Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109085
Rongqiang Yan , Peng Du , Rongtao Zhu , Haoyang Xuan , Runchi Li , Zhiheng Jiang , Zhongyuan Suo , Jindong Liu , Liang Zhang , Guoqiang Xie
Despite the promising potential of Ti-based metallic glass (MG) coatings as biomaterials, their clinical applications are severely limited due to the presence of toxic elements, such as Al, Ni, Be. In this context, the novel Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd-Sn MG coatings without toxic elements was first prepared on a 316L stainless steel (SS) substrate by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) in this work. The resulting Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd-Sn MG coating exhibited a low dilution rate between coating and substrate, thereby alleviating issues related to decreased amorphous content and reduced interfacial strength caused by epitaxial growth of columnar crystals. With its high amorphous content and superior forming quality, the microhardness of coating reached 642.6 HV, significantly improved compared to 276.5 HV for the 316L SS substrate. Furthermore, exceptional corrosion resistance was demonstrated in Hanks' solution. The corrosion current density (Icorr) significantly decreased from 1.67 × 10−6 A/cm2 for 316L SS to 1.29 × 10−7 A/cm2 for Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd-Sn MG coating. Meanwhile, The MG coating can increase the corrosion potential of the substrate from −591V to −0.126V and the pitting potential from 0.086V to 0.566V at most. This novel high-performance MG coatings are expected to demonstrate tremendous application potential in the medical field.
{"title":"Novel Ti-based metallic glass coating free of toxic elements for bio-implant applications","authors":"Rongqiang Yan , Peng Du , Rongtao Zhu , Haoyang Xuan , Runchi Li , Zhiheng Jiang , Zhongyuan Suo , Jindong Liu , Liang Zhang , Guoqiang Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the promising potential of Ti-based metallic glass (MG) coatings as biomaterials, their clinical applications are severely limited due to the presence of toxic elements, such as Al, Ni, Be. In this context, the novel Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd-Sn MG coatings without toxic elements was first prepared on a 316L stainless steel (SS) substrate by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) in this work. The resulting Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd-Sn MG coating exhibited a low dilution rate between coating and substrate, thereby alleviating issues related to decreased amorphous content and reduced interfacial strength caused by epitaxial growth of columnar crystals. With its high amorphous content and superior forming quality, the microhardness of coating reached 642.6 HV, significantly improved compared to 276.5 HV for the 316L SS substrate. Furthermore, exceptional corrosion resistance was demonstrated in Hanks' solution. The corrosion current density (I<sub>corr</sub>) significantly decreased from 1.67 × 10<sup>−6</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup> for 316L SS to 1.29 × 10<sup>−7</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup> for Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd-Sn MG coating. Meanwhile, The MG coating can increase the corrosion potential of the substrate from −591V to −0.126V and the pitting potential from 0.086V to 0.566V at most. This novel high-performance MG coatings are expected to demonstrate tremendous application potential in the medical field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 109085"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109088
Zhao Peng , Jiang Yinfang , Kong Dejun
Cr3C2 with different mass fractions was added into FeCoCrMoSi amorphous coating to improve its hardness by laser cladding, and the effects of Cr3C2 mass fraction on the phase composition and microstructure of obtained coatings were investigated. The tribological performance of coatings was tested using a ball–on–disc wear tester, and the wear mechanism was also discussed in detail. The results show that the gray regions are significantly increased with the Cr3C2 mass fraction, and the FeCoCrMoSi–10 %Cr3C2 and FeCoCrMoSi–15 %Cr3C2 coatings exhibit finer cellular crystals in the overlapping region. The wear rates of FeCoCrMoSi–xCr3C2 coatings at 500 °C are higher than those at 25 °C, which is attributed to that the softening effect of coating is more susceptible to be scraped and plastically deformed at high temperature. The wear mechanism of FeCoCrMoSi–xCr3C2 coatings at 500 °C is abrasive wear and oxidative wear, and the tribological properties of coatings are deteriorated by the microcracks connected with each other as the Cr3C2 mass fraction increases, generating the large–scale spalling and delamination failure of wear track.
