Sir, The toothbrush plays an important role for personal oral hygiene and effective plaque removal. Appropriate toothbrush care and maintenance are also important considerations for sound oral hygiene. As early as 1920, Cobb reported that toothbrushes could be the source of repeated oral infection.[1] Retention and survival of microorganisms on toothbrushes represent a possible cause of contamination of the mouth. Toothbrushes used regularly become contaminated with microorganisms, which colonize the oral cavity.[2] The bacteria, fungi and viruses can grow and multiply on toothbrush bristles and handles. The area of the toothbrush in which tufts are anchored is especially prone to contamination. Fluid and food debris can be drawn into the spaces between the tufts by capillary action, and this may lead to bacterial growth.[3] Microorganisms are present everywhere in our environment and thrive in cool, dark places, the type of places people store their toothbrushes. Toothbrushes kept in a moist environment like that of a bathroom, with its traditional, uncovered spot in the bathroom, are one of the hot spots for fecal bacteria and germs spewed into air by aerosol effect.[4] Indeed, Gerba’s studies show that water droplets in an invisible cloud travel six to eight feet out and up, so the areas of bathroom not directly adjunct to the toilet are still contaminated and contaminated toothbrushes may play a role in both systemic and localized diseases[5] Depending on the storage conditions, the toothbrush can, therefore, serve as a reservoir for the reintroduction of potential pathogens.[2] The oral cavity is home to hundreds of different types of microorganisms and, therefore, it is not surprising that some of these microorganisms are transferred to the toothbrush during use. It is clear from the above facts that all of the presently available toothbrushes have the ability to be infected by a wide range of microorganisms, including microbial flora that grow well on a toothbrush. Given the fact that very often people will traumatize themselves with their toothbrush, their trauma may become a potential portal entry for organisms. Thus, it is apparent that present toothbrushes that were basically designed years back need to be re-evaluated. The toothbrush may even have bacteria on them right out of the box; proper storage is a very important aspect in toothbrush care. Thus, general recommendations for toothbrush care are:
{"title":"Microbial flora on toothbrush - At greater risk","authors":"R. Saini, S. Saini","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.73882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.73882","url":null,"abstract":"Sir, The toothbrush plays an important role for personal oral hygiene and effective plaque removal. Appropriate toothbrush care and maintenance are also important considerations for sound oral hygiene. As early as 1920, Cobb reported that toothbrushes could be the source of repeated oral infection.[1] Retention and survival of microorganisms on toothbrushes represent a possible cause of contamination of the mouth. Toothbrushes used regularly become contaminated with microorganisms, which colonize the oral cavity.[2] The bacteria, fungi and viruses can grow and multiply on toothbrush bristles and handles. The area of the toothbrush in which tufts are anchored is especially prone to contamination. Fluid and food debris can be drawn into the spaces between the tufts by capillary action, and this may lead to bacterial growth.[3] Microorganisms are present everywhere in our environment and thrive in cool, dark places, the type of places people store their toothbrushes. Toothbrushes kept in a moist environment like that of a bathroom, with its traditional, uncovered spot in the bathroom, are one of the hot spots for fecal bacteria and germs spewed into air by aerosol effect.[4] Indeed, Gerba’s studies show that water droplets in an invisible cloud travel six to eight feet out and up, so the areas of bathroom not directly adjunct to the toilet are still contaminated and contaminated toothbrushes may play a role in both systemic and localized diseases[5] Depending on the storage conditions, the toothbrush can, therefore, serve as a reservoir for the reintroduction of potential pathogens.[2] The oral cavity is home to hundreds of different types of microorganisms and, therefore, it is not surprising that some of these microorganisms are transferred to the toothbrush during use. It is clear from the above facts that all of the presently available toothbrushes have the ability to be infected by a wide range of microorganisms, including microbial flora that grow well on a toothbrush. Given the fact that very often people will traumatize themselves with their toothbrush, their trauma may become a potential portal entry for organisms. Thus, it is apparent that present toothbrushes that were basically designed years back need to be re-evaluated. The toothbrush may even have bacteria on them right out of the box; proper storage is a very important aspect in toothbrush care. Thus, general recommendations for toothbrush care are:","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127832639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0331-3131.119984
I. Aliyu, A. Randawa, H. S. Isah, O. Afonja
