The Lithuanian partisan war of 1944–1953 left many unanswered questions, which began to be examined more objectively in Lithuania after the restoration of independence. However, during the Soviet period, this topic also received a lot of attention, albeit from the Soviet propaganda side. The subject of the partisan war is defined rather narrowly in the museums of the Lithuanian SSR and independent Lithuania, but the context goes well beyond the issue of museum exhibitions and displays. Abundant archival documents provide a rather interesting picture and allow us to analyse not only the changes of the topic itself in museums in the Soviet system, during the Revival and in independent Lithuania, but also to show it as a struggle for memory. After the end of the partisan war, this topic was not eliminated from public life. Particular attention has been given to the reinterpretation of information. The shift from military to ideological propaganda was initially reflected in practical decisions. At a time when political life was undergoing the so-called ‘Khrushchev thaw’, propaganda gave particular attention to the interpretation of the legacy of the partisan war. The years 1957–1960 were a turning point in the formulation of further propaganda guidelines. During this period, the Museum of the Revolution of the Lithuanian SSR, in cooperation with the KGB structures, began to organise systematically expositions of the “crimes of the bourgeois nationalists” and exhibitions on the basis of the collected items. The introduction of a compulsory propagandistic idea of the “class struggle” during the Soviet era resulted in complex, largely emotion-based processes during the transition period. From the very beginning of the Sąjūdis, in the context of the partisan war. To refute the “class struggle” assessment established during the Soviet period, first of all, the construction of a narrative of the guerrilla war based on historical research was abandoned from the very beginning. The choice of a martyrological narrative, mainly based on empathy with the processes that took place in the past, has eventually shaped the narrative on victims in the museum exhibitions of independent Lithuania. As the generation of creators changed and young cultural workers took over the activities of the museums, and as experts in various fields were involved in the creation of the exhibitions, not only the forms of presenting the partisan war began to change, but also the content. It is centred not on fatalities, but on the determination to fight and defend the independence of the country.
{"title":"Lithuanian Partisan Warfare in Museums during the Soviet Occupation and after the Restoration of Independence","authors":"Aistė Petrauskienė","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.49.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.49.5","url":null,"abstract":"The Lithuanian partisan war of 1944–1953 left many unanswered questions, which began to be examined more objectively in Lithuania after the restoration of independence. However, during the Soviet period, this topic also received a lot of attention, albeit from the Soviet propaganda side. The subject of the partisan war is defined rather narrowly in the museums of the Lithuanian SSR and independent Lithuania, but the context goes well beyond the issue of museum exhibitions and displays. Abundant archival documents provide a rather interesting picture and allow us to analyse not only the changes of the topic itself in museums in the Soviet system, during the Revival and in independent Lithuania, but also to show it as a struggle for memory. After the end of the partisan war, this topic was not eliminated from public life. Particular attention has been given to the reinterpretation of information. The shift from military to ideological propaganda was initially reflected in practical decisions. At a time when political life was undergoing the so-called ‘Khrushchev thaw’, propaganda gave particular attention to the interpretation of the legacy of the partisan war. The years 1957–1960 were a turning point in the formulation of further propaganda guidelines. During this period, the Museum of the Revolution of the Lithuanian SSR, in cooperation with the KGB structures, began to organise systematically expositions of the “crimes of the bourgeois nationalists” and exhibitions on the basis of the collected items. The introduction of a compulsory propagandistic idea of the “class struggle” during the Soviet era resulted in complex, largely emotion-based processes during the transition period. From the very beginning of the Sąjūdis, in the context of the partisan war. To refute the “class struggle” assessment established during the Soviet period, first of all, the construction of a narrative of the guerrilla war based on historical research was abandoned from the very beginning. The choice of a martyrological narrative, mainly based on empathy with the processes that took place in the past, has eventually shaped the narrative on victims in the museum exhibitions of independent Lithuania. As the generation of creators changed and young cultural workers took over the activities of the museums, and as experts in various fields were involved in the creation of the exhibitions, not only the forms of presenting the partisan war began to change, but also the content. It is centred not on fatalities, but on the determination to fight and defend the independence of the country.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43259831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tadas Daugirdas actively participated in the National revival culture but later was forgotten. His work covered several areas of cultural and intellectual life including painting, archaeology, ethnology, museology, and publicist writing. Daugirdas contributed significantly to the creation of the national flag of Lithuania. The fourteen years, from 1877 to 1891, he spent in Warsaw had the great influence on his worldview. Living in Warsaw he maintained close relationship with such people as artist and art critic Stanisław Witkiewicz, doctor and ethnologist Władysław Matlakowski, archaeologists Adam Honory Kirkor, Dmitrij Samokvasov, and Gotfryd Ossowski; he also corresponded with Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis on the issues of Lithuanianism. The Warsaw period determined his future activities which he developed after his return to Lithuania. He came to Warsaw as a painter and returned to his parents’ manor in Lithuania as an archaeologist and a promoter of folk art.