{"title":"Laser cladded Cr3C2 reinforced FeCoCrMoSi amorphous coatings on 45 steel: Phase composition, structural evolution and tribological performance","authors":"Zhao Peng , Jiang Yinfang , Kong Dejun","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> with different mass fractions was added into FeCoCrMoSi amorphous coating to improve its hardness by laser cladding, and the effects of Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> mass fraction on the phase composition and microstructure of obtained coatings were investigated. The tribological performance of coatings was tested using a ball–on–disc wear tester, and the wear mechanism was also discussed in detail. The results show that the gray regions are significantly increased with the Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> mass fraction, and the FeCoCrMoSi–10 %Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> and FeCoCrMoSi–15 %Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> coatings exhibit finer cellular crystals in the overlapping region. The wear rates of FeCoCrMoSi–xCr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> coatings at 500 °C are higher than those at 25 °C, which is attributed to that the softening effect of coating is more susceptible to be scraped and plastically deformed at high temperature. The wear mechanism of FeCoCrMoSi–xCr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> coatings at 500 °C is abrasive wear and oxidative wear, and the tribological properties of coatings are deteriorated by the microcracks connected with each other as the Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> mass fraction increases, generating the large–scale spalling and delamination failure of wear track.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 109088"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109077
R.J. Contieri , E.S.N. Lopes , A. Cremasco , D. Choudhuri , R. Banerjee , R. Caram
Alloys in the Ti-Cu system with compositions close to the eutectoid exhibit potential for structural applications because they present interesting mechanical properties, low density, and high corrosion resistance. The mechanical behavior of these alloys depends directly on the processing conditions and heat treatments applied. Under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions, the microstructure of these alloys is formed by the α-phase and the Ti2Cu intermetallic compound. Depending on the processing conditions imposed, metastable structures may be formed. This study aimed to evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties of near-eutectoid Ti-Cu alloys after aging heat treatment. Initially, samples were solution heat-treated at 1000 °C and water quenched (∼150 °C/s). Some of the samples were aged at a non-isothermal condition with a heating rate of 10 °C/min up to 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C, followed by WQ. The heat-treatment results suggest that the highest value of mechanical strength corresponds to the loss of coherence between the Ti2Cu intermetallic compound precipitates and the matrix.
{"title":"Alpha phase decomposition and Ti2Cu precipitation in near-eutectoid Ti-Cu alloy: Effect on microstructure and mechanical properties","authors":"R.J. Contieri , E.S.N. Lopes , A. Cremasco , D. Choudhuri , R. Banerjee , R. Caram","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alloys in the Ti-Cu system with compositions close to the eutectoid exhibit potential for structural applications because they present interesting mechanical properties, low density, and high corrosion resistance. The mechanical behavior of these alloys depends directly on the processing conditions and heat treatments applied. Under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions, the microstructure of these alloys is formed by the α-phase and the Ti<sub>2</sub>Cu intermetallic compound. Depending on the processing conditions imposed, metastable structures may be formed. This study aimed to evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties of near-eutectoid Ti-Cu alloys after aging heat treatment. Initially, samples were solution heat-treated at 1000 °C and water quenched (∼150 <sup>°</sup>C/s). Some of the samples were aged at a non-isothermal condition with a heating rate of 10 <sup>°</sup>C/min up to 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C, followed by WQ. The heat-treatment results suggest that the highest value of mechanical strength corresponds to the loss of coherence between the Ti<sub>2</sub>Cu intermetallic compound precipitates and the matrix.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 109077"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109084
Lingxiang Tang , Canjuan Xiao , Song Ni , Wenting Jiang , Caihe Fan , Zibin Chen , Yi Huang , Min Song
The incorporation of ceramic nanoparticles into medium-entropy alloys offers a promising route to enhance mechanical performance through microstructural engineering. In this study, CoCrNi composites reinforced with 1–2 wt% TiN nanoparticles were fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), achieving a remarkable synergy of strength and ductility. The addition of 1 wt% TiN increased the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength from 694.5 MPa to 955 MPa–806 MPa and 1084 MPa, respectively, while the fracture elongation remained comparable (33 % → 33.5 %). During LPBF, TiN nanoparticles decomposed in situ, forming semi-coherent TiN and TiO2 precipitates. By exerting a pinning effect and raising the energy barriers for twin propagation, these semi-coherent particles suppress twin formation and growth. Strengthening mechanisms were quantitatively assessed, revealing a dominant contribution from precipitation hardening (136.9 MPa and 205.1 MPa for 1 wt% and 2 wt% TiN, respectively), supplemented by dislocation, grain boundary, and strain hardening effects. This work demonstrates the potential of LPBF-processed CoCrNi-TiN composites for high-performance applications and provides a framework for tailoring strength-ductility balance via nanoparticle-induced microstructural control.