Background: There are reports from many parts of the world on the increased activity of serum total alkaline phosphatase (TALP) in pregnant women, especially during the last half of pregnancy. There is no such documented finding in this environment. There is the need to determine the serum TALP activity in different stages of normal 3 rd trimester pregnancy in Zaria to allow for proper interpretation of this analyte at this stage of pregnancy. Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study carried out among 100 healthy pregnant women in their 3 rd trimester. They were randomly selected from the antenatal clinic of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria. Serum TALP activity was measured using the 4-Nitrophenylphosphate (4-NPP) method. Socio-demographic and obstetrics characteristics were obtained using an administered questionnaire. Microsoft Excel (Microsoft office, 2003) was used for data analysis. Distributions of ALP activities were found to be skewed; hence, non-parametric analyses using percentiles were used in measuring the variation. A P-value of equal to or less than 0.05 (P ≤ 0.05) was considered as statistically significant. Results: The serum TALP activity in normal 3 rd trimester pregnancy was found to be higher when compared to the normal population, with a gradual increase with advancing gestational age. Subjects in the gestational age group of 28 to 30 weeks had a serum TALP activity of 46-138 IU/L, with a continuous increase of up to 213 IU/L at 39 weeks of gestation. A sudden drop in activity was observed at the gestational age of 40 weeks and above. The overall serum TALP activity in normal 3 rd trimester pregnancy was found to be 41-206 IU/L. Conclusion: A higher serum TALP activity for normal 3 rd trimester pregnancy was confirmed for this environment, as has been found elsewhere. There is the need to interpret serum TALP activity in pregnancy with caution.
{"title":"Pattern of serum total alkaline phosphatase activity in different stages of normal third trimester pregnancy in Zaria, Northern Nigeria","authors":"I. Aliyu, A. Randawa, H. S. Isah, O. Afonja","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.119984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.119984","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There are reports from many parts of the world on the increased activity of serum total alkaline phosphatase (TALP) in pregnant women, especially during the last half of pregnancy. There is no such documented finding in this environment. There is the need to determine the serum TALP activity in different stages of normal 3 rd trimester pregnancy in Zaria to allow for proper interpretation of this analyte at this stage of pregnancy. Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study carried out among 100 healthy pregnant women in their 3 rd trimester. They were randomly selected from the antenatal clinic of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria. Serum TALP activity was measured using the 4-Nitrophenylphosphate (4-NPP) method. Socio-demographic and obstetrics characteristics were obtained using an administered questionnaire. Microsoft Excel (Microsoft office, 2003) was used for data analysis. Distributions of ALP activities were found to be skewed; hence, non-parametric analyses using percentiles were used in measuring the variation. A P-value of equal to or less than 0.05 (P ≤ 0.05) was considered as statistically significant. Results: The serum TALP activity in normal 3 rd trimester pregnancy was found to be higher when compared to the normal population, with a gradual increase with advancing gestational age. Subjects in the gestational age group of 28 to 30 weeks had a serum TALP activity of 46-138 IU/L, with a continuous increase of up to 213 IU/L at 39 weeks of gestation. A sudden drop in activity was observed at the gestational age of 40 weeks and above. The overall serum TALP activity in normal 3 rd trimester pregnancy was found to be 41-206 IU/L. Conclusion: A higher serum TALP activity for normal 3 rd trimester pregnancy was confirmed for this environment, as has been found elsewhere. There is the need to interpret serum TALP activity in pregnancy with caution.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127568068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0331-3131.119979
E. Tobin, A. Obi, E. Isah
Background: The registration of births and deaths in Nigeria, as with most developing countries continues to remain suboptimal with many births and deaths going unregistered. This has negative consequences for economic planning and development. Objective: The study was undertaken to assess the practice of birth and death registration in South-south Nigeria; and to determine the factors that govern this practice. Subjects and Methods: Using a cross-sectional descriptive study design, a questionnaire was administered to 324 household heads (or their spouses) in an urban local government area in the South-south geo-political zone of Nigeria. Structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were entered into a spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS version 15. Categorical data were presented as frequency distribution tables, Chi-square test and Fisher′s exact were used to examine relationship between demographic characteristics and respondents′ knowledge and practice of birth and death registration. Results: Awareness of birth registration was high. Awareness of death registration showed differing views as to where and who should statutorily register a death. Sixty-eight percent of those who recorded a birth in the 10 years preceding the study registered it, whereas 61% of those who recorded a death within their household in the preceding 10 years of the study did not register it. Educational level, marital status, and religion were found to be associated with the practice of birth registration, and educational status alone, with death registration. Conclusion: Much work needs to be done to enlighten the public on vital registration, particularly death registration.