{"title":"The Activity of Tadas Daugirdas in Warsaw (1877–1891): From a Painter to an Archaeologist","authors":"Eligijus Raila","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.49.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.49.2","url":null,"abstract":"Tadas Daugirdas actively participated in the National revival culture but later was forgotten. His work covered several areas of cultural and intellectual life including painting, archaeology, ethnology, museology, and publicist writing. Daugirdas contributed significantly to the creation of the national flag of Lithuania. The fourteen years, from 1877 to 1891, he spent in Warsaw had the great influence on his worldview. Living in Warsaw he maintained close relationship with such people as artist and art critic Stanisław Witkiewicz, doctor and ethnologist Władysław Matlakowski, archaeologists Adam Honory Kirkor, Dmitrij Samokvasov, and Gotfryd Ossowski; he also corresponded with Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis on the issues of Lithuanianism. The Warsaw period determined his future activities which he developed after his return to Lithuania. He came to Warsaw as a painter and returned to his parents’ manor in Lithuania as an archaeologist and a promoter of folk art.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46491787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The political activity of Juozas Gabrys at the League of Nations in Geneva from 1927 to 1939 is the main subject of this article. He and his colleagues established Lithuanian Information Bureau here in the 1930s and worked as journalists. Gabrys also sought to gain a position as a Lithuanian diplomat and the best possibility for that was the post of an ambassador to the League of Nations in Geneva. He thought that his mission was to propagate Lithuanian interests in Western Europe, and the fact that he had started this activity before World War I, should have granted a good and prosperous life for himself as well. Unfortunately, good intentions not always were embodied in the fruitful results. As for the image of the Lithuanian activity in Geneva, not all of Gabrys’ actions succeeded in a positive way. Of course, at the surroundings of the League, Lithuania was seen and heard not only from Gabrys’ publications, but also from official Lithuanian information agencies and legislations. But maybe his irony and accusations worked as stimulator for other Lithuanian journalists and politicians? And maybe his true role at the scene of diplomacy was not to make the decisions, but to take into account every decision made and explain it to the society of Lithuania and Geneva.