{"title":"Enhanced mechanical properties of LPBF-fabricated CoCrNi/TiN composites via in-situ nanoparticle reinforcement","authors":"Lingxiang Tang , Canjuan Xiao , Song Ni , Wenting Jiang , Caihe Fan , Zibin Chen , Yi Huang , Min Song","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incorporation of ceramic nanoparticles into medium-entropy alloys offers a promising route to enhance mechanical performance through microstructural engineering. In this study, CoCrNi composites reinforced with 1–2 wt% TiN nanoparticles were fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), achieving a remarkable synergy of strength and ductility. The addition of 1 wt% TiN increased the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength from 694.5 MPa to 955 MPa–806 MPa and 1084 MPa, respectively, while the fracture elongation remained comparable (33 % → 33.5 %). During LPBF, TiN nanoparticles decomposed in situ, forming semi-coherent TiN and TiO<sub>2</sub> precipitates. By exerting a pinning effect and raising the energy barriers for twin propagation, these semi-coherent particles suppress twin formation and growth. Strengthening mechanisms were quantitatively assessed, revealing a dominant contribution from precipitation hardening (136.9 MPa and 205.1 MPa for 1 wt% and 2 wt% TiN, respectively), supplemented by dislocation, grain boundary, and strain hardening effects. This work demonstrates the potential of LPBF-processed CoCrNi-TiN composites for high-performance applications and provides a framework for tailoring strength-ductility balance via nanoparticle-induced microstructural control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 109084"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109087
Chengzhe Wang , Wei Chen , Zhichao Lu , Yan Huang , Fan Zhang , Yibo Zhang , Liang Wang , Chunyin Zhou , Saichao Cao , Ke Yang , Zhou Zhou , Jinkui Zhao , Dongbai Sun , Fanqiang Meng , Dong Ma
Additive manufacturing (AM) offers exceptional control over non-equilibrium solidification of Ti-rich solid-solution alloys, enabling novel microstructures with superior properties. Yet, the AM manipulation of high-concentration titanium alloys−compositions central to or deviating significantly from terminal solid solutions−remains largely unexplored. Here, we reveal how rapid solidification in laser additive manufacturing of Ti-Cu alloys with high Cu contents (25–60 at.%) promotes extensive intermetallic compound (IMC) formation, critically determining mechanical properties. While 25 at.% Cu forms ductile α-Ti/Ti2Cu dendrites, higher Cu contents drive sequential incomplete peritectic reactions, producing an unusual microstructure consisting of a cascade of IMC laths, i.e., primary TiCu encapsulated successively by Cu4Ti3, Cu2Ti, and Cu2Ti + Cu4Ti. This exotic, non-equilibrium microstructure, absent in solidification of solid-solution alloys, causes deteriorating plasticity (∼4.6 % at 60 at.% Cu) and embrittlement, owing to crystallographic incompatibility and cracking at IMC phase boundaries. By establishing the microstructure-property relationship in AM Ti-Cu high-concentration alloys, this work provides critical insights for mitigating embrittlement by reducing or suppressing IMCs through microstructure manipulation in laser-based fabrications, particularly for laser cladding of Ti coatings on steel using Cu as an interlayer.