{"title":"Status of birth and death registration and associated factors in the South-south region of Nigeria","authors":"E. Tobin, A. Obi, E. Isah","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.119979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.119979","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The registration of births and deaths in Nigeria, as with most developing countries continues to remain suboptimal with many births and deaths going unregistered. This has negative consequences for economic planning and development. Objective: The study was undertaken to assess the practice of birth and death registration in South-south Nigeria; and to determine the factors that govern this practice. Subjects and Methods: Using a cross-sectional descriptive study design, a questionnaire was administered to 324 household heads (or their spouses) in an urban local government area in the South-south geo-political zone of Nigeria. Structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were entered into a spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS version 15. Categorical data were presented as frequency distribution tables, Chi-square test and Fisher′s exact were used to examine relationship between demographic characteristics and respondents′ knowledge and practice of birth and death registration. Results: Awareness of birth registration was high. Awareness of death registration showed differing views as to where and who should statutorily register a death. Sixty-eight percent of those who recorded a birth in the 10 years preceding the study registered it, whereas 61% of those who recorded a death within their household in the preceding 10 years of the study did not register it. Educational level, marital status, and religion were found to be associated with the practice of birth registration, and educational status alone, with death registration. Conclusion: Much work needs to be done to enlighten the public on vital registration, particularly death registration.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130351695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ifeoma Bernadette Ucheh, Achadu Abraham Eleojo, Kpurkpur Tyoalumun, Drenkat Michael Nanpen
Introduction: This study was carried out to assess the incidence of diarrhoea in children under five years at the catchment community of Institute of Child Health (ICH), Banzazzau, Zaria, affiliated to Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria. Aims: The study aim was to assess the incidence of diarrhoea amongst children under five years at the Institute of child health Banzazzau between January 2013 and December 2014. Settings and Design: The study was a retrospective study of the incidence of diarrhoea amongst children under five years at the Institute. Materials and Methods: The materials used for this survey include medical records, questionnaires, weighing scale and a metre rule. Hospital records of children presented with diarrhoea were reviewed to assess the occurrence of diarrhoea among under five. A total of 2,400 hospital records of children under 5 years over a period of 24 months (January 2013- December 2014) who attended the clinic were reviewed. Statistical Analysis Used: Data was analysed using SPSS, version 20.0 and anthropometric data was analysed using the WHO Anthro Software Package 2011. Results: The socio-demography of children seen in the hospital records showed a preponderance of male children over females that presented with diarrhoea (55.4%) and children within the aged 12-23 months had the most diarrhoeal cases (36.8%). Conclusions: Diarrheal disease assessed in under five years in the study area occurred more in male children who are between the ages of 12 to 23 months..
