible factor pathway. We have demonstrated that our genodynamics approach can quantify, through adaptive forces, the effects that environmental stressors/stimuli have had on patterns of common variation in the human genome and by doing so offer an alternative means of investigating the implications of SNP information dynamics on natural selection in human populations.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129437358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.14
Xia Jianbai, Wen Hongyu
A Legendre function expansion method is proposed to solve the simplified Fokker-Plank equation to study the dynamics of a macrospin under spin-torque-driven magnetic reversal at finite temperature. The first and second eigenvalues (λτ0)1 and (λτ0)2 as functions of I/Ic and Hk are obtained, in agreement with the previous results using the Taylor series expansion method. The Legendre function expansion method compared with the Taylor series expansion method has faster convergence properties and clear physical means. Besides, it is found that in some case, especially the second eigenvalue (λτ0)2 can become complex, that means that the probability density P not only decays with time, but also oscillates with time.
{"title":"Simplified Fokker-Plank Equation Treatment of Finite-temperature Spin-torque Problems","authors":"Xia Jianbai, Wen Hongyu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJPA.20190702.14","url":null,"abstract":"A Legendre function expansion method is proposed to solve the simplified Fokker-Plank equation to study the dynamics of a macrospin under spin-torque-driven magnetic reversal at finite temperature. The first and second eigenvalues (λτ0)1 and (λτ0)2 as functions of I/Ic and Hk are obtained, in agreement with the previous results using the Taylor series expansion method. The Legendre function expansion method compared with the Taylor series expansion method has faster convergence properties and clear physical means. Besides, it is found that in some case, especially the second eigenvalue (λτ0)2 can become complex, that means that the probability density P not only decays with time, but also oscillates with time.","PeriodicalId":329149,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics and Applications","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121178795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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