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„Ино, сынку, мне ся так не видело“. Teodoros Sapiegienės laiškas sūnui Jonukui
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.15388/lis.2021.48.7
Andrej Ryčkov
  
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引用次数: 0
Juozas Gabrys and Lithuania at the League of Nations: Press, Business, Politics Juozas Gabrys和立陶宛在国际联盟:新闻、商业、政治
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.15388/lis.2021.48.2
Monika Šipelytė
The activity of Juozas Gabrys and his colleagues at the League of Nations in Geneva from 1927 until 1939 is the main subject of this article. The questions about this group of people are analyzed through several perspectives, such as journalism, business, and politics. The territorial and ethnical problems which were addressed by Lithuania at the League of Nations and the decisions of Lithuanian diplomats and politicians were overviewed in the press publications of Gabrys in various Lithuanian newspapers. In these texts he mostly focuses on two main topics in international interwar Lithuanian politics – the question of Vilnius its regarding mutual relations with Poland and the question of Memel and its region, which was intensely disputed by Lithuanian and German influences. Simultaneously, Gabrys had the intentions to develop business relations between Lithuania and Switzerland. He and his family worked in the fields of real estate and money exchange. Also, he established the Lithuanian Information Bureau in Geneva, which received irregular donations from the Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, yet most of the publications were funded by Gabrys himself. The answer to the question of Gabrys’s real influence on Lithuanian foreign policy could be given only partially. As for now, the possibility to measure this influence is limited only to the press and information field, as Gabrys’s work in those fields, although forgotten and underestimated nowadays, was observed and evaluated by his contemporaries. Due to his publications, Lithuanians could form an opinion about the League of Nations and its decisions as well as the situation on the level of European policy.
Juozas Gabrys和他的同事从1927年到1939年在日内瓦国际联盟的活动是本文的主题。关于这群人的问题,从新闻、商业和政治等多个角度进行了分析。Gabrys在立陶宛各种报纸上的新闻出版物概述了立陶宛在国际联盟上处理的领土和种族问题以及立陶宛外交官和政治家的决定。在这些文本中,他主要关注两次大战之间立陶宛政治中的两个主要话题——维尔纽斯与波兰的相互关系问题,以及梅梅尔及其地区问题,这一问题受到立陶宛和德国的强烈影响。与此同时,Gabrys有意发展立陶宛和瑞士之间的商业关系。他和家人在房地产和货币兑换领域工作。此外,他还在日内瓦设立了立陶宛新闻局,该局收到了立陶宛外交部的非正常捐款,但大多数出版物都是由加布里斯本人资助的。加布里斯对立陶宛外交政策的真正影响问题只能部分得到答案。就目前而言,衡量这种影响的可能性仅限于新闻和信息领域,因为加布里斯在这些领域的工作,尽管如今被遗忘和低估,但却受到了同时代人的观察和评价。由于他的出版物,立陶宛人可以对国际联盟及其决定以及欧洲政策层面的局势形成意见。
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引用次数: 0
“Kapsukism” and the “Angarietists”: The Conflict between Leaders of the Communist Party of Lithuania in 1926–1927 “Kapsukism”与“angariests”:1926-1927年立陶宛共产党领导人之间的冲突
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.15388/lis.2021.48.3
Marius Ėmužis
From about 1923 onwards, two leaders of the Communist Party of Lithuania (CPL), Zigmas Aleksa-Angarietis and Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas, began to disagree on the tactics and direction of the party. In 1925–1926, because of the workload in the Comintern apparatus and the subsequent illness of V. Kapsukas, Z. Angarietis began to dominate in CPL matters and isolated V. Kapsukas from decision-making within the CPL and information pertaining to it. When V. Kapsukas recovered from his illness, he sought to recover his positions and wrote an appeal to the Comintern Executive Committee, asking the committee to resolve the conflict. Because of this, the conflict got more personal: both individuals started to gather supporters, initiating a power struggle for leadership positions, while the conflict itself, beginning with a disagreement about tactics, evolved into a personal matter. The Comintern formed a commission to resolve the conflict, but they took a balancing position: the commission wanted to maintain the status quo, but instead managed only to delay and not resolve the conflict.