{"title":"Assessment of the incidence of diarrhea in children under 5 years at the Institute of Child Health, Banzazzau, Zaria","authors":"Ifeoma Bernadette Ucheh, Achadu Abraham Eleojo, Kpurkpur Tyoalumun, Drenkat Michael Nanpen","doi":"10.4103/anm.anm_22_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/anm.anm_22_16","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study was carried out to assess the incidence of diarrhoea in children under five years at the catchment community of Institute of Child Health (ICH), Banzazzau, Zaria, affiliated to Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria. Aims: The study aim was to assess the incidence of diarrhoea amongst children under five years at the Institute of child health Banzazzau between January 2013 and December 2014. Settings and Design: The study was a retrospective study of the incidence of diarrhoea amongst children under five years at the Institute. Materials and Methods: The materials used for this survey include medical records, questionnaires, weighing scale and a metre rule. Hospital records of children presented with diarrhoea were reviewed to assess the occurrence of diarrhoea among under five. A total of 2,400 hospital records of children under 5 years over a period of 24 months (January 2013- December 2014) who attended the clinic were reviewed. Statistical Analysis Used: Data was analysed using SPSS, version 20.0 and anthropometric data was analysed using the WHO Anthro Software Package 2011. Results: The socio-demography of children seen in the hospital records showed a preponderance of male children over females that presented with diarrhoea (55.4%) and children within the aged 12-23 months had the most diarrhoeal cases (36.8%). Conclusions: Diarrheal disease assessed in under five years in the study area occurred more in male children who are between the ages of 12 to 23 months..","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133213030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background : Typhoid perforation is a condition commonly seen in developing countries including those of sub-Saharan Africa. Anesthetic management for surgery in typhoid perforation poses great challenges to the anesthetist practicing in Africa, especially in the face of limited resources. Materials and Methods : The anesthetic management of patients who underwent surgery for typhoid perforation at the SIM Hospital in Galmi, Niger Republic, between December 2004 and December 2005, was retrospectively reviewed. Results : There were 56 patients who had surgery for typhoid perforation during the period. Forty-one were males while 15 were females with a male:female ratio of 2.7:1. Their age ranged between 3 and 62 years with a mean of 23 years. Of these, 19 (33.9%) were children aged 15 years and below. Twenty-eight of the patients (i.e. 50%) were assessed as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class IV, while 22 (39%) were ASA III and 6 (11%) were ASA V. Thirty surgeries (i.e. 53.6%) were done under spinal anesthesia, 9 (16%) under general inhalational anesthesia using halothane, 11 (19.6%) under ketamine anesthesia and 6 (10.7%) had drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses under local anesthesia. The overall mortality rate was 26.8%. The mortality rates following the different techniques of anesthesia were: spinal anesthesia 20%, general inhalational anesthesia 22%, ketamine anesthesia 18% and local anesthesia 83.3%. ASA III patients had a mortality rate of 9%, while the mortality rate was 28.6% in ASA IV patients and 83.3% in ASA V patients. Mortality was significantly related to the ASA status of the patient, while there was no correlation between mortality and anesthetic technique used. Conclusion: Proper preoperative resuscitation and a well-conducted anesthesia, using a technique that the anesthetist is well conversant with, appear to be the key to successful anesthesia in patients with typhoid perforation. Anesthetists practicing in rural Africa should be encouraged to acquire skill in the art of spinal anesthesia since it is cheap, easy to administer and can be safely utilized in these patients.
{"title":"Anesthesia for surgery for typhoid perforation in a rural African hospital","authors":"H. Embu, S. Nuhu, M. Yilkudi","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.73864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.73864","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Typhoid perforation is a condition commonly seen in developing countries including those of sub-Saharan Africa. Anesthetic management for surgery in typhoid perforation poses great challenges to the anesthetist practicing in Africa, especially in the face of limited resources. Materials and Methods : The anesthetic management of patients who underwent surgery for typhoid perforation at the SIM Hospital in Galmi, Niger Republic, between December 2004 and December 2005, was retrospectively reviewed. Results : There were 56 patients who had surgery for typhoid perforation during the period. Forty-one were males while 15 were females with a male:female ratio of 2.7:1. Their age ranged between 3 and 62 years with a mean of 23 years. Of these, 19 (33.9%) were children aged 15 years and below. Twenty-eight of the patients (i.e. 50%) were assessed as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class IV, while 22 (39%) were ASA III and 6 (11%) were ASA V. Thirty surgeries (i.e. 53.6%) were done under spinal anesthesia, 9 (16%) under general inhalational anesthesia using halothane, 11 (19.6%) under ketamine anesthesia and 6 (10.7%) had drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses under local anesthesia. The overall mortality rate was 26.8%. The mortality rates following the different techniques of anesthesia were: spinal anesthesia 20%, general inhalational anesthesia 22%, ketamine anesthesia 18% and local anesthesia 83.3%. ASA III patients had a mortality rate of 9%, while the mortality rate was 28.6% in ASA IV patients and 83.3% in ASA V patients. Mortality was significantly related to the ASA status of the patient, while there was no correlation between mortality and anesthetic technique used. Conclusion: Proper preoperative resuscitation and a well-conducted anesthesia, using a technique that the anesthetist is well conversant with, appear to be the key to successful anesthesia in patients with typhoid perforation. Anesthetists practicing in rural Africa should be encouraged to acquire skill in the art of spinal anesthesia since it is cheap, easy to administer and can be safely utilized in these patients.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116389198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. Cobb CM. Toothbrush as a source of repeated oral infections in the mouth. Boston Med J 1920;183:263-9. 2. Taji SS, Rogers AH. The microbial contamination of toothbrushes: A pilot study. Aust Dent J 1998;43:128-30. 3. Bienenbraeber V, Sponholz H, Hagin J. Characteristics of bristle end rounding and anchoring in brand new and used adult’s toothbrushes. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1995;50:517-24. 4. Althaus D, Kockapan C, Wetzel WE. Bristle end rounding and anchoring in children’s toothbrushes. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1990;100:159-64. 5. Glass RT, Lare MM. Toothbrush contamination: a potential health risk. Quintessence Int 1986; 17: 39-42.