{"title":"Juozas Gabrys and Lithuania at the League of Nations: Political Activity","authors":"Monika Šipelytė","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.49.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.49.3","url":null,"abstract":"The political activity of Juozas Gabrys at the League of Nations in Geneva from 1927 to 1939 is the main subject of this article. He and his colleagues established Lithuanian Information Bureau here in the 1930s and worked as journalists. Gabrys also sought to gain a position as a Lithuanian diplomat and the best possibility for that was the post of an ambassador to the League of Nations in Geneva. He thought that his mission was to propagate Lithuanian interests in Western Europe, and the fact that he had started this activity before World War I, should have granted a good and prosperous life for himself as well. Unfortunately, good intentions not always were embodied in the fruitful results. As for the image of the Lithuanian activity in Geneva, not all of Gabrys’ actions succeeded in a positive way. Of course, at the surroundings of the League, Lithuania was seen and heard not only from Gabrys’ publications, but also from official Lithuanian information agencies and legislations. But maybe his irony and accusations worked as stimulator for other Lithuanian journalists and politicians? And maybe his true role at the scene of diplomacy was not to make the decisions, but to take into account every decision made and explain it to the society of Lithuania and Geneva.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46512368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article deals with the collections of printed music dedicated to the distinguished nobles, statesmen and military commanders of the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania, brothers Jan Karol and Aleksander Chodkiewicz. These collections were printed in Venice in the beginning of the 17th century and dedicated to the Lithuanian magnates by Italian composers Giovanni Valentini and Giulio Osculati. However, it was not in their home country where composers became acquainted with the above-mentioned noblemen who had studied and travelled extensively in Italy but in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In fact, both composers had served for certain periods of time as musicians in the Polish court chapel under Sigismund III Vasa. The said collections of motets are being examined here with an emphasis on publicity and international representation. The author notes that besides the reasonable expectations of both Italian composers to raise their public profiles, to publish and disseminate their work in Europe, these personal aspirations also resonated with the interests of other public figures. They both represent Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, as a generous patron and a leading social figure. The dedications were intended to glorify the Chodkiewicz and raise their profile within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and beyond. They account for the magnates’ victories in major military campaigns of the time, such as those achieved during the Polish–Swedish war of 1600–1611, as well as Chodkiewicz’s merits in defence of the state. Within the context of shifting confessional identities at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries (i.e. the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation movements) these notated sources should be considered as a reflection of the magnates’ confessional identity. The very genre of printed works – motets for Catholic church service – reflects Chodkiewicz’s firm self-determination as Roman Catholics.
{"title":"Printed Music as a Medium of International Representation for the Magnates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: A Case Study of Music Prints Dedicated to Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and Aleksander Chodkiewicz","authors":"Aleksandra Pister","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.49.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.49.1","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the collections of printed music dedicated to the distinguished nobles, statesmen and military commanders of the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania, brothers Jan Karol and Aleksander Chodkiewicz. These collections were printed in Venice in the beginning of the 17th century and dedicated to the Lithuanian magnates by Italian composers Giovanni Valentini and Giulio Osculati. However, it was not in their home country where composers became acquainted with the above-mentioned noblemen who had studied and travelled extensively in Italy but in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In fact, both composers had served for certain periods of time as musicians in the Polish court chapel under Sigismund III Vasa. The said collections of motets are being examined here with an emphasis on publicity and international representation. The author notes that besides the reasonable expectations of both Italian composers to raise their public profiles, to publish and disseminate their work in Europe, these personal aspirations also resonated with the interests of other public figures. They both represent Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, as a generous patron and a leading social figure. The dedications were intended to glorify the Chodkiewicz and raise their profile within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and beyond. They account for the magnates’ victories in major military campaigns of the time, such as those achieved during the Polish–Swedish war of 1600–1611, as well as Chodkiewicz’s merits in defence of the state. Within the context of shifting confessional identities at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries (i.e. the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation movements) these notated sources should be considered as a reflection of the magnates’ confessional identity. The very genre of printed works – motets for Catholic church service – reflects Chodkiewicz’s firm self-determination as Roman Catholics.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42869150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rec.: Hektoras Vitkus, Vygantas Vareikis, Edvinas Ubis, Justas Stončius, Macikai: atminties vieta Europos pakraštyje, Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto Baltijos regiono istorijos ir archeologijos institutas, 2021.
{"title":"How to Commemorate the Darkness","authors":"Tomas Vaiseta","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.49.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.49.9","url":null,"abstract":"Rec.: Hektoras Vitkus, Vygantas Vareikis, Edvinas Ubis, Justas Stončius, Macikai: atminties vieta Europos pakraštyje, Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto Baltijos regiono istorijos ir archeologijos institutas, 2021.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45554299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article looks at urban planning and construction processes in Vilnius during the Soviet era from a point of view that has not been widely explored in the existing historiography. The approach is based on analysing relations between the existing city and the city-in-construction within the context of Soviet urban modernisation. Interpreting the communist city as a utopia, the analysis looks at its role in shaping negative attitudes towards the historic city as well as what tangible forms this utopia assumes in the process of being realised. The article argues that this process, purportedly a rational way towards the utopia and characterised by a fragmentary implementation of development projects, is one of the main factors behind the disintegration of the urban space in the Soviet era.