大约从1923年开始,立陶宛共产党(CPL)的两位领导人,齐格马斯·阿列克谢-安加里耶蒂斯和温卡斯·米克维留斯-卡普苏卡斯,开始在党的策略和方向上产生分歧。1925年至1926年,由于共产国际机构的工作量和随后v.k apsukas的疾病,Z. Angarietis开始在CPL事务中占据主导地位,并将v.k apsukas从CPL内部的决策和有关信息中隔离出来。当v·卡普苏卡斯病好后,他试图恢复自己的职位,并写信给共产国际执行委员会,要求委员会解决冲突。正因为如此,冲突变得更加个人化:两个人都开始聚集支持者,开始争夺领导职位的权力斗争,而冲突本身,从战术上的分歧开始,演变成个人问题。共产国际成立了一个委员会来解决冲突,但他们采取了一种平衡的立场:委员会想要维持现状,但却只是设法拖延,没有解决冲突。
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引用次数: 0
The Palemonids, Gediminids, and Samogitians: Some Remarks on Lithuanistics in the Chronicle of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Samogitia Palemonids、Gediminids和Samogitia:《立陶宛和Samogitia大公国编年史》立陶宛学述评
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.15388/lis.2021.48.1
Eugenijus Saviščevas
The article examines the hypothesis on the possible influence of a Samogitian nobleman on the author of the chronicle of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Samogitia. In the chronicle Lithuania and its ruling dynasty are traced back to Samogitia. The tradition of Gediminids’ pagan names in Samogitia suggests that the author of the chronicle was looking for an informer in this region and perhaps used the local naming tradition to create the names of the legendary Palemonids. The plot of the 1440 Samogitians Uprising, which appears in the Bychowec chronicle, as well as some indirect references, suggest that Stanislovas Orvydas may have been the informer.
本文考察了萨莫吉希亚贵族对立陶宛和萨莫吉希亚大公国编年史作者可能产生影响的假设。在编年史上,立陶宛及其统治王朝可以追溯到萨莫吉希亚。萨莫吉希亚的Gediminids的异教名字传统表明,编年史的作者正在寻找该地区的线人,也许利用当地的命名传统来创造传说中的Palemonids的名字。1440年萨莫吉希亚人起义的情节出现在比乔维克编年史上,以及一些间接的参考资料表明,斯坦尼斯洛瓦斯·奥维达斯可能是告密者。
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引用次数: 0
What Does It Mean: „Only History Could Explain It“? 这意味着什么:“只有历史才能解释”?
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.15388/LIS.2021.47.6
H. Lübbe, Nerijus Šepetys
Tekstą iš vokiečių kalbos vertė ir pratarmę parašėNerijus Šepetys
德语文本由NerijusŠepetys撰写
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引用次数: 0
The Ethnographic Principle as a Phenomenon of History 民族志原理作为一种历史现象
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.15388/LIS.2021.47.1
Česlovas Laurinavičius
The concept of the ethnographic principle is rarely found in the literature, and there is hardly a legal qualification for it. However, historical material (in cases of the Lithuanian, Czech, Bulgarian and Polish peoples) indicates that the ethnographic principle is a significant political and geopolitical phenomenon. This phenomen is especialy characteristic of the development of the peoples of the region of Central and Eastern Europe. First, the ethnographic principle was closely related to the national principle, although it did not coincide with it. The concept of the ethnographic principle points to the special anatomy of nation states, where the basis is ethnic / linguistic culture. Secondly, the advancement of culture to the fore indicated the recognition of its significance, which had not happened before. Consequently, it was a question of freeing this culture from the restrictions imposed on it and even compensating for the damage caused to it. Thirdly, the culture, raised to the state level, needed appropriate guarantees for the future. The article reveals the tendency of great states at the level of their policies and propaganda to act according to the ethnographic principle, thereby encouraging the formation of national states. However, when the latter became a fact, another tendency arose: the Western world began to apply the criteria of a liberal civil society to new states (according to the principle of jus civis romanus sum). This was too hard for the new states. In this context, the alternative was the Soviet ethno-federalist protectorate, which, although under the conditions of a repressive system, actually continued to implement the projections of the ethnographic principle. A fixed paradox: the ethnographic principle, which originated in the West as a variant of democratization, gained strength thanks to Russia, while the West remained, as it were, in aristocratic opposition to this course. The ethnographic principle has not yet acquired a clearer legal legitimacy. But as a historical category, it can serve as a study of the history of Modern times, and especially the Soviet period.