{"title":"Lupus erythematosus like tinea of the face (tinea faciale)","authors":"Varinder Singh, T. Narang, K. Narang","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.73884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.73884","url":null,"abstract":"1. Cobb CM. Toothbrush as a source of repeated oral infections in the mouth. Boston Med J 1920;183:263-9. 2. Taji SS, Rogers AH. The microbial contamination of toothbrushes: A pilot study. Aust Dent J 1998;43:128-30. 3. Bienenbraeber V, Sponholz H, Hagin J. Characteristics of bristle end rounding and anchoring in brand new and used adult’s toothbrushes. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1995;50:517-24. 4. Althaus D, Kockapan C, Wetzel WE. Bristle end rounding and anchoring in children’s toothbrushes. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1990;100:159-64. 5. Glass RT, Lare MM. Toothbrush contamination: a potential health risk. Quintessence Int 1986; 17: 39-42.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121809195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy in women and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this gender. The disease in the indigenous African woman is associated with an inherent aggressive biology and worst clinical outcome. As the malignancy is a heterogeneous entity, each case must be individually categorized for efficient therapy. Current clinical practice employs the use of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), as biomarkers to appropriately select patients that would benefit from targeted therapy against these major molecular pathways of the disease. This study aims at establishing the ER, PR, and HER2 status of breast cancer in women visiting the Jos University Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: All histologically confirmed cases of breast cancer at the Jos University Teaching Hospital, between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2012, with sufficient clinical records, were subjected to immunohistochemistry for the ER, PR, and HER2 status. Results: A total of 96 cases of female breast cancers were histologically diagnosed during the period of the study. Sixty-three (65.6%) cases met the inclusion criteria. The predominant histological type was invasive carcinoma (no special type) accounting for 54 (85.7%) cases. Scarf Bloom Richardson Grade 1, 2, and 3 for the cancer cases were: 18 (28.6%), 29 (46.0%), and 16 (25.4%), respectively. The rate of ER, PR, and HER2 positivity were 36.5%, 28.6%, and 33.3%, respectively. There were 26 (41.3%) triple-negative cases. Conclusion: The study shows a relatively low rate of hormone-receptor positivity, and higher HER2 positivity of breast cancers in our locality, which may be responsible for poor prognosis in our patients.