{"title":"The Modernization of a Historic City as the Construction of a Soviet Utopia: Case of Vilnius","authors":"Rugilė Rožėnė","doi":"10.15388/lis.2021.48.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2021.48.5","url":null,"abstract":"The article looks at urban planning and construction processes in Vilnius during the Soviet era from a point of view that has not been widely explored in the existing historiography. The approach is based on analysing relations between the existing city and the city-in-construction within the context of Soviet urban modernisation. Interpreting the communist city as a utopia, the analysis looks at its role in shaping negative attitudes towards the historic city as well as what tangible forms this utopia assumes in the process of being realised. The article argues that this process, purportedly a rational way towards the utopia and characterised by a fragmentary implementation of development projects, is one of the main factors behind the disintegration of the urban space in the Soviet era.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45533218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rec.: Katja Hoyer, The Rise and Fall of German Empire, Stroud: The History Press, 2021.
Rec: Katja Hoyer，德意志帝国的兴衰，斯特劳德:历史出版社，2021年。
{"title":"Great Expectations – Sluggish Performance","authors":"Teodoras Žukas","doi":"10.15388/lis.2021.48.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2021.48.8","url":null,"abstract":"Rec.: Katja Hoyer, The Rise and Fall of German Empire, Stroud: The History Press, 2021.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46632306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research focuses on plunder from variuos co-operative or state institutions (mostly those which had belonged to the Ministry of Internal Trading or the Unity of Co-operatives of Lithuanian SSR) in the first post-war years (1945–1947) in the Lithuanian SSR. The primary source for this article is comprised by 54 criminal cases from the archive of the Supreme Court of the Lithuanian SSR. Cases used in this study were chosen based on one important criteria: that there were not only acts of plunder but also the realization of stolen goods. This would most likely be achieved by selling the goods through various marketplaces (looking from the Soviet point of view, the plundered items belonged to the black market anyway – even if the market activities were not forbidden). Also, the practices of punishment applied in the cases of plunderers and speculators are analyzed. The research shows that even in the very first years of the post-war period, illegal economic processes were widespread in Soviet Lithuania. Plunderers were hitting the Soviet economy hard – despite the harsh practice of punishment, the Soviet government would lose tens of millions of rubles in the Lithuanian SSR each year.
{"title":"“The Merchandise Has Appeared on the Market”: The Typology of Plunderers, Schemes of Illegal Realization, and Legal Practice in Soviet Lithuania (1945–1947)","authors":"Darius Indrišionis","doi":"10.15388/lis.2021.48.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2021.48.4","url":null,"abstract":"This research focuses on plunder from variuos co-operative or state institutions (mostly those which had belonged to the Ministry of Internal Trading or the Unity of Co-operatives of Lithuanian SSR) in the first post-war years (1945–1947) in the Lithuanian SSR. The primary source for this article is comprised by 54 criminal cases from the archive of the Supreme Court of the Lithuanian SSR. Cases used in this study were chosen based on one important criteria: that there were not only acts of plunder but also the realization of stolen goods. This would most likely be achieved by selling the goods through various marketplaces (looking from the Soviet point of view, the plundered items belonged to the black market anyway – even if the market activities were not forbidden). Also, the practices of punishment applied in the cases of plunderers and speculators are analyzed. The research shows that even in the very first years of the post-war period, illegal economic processes were widespread in Soviet Lithuania. Plunderers were hitting the Soviet economy hard – despite the harsh practice of punishment, the Soviet government would lose tens of millions of rubles in the Lithuanian SSR each year.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45899775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Unavoidability of the Human Sciences","authors":"O. Marquard, Nerijus Šepetys","doi":"10.15388/lis.2021.48.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2021.48.6","url":null,"abstract":" ","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46593058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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