人种学原则的概念很少出现在文献中,也几乎没有法律资格。然而,历史材料(立陶宛、捷克、保加利亚和波兰人民的情况)表明,人种学原理是一种重要的政治和地缘政治现象。这种现象是中欧和东欧地区人民发展的特殊特征。首先,人种学原则与民族原则密切相关,尽管它与民族原则并不一致。人种学原理的概念指向民族国家的特殊解剖,其基础是民族/语言文化。其次,文化的进步表明了对其意义的认识,这是以前从未发生过的。因此,这是一个将这种文化从强加给它的限制中解放出来,甚至补偿对它造成的损害的问题。第三,这种文化被提升到国家层面,需要为未来提供适当的保障。文章揭示了大国在政策和宣传层面上按照民族志原则行事的倾向,从而鼓励民族国家的形成。然而,当后者成为事实时,另一种趋势出现了:西方世界开始将自由公民社会的标准应用于新的国家(根据罗马宪法的总和原则)。这对新的州来说太难了。在这种情况下,另一种选择是苏联民族联邦主义保护国,尽管在镇压制度的条件下,它实际上继续执行民族志原则的预测。一个固定的悖论是:民族志原则起源于西方,是民主化的一种变体,由于俄罗斯而获得了力量,而西方仍然是贵族阶层对这一进程的反对。人种学原则尚未获得更明确的法律合法性。但作为一个历史范畴,它可以作为研究近代史,特别是苏联时期的历史。
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引用次数: 0
Stanisław Kościałkowski and His Notebook: The Testimony of “Other” about Lithuanians in the Forced Labor Camp in Ural Stanisław Kościałkowski和他的笔记:乌拉尔强迫劳改营立陶宛人的“他者”证词
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.15388/LIS.2021.47.7
A. Kasperavičius
  
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引用次数: 0
What Was Protected by the State in Vilnius and Nowogródek Voivodeships Between 1928 and 1939? Evaluation and Listing of Cultural Monuments 1928年至1939年间,国家在维尔纽斯和诺沃格罗德克省保护了什么?文化古迹的评估和名录
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.15388/LIS.2021.47.2
Viktorija Kurienė
This article focuses on the process of monument listing, done by conservators of Vilnius in interwar Poland and which provided the monuments state protection. Between 1931 and 1939, monument conservators made 202 decisions confirming monumental value to various objects of architecture, urbanistics, archeology and nature. In the text the listing and evaluation process is described by analyzing the register of monuments and the decisions it was based on. The documents from the archive of the Art Department of Vilnius voivodeship are used in the article. The analysis of the register of monuments is based on statistical methods. Interpretation and evaluation are based on analytical and comparative methods. The research leads to findings that monument listing was dominated by architecture. Objects of nature were announced monuments based on their cultural value. Officially the status of a monument was given on the grounds of its aesthetics, age or documental value. However, the inner motive was Polishness. Thus, the most frequent monuments were baroque Catholic churches. The patriotic context is also seen in nature protection. The process of monument listing was led by only one expert – a conservator of monuments. The monument status and state protection depended on their interests, expertise and power. The conservator cooperated only with a small group of Polish authority and intelligentsia, leaving the majority of society out of this heritage process. The decision confirming monumental value was a way to control and have an impact directly on the monument’s existence, indirectly – on the discourse of memory. The monument listing reveals values and identities of a Polish art historian working for the state. Consequently, these values and identities were projected for the whole society as universal. This type of discourse on heritage, conception and practice was common in Western countries in the 20th c.