{"title":"Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 status of breast cancers in women visiting the Jos University Teaching Hospital","authors":"I. Emmanuel, B. Mandong, B. Kwaghe, D. Yakubu","doi":"10.4103/anm.anm_6_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/anm.anm_6_17","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy in women and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this gender. The disease in the indigenous African woman is associated with an inherent aggressive biology and worst clinical outcome. As the malignancy is a heterogeneous entity, each case must be individually categorized for efficient therapy. Current clinical practice employs the use of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), as biomarkers to appropriately select patients that would benefit from targeted therapy against these major molecular pathways of the disease. This study aims at establishing the ER, PR, and HER2 status of breast cancer in women visiting the Jos University Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: All histologically confirmed cases of breast cancer at the Jos University Teaching Hospital, between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2012, with sufficient clinical records, were subjected to immunohistochemistry for the ER, PR, and HER2 status. Results: A total of 96 cases of female breast cancers were histologically diagnosed during the period of the study. Sixty-three (65.6%) cases met the inclusion criteria. The predominant histological type was invasive carcinoma (no special type) accounting for 54 (85.7%) cases. Scarf Bloom Richardson Grade 1, 2, and 3 for the cancer cases were: 18 (28.6%), 29 (46.0%), and 16 (25.4%), respectively. The rate of ER, PR, and HER2 positivity were 36.5%, 28.6%, and 33.3%, respectively. There were 26 (41.3%) triple-negative cases. Conclusion: The study shows a relatively low rate of hormone-receptor positivity, and higher HER2 positivity of breast cancers in our locality, which may be responsible for poor prognosis in our patients.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130912233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0331-3131.100227
N. Joshi, S. Sahu, V. Yadav, R. Jadhav
Multicystic dysplastic kidney is a nongenetic, congenital, cystic renal disease in which the renal cortex is replaced by numerous cysts of multiple sizes. The most common clinical presentation of unilateral renal dysplasia is abdominal lump in a new born infant who is otherwise healthy. Unilateral renal dysplasia is compatible with life. In adults, it is either diagnosed incidentally, can be an autopsy finding, or very rarely is symptomatic. Presented here is an unusual clinical presentation of unilateral renal dysplasia in a 30-year-old woman who presented with acute severe right lumbar and iliac fossa pain. Ultrasound and computerized tomography scans of the abdomen revealed absent right kidney with compensatory hypertrophy of the left kidney. As symptoms did not settle with standard conservative line of treatment, cystoscopy with retrograde pyelography was performed for evaluation of microscopic hematuria. A diagnosis of dysplastic kidney was made; exploratory laparotomy with right nephroureterectomy was performed. Patient had a smooth postoperative course. Histopathology confirmed renal dysplasia with pyelonephritis.
{"title":"Acute pyelonephritis mimicking acute abdomen: An atypical presentation of unilateral dysplasia of the kidney in an adult","authors":"N. Joshi, S. Sahu, V. Yadav, R. Jadhav","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.100227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.100227","url":null,"abstract":"Multicystic dysplastic kidney is a nongenetic, congenital, cystic renal disease in which the renal cortex is replaced by numerous cysts of multiple sizes. The most common clinical presentation of unilateral renal dysplasia is abdominal lump in a new born infant who is otherwise healthy. Unilateral renal dysplasia is compatible with life. In adults, it is either diagnosed incidentally, can be an autopsy finding, or very rarely is symptomatic. Presented here is an unusual clinical presentation of unilateral renal dysplasia in a 30-year-old woman who presented with acute severe right lumbar and iliac fossa pain. Ultrasound and computerized tomography scans of the abdomen revealed absent right kidney with compensatory hypertrophy of the left kidney. As symptoms did not settle with standard conservative line of treatment, cystoscopy with retrograde pyelography was performed for evaluation of microscopic hematuria. A diagnosis of dysplastic kidney was made; exploratory laparotomy with right nephroureterectomy was performed. Patient had a smooth postoperative course. Histopathology confirmed renal dysplasia with pyelonephritis.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130142480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0331-3131.163330
P. Som, S. Bhattacherjee, Rituparna Guha, Madhumita Basu, S. Datta
Background and Objectives: Nurses are the frontline health workers whose work compels them to come in contact with different blood-borne pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, their awareness regarding HIV is critical to successful implementation of the programmes. Objectives: To find out the knowledge and practice regarding HIV among nurses in medical colleges of Kolkata. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out among 250 nurses employed in five medical colleges of Kolkata over a period of 2 months (January-February 2015). Their knowledge in the areas of virology, modes of transmission, prevention, and nursing practices regarding HIV/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients′ care was assessed using a pretested questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: While the basic information about the disease such as causative agent, modes of transmission, etc., were known to most of the participants, deficiencies in their knowledge and awareness in many critical areas of the disease such as voluntary counseling and infant feeding practices were noticed. The practice was also found to be unsatisfactory. Training in HIV was found to be an important factor influencing the knowledge of participants. Conclusion: The knowledge and practice regarding HIV was found to be less than satisfactory which necessitates the need to impart focused training on prevention counseling regarding HIV, keeping in mind the rising incidence of HIV infection in India.
{"title":"A Study of Knowledge and Practice among Nurses Regarding Care of human immunodeficiency virus Positive Patients in Medical College and Hospitals of Kolkata, India","authors":"P. Som, S. Bhattacherjee, Rituparna Guha, Madhumita Basu, S. Datta","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.163330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.163330","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives: Nurses are the frontline health workers whose work compels them to come in contact with different blood-borne pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, their awareness regarding HIV is critical to successful implementation of the programmes. Objectives: To find out the knowledge and practice regarding HIV among nurses in medical colleges of Kolkata. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out among 250 nurses employed in five medical colleges of Kolkata over a period of 2 months (January-February 2015). Their knowledge in the areas of virology, modes of transmission, prevention, and nursing practices regarding HIV/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients′ care was assessed using a pretested questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: While the basic information about the disease such as causative agent, modes of transmission, etc., were known to most of the participants, deficiencies in their knowledge and awareness in many critical areas of the disease such as voluntary counseling and infant feeding practices were noticed. The practice was also found to be unsatisfactory. Training in HIV was found to be an important factor influencing the knowledge of participants. Conclusion: The knowledge and practice regarding HIV was found to be less than satisfactory which necessitates the need to impart focused training on prevention counseling regarding HIV, keeping in mind the rising incidence of HIV infection in India.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114415611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Abubakar, S. Idris, K. Sabitu, A. Shehu, M. Sambo
Background : Widespread outbreaks, particularly of communicable diseases and weak surveillance systems, across the African sub-region led to the adoption of Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) as a regional strategy for strengthening national surveillance systems and effective response to priority communicable diseases. One of the goals of IDSR is to improve the ability of Local Government Areas (LGAs) to detect and respond to diseases and conditions that lead to high morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to assess the emergency preparedness and capability to identify outbreaks in Sabon Gari LGA. Methodology : A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in Sabon Gari LGA in October 2007. Key informant interviews of the key personnel conducted using structured interviewer administered questionnaires were used to obtain information about the emergency preparedness and the capability of the LGA to identify outbreaks. The results obtained were compared to the recommendations of the National Technical Guidelines for IDSR 2002. Results : There were no prepositioned stock of drugs and vaccines available; 8% of staff was trained in disease surveillance. There is a budget line available for emergency response. The LGA relies on reports from health facilities and communities to identify outbreaks; no threshold or markers are used. No form of analysis is carried out on data collected at the LGA level. Timeliness of monthly reporting for May and June 2007 was 26.5 and 22.5% respectively; completeness of monthly reporting was 32.7%. Conclusion: The emergency preparedness and capability to identify outbreaks in Sabon Gari LGA is poor based on the selected criteria from the National Technical Guidelines for IDSR; less than 50% of the criteria are met. There is a need for Sabon Gari LGA to fully adopt the National Technical Guidelines on IDSR to be better positioned to prepare for and identify outbreaks.
{"title":"Emergency preparedness and the capability to identify outbreaks: A case study of Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna state","authors":"A. Abubakar, S. Idris, K. Sabitu, A. Shehu, M. Sambo","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.73877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.73877","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Widespread outbreaks, particularly of communicable diseases and weak surveillance systems, across the African sub-region led to the adoption of Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) as a regional strategy for strengthening national surveillance systems and effective response to priority communicable diseases. One of the goals of IDSR is to improve the ability of Local Government Areas (LGAs) to detect and respond to diseases and conditions that lead to high morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to assess the emergency preparedness and capability to identify outbreaks in Sabon Gari LGA. Methodology : A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in Sabon Gari LGA in October 2007. Key informant interviews of the key personnel conducted using structured interviewer administered questionnaires were used to obtain information about the emergency preparedness and the capability of the LGA to identify outbreaks. The results obtained were compared to the recommendations of the National Technical Guidelines for IDSR 2002. Results : There were no prepositioned stock of drugs and vaccines available; 8% of staff was trained in disease surveillance. There is a budget line available for emergency response. The LGA relies on reports from health facilities and communities to identify outbreaks; no threshold or markers are used. No form of analysis is carried out on data collected at the LGA level. Timeliness of monthly reporting for May and June 2007 was 26.5 and 22.5% respectively; completeness of monthly reporting was 32.7%. Conclusion: The emergency preparedness and capability to identify outbreaks in Sabon Gari LGA is poor based on the selected criteria from the National Technical Guidelines for IDSR; less than 50% of the criteria are met. There is a need for Sabon Gari LGA to fully adopt the National Technical Guidelines on IDSR to be better positioned to prepare for and identify outbreaks.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132185095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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