本文重点介绍了两次世界大战期间波兰维尔纽斯的保护人员对纪念碑进行的挂牌过程,为纪念碑的国家保护提供了依据。1931年至1939年间,纪念碑管理员做出了202项决定,确认了建筑、城市学、考古学和自然等各种物体的不朽价值。文中通过分析纪念碑登记册及其所依据的决定,描述了名录和评估过程。文章中使用了维尔纽斯省艺术部档案馆的文件。对古迹登记册的分析是以统计方法为基础的。解释和评价以分析和比较方法为基础。这项研究发现,纪念碑列表主要由建筑组成。自然物体被宣布为基于其文化价值的纪念碑。纪念碑的官方地位是基于其美学、年代或文献价值。然而,内心的动机是波兰主义。因此,最常见的纪念碑是巴洛克风格的天主教教堂。爱国主义的背景也体现在自然保护中。纪念碑挂牌过程只有一位专家领导——一位纪念碑管理员。纪念碑的地位和国家保护取决于他们的利益、专业知识和权力。这位保护人只与一小群波兰权威和知识分子合作,将社会大多数人排除在这一遗产过程之外。确认纪念碑价值的决定是一种直接控制纪念碑的存在并对其产生影响的方式,间接影响记忆的话语。纪念碑列表揭示了一位为国家工作的波兰艺术历史学家的价值观和身份。因此,这些价值观和身份被投射为整个社会的普遍性。这种关于遗产、概念和实践的论述在20世纪的西方国家很常见。
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引用次数: 0
Philosophy and the Implementation of Marxism-Leninism in Lithuania’s Higher Education Institutions from 1944 to 1947 1944—1947年立陶宛高等教育的哲学与马克思列宁主义的实施
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.15388/LIS.2021.47.3
Laurynas Peluritis
The article examines the introduction of Soviet Marxism (Marxism-Leninism) into the Lithuanian higher education system in 1944–1947. Based on archival sources and existing historiography, this paper explores the development of the higher education system in Lithuania during the first years of the Soviet occupation, including the translation, publication, and dissemination of ideological texts. It is argued that the introduction of Soviet Marxism in Lithuanian higher education institutions in 1944–1945 was carried out in a forced and chaotic manner, the organization of teaching and the preparation of ideological literature was slow, and there was a lack of staff to teach ideological courses. First came the creation of formal institutions (departments, divisions, institutes), and only then a consistent introduction of Marxist-Leninist teachings and the implementation of ideological control.
本文考察了1944-1947年苏联马克思主义(马列主义)进入立陶宛高等教育系统的情况。本文以档案资料和现有史学为基础,探讨了苏联占领初期立陶宛高等教育体系的发展,包括意识形态文本的翻译、出版和传播。文章认为,1944-1945年在立陶宛高等教育机构中引入苏联马克思主义是在强迫和混乱的情况下进行的,教学组织和意识形态文献的编写缓慢,并且缺乏教授意识形态课程的工作人员。首先是建立正式的机构(系、司、所),然后才是始终如一地引入马列主义教义和实施意识形态控制。
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引用次数: 0
Vagrant and Neglected Minors in Soviet Lithuania 1944–1954: The Problem and the Solutions 1944-1954年苏联立陶宛流浪和被忽视的未成年人:问题和解决方案
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.15388/LIS.2021.47.4
Ieva Balčiūnė
This article presents the analysis of how the issue of vagrant and neglected (“беспризорные и безнадзорные”) minors in Soviet Lithuania was dealt with during the period of 1944–1954. After the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1944, stencil measures of dealing with the issue were imposed. However, the problem of vagrant and neglected minors in postwar Lithuania was specific and had changed. Therefore, the research reveals the dynamics of the problem and, by taking into account the Soviet Lithuanian context, the measures taken to solve it. Up until the beginning of the 1950s, vagrant and neglected minors were mostly street children and orphans from WWII. A considerable part of them had migrated from Russian and Belarusian territories in search for food. The government’s aims were to reduce their numbers, move them from the streets and change their official status. But in the 1950s, the problem, as it was seen, had transformed to juvenile delinquency and required respective measures. The research discovers how the system of custody, imprisonment, accommodation and care of these minors worked in early Soviet Lithuania.
本文分析了1944-1954年苏维埃立陶宛流浪和被忽视的未成年人(“беспризорные * безнадзорные”)问题是如何处理的。1944年苏联占领立陶宛后,对这一问题采取了严厉措施。然而,在战后立陶宛,流浪和被忽视的未成年人问题是具体的,并且已经发生了变化。因此,研究揭示了问题的动态,并考虑到苏联立陶宛的情况,揭示了为解决问题所采取的措施。直到20世纪50年代初,流浪和被忽视的未成年人大多是街头儿童和二战的孤儿。他们中有相当一部分是从俄罗斯和白俄罗斯领土迁移过来寻找食物的。政府的目标是减少他们的数量,让他们离开街头,改变他们的官方地位。但在20世纪50年代,这个问题,正如人们所看到的,已经转变为青少年犯罪,需要采取相应的措施。研究揭示了苏联早期立陶宛对这些未成年人的监护、监禁、住宿和照顾制度是如何运作的。
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引用次数: 0
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Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos
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