{"title":"Cascaded intermetallic compound formation in additively manufactured Ti-Cu high-concentration alloys","authors":"Chengzhe Wang , Wei Chen , Zhichao Lu , Yan Huang , Fan Zhang , Yibo Zhang , Liang Wang , Chunyin Zhou , Saichao Cao , Ke Yang , Zhou Zhou , Jinkui Zhao , Dongbai Sun , Fanqiang Meng , Dong Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing (AM) offers exceptional control over non-equilibrium solidification of Ti-rich solid-solution alloys, enabling novel microstructures with superior properties. Yet, the AM manipulation of high-concentration titanium alloys−compositions central to or deviating significantly from terminal solid solutions−remains largely unexplored. Here, we reveal how rapid solidification in laser additive manufacturing of Ti-Cu alloys with high Cu contents (25–60 at.%) promotes extensive intermetallic compound (IMC) formation, critically determining mechanical properties. While 25 at.% Cu forms ductile α-Ti/Ti<sub>2</sub>Cu dendrites, higher Cu contents drive sequential incomplete peritectic reactions, producing an unusual microstructure consisting of a cascade of IMC laths, <em>i.e.</em>, primary TiCu encapsulated successively by Cu<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>3</sub>, Cu<sub>2</sub>Ti, and Cu<sub>2</sub>Ti + Cu<sub>4</sub>Ti. This exotic, non-equilibrium microstructure, absent in solidification of solid-solution alloys, causes deteriorating plasticity (∼4.6 % at 60 at.% Cu) and embrittlement, owing to crystallographic incompatibility and cracking at IMC phase boundaries. By establishing the microstructure-property relationship in AM Ti-Cu high-concentration alloys, this work provides critical insights for mitigating embrittlement by reducing or suppressing IMCs through microstructure manipulation in laser-based fabrications, particularly for laser cladding of Ti coatings on steel using Cu as an interlayer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 109087"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109080
Baolin Wei , Chunhui Ma , Bizhou Zhao , Yuanli Xu , Zhikun Ma , Xudong Zhang , Lianwen Wang , Peng Peng
This study induced the precipitation of the Laves phase in a Co25Fe25Mn20Ni25Ti5 (at.%) alloy through cryogenic treatment (CT) and combined cryogenic treatment with low-temperature tempering (CT + LT), leading to simultaneous enhancement of its mechanical properties. The as-cast microstructure consists of a single FCC phase, featuring Fe/Co-rich dendrites (DR) and Ni/Ti-rich inter-dendritic (ID) regions. After CT, fine Laves phase particles precipitated in the matrix, and the optimal strength–ductility balance (YS: 422.80 ± 6.58 MPa, EL: 28.54 ± 1.12 %) was achieved under the CT24LT condition. Significant orientation differences between grains induced intergranular rotation, which coordinated microscopic deformation and promoted Laves phase precipitation. The improved mechanical properties are attributed to Laves phase strengthening and dislocation strengthening. The hard Laves phase acts as non-deformable particles that strongly hinder dislocation motion, causing pronounced dislocation pile-ups and local stress concentration. Plastic flow proceeds via cross-slip, consistent with KAM evolution. Under CT24LT, the Laves phase exhibits a slightly larger size and more uniform distribution, which alleviates stress concentration and delays crack initiation. Moreover, multiple slip systems are activated, effectively suppressing premature failure. The increased average density of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) enhances dislocation storage capacity and work-hardening behavior. In summary, the coordinated evolution of Laves phase characteristics and dislocation configurations optimizes the strength–ductility synergy, where second-phase and dislocation strengthening serve as the primary mechanisms.
{"title":"Study on the cryogenic treatment-induced precipitation of laves phase and strengthening mechanisms in Co25Fe25Mn20Ni25Ti5 high-entropy alloy","authors":"Baolin Wei , Chunhui Ma , Bizhou Zhao , Yuanli Xu , Zhikun Ma , Xudong Zhang , Lianwen Wang , Peng Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study induced the precipitation of the Laves phase in a Co<sub>25</sub>Fe<sub>25</sub>Mn<sub>20</sub>Ni<sub>25</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub> (at.%) alloy through cryogenic treatment (CT) and combined cryogenic treatment with low-temperature tempering (CT + LT), leading to simultaneous enhancement of its mechanical properties. The as-cast microstructure consists of a single FCC phase, featuring Fe/Co-rich dendrites (DR) and Ni/Ti-rich inter-dendritic (ID) regions. After CT, fine Laves phase particles precipitated in the matrix, and the optimal strength–ductility balance (YS: 422.80 ± 6.58 MPa, EL: 28.54 ± 1.12 %) was achieved under the CT24LT condition. Significant orientation differences between grains induced intergranular rotation, which coordinated microscopic deformation and promoted Laves phase precipitation. The improved mechanical properties are attributed to Laves phase strengthening and dislocation strengthening. The hard Laves phase acts as non-deformable particles that strongly hinder dislocation motion, causing pronounced dislocation pile-ups and local stress concentration. Plastic flow proceeds via cross-slip, consistent with KAM evolution. Under CT24LT, the Laves phase exhibits a slightly larger size and more uniform distribution, which alleviates stress concentration and delays crack initiation. Moreover, multiple slip systems are activated, effectively suppressing premature failure. The increased average density of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) enhances dislocation storage capacity and work-hardening behavior. In summary, the coordinated evolution of Laves phase characteristics and dislocation configurations optimizes the strength–ductility synergy, where second-phase and dislocation strengthening serve as the primary mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 109080"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109079
Suo Zhang , Bin Yin , Chengfu Han , Tan Wang , Shaojie Wu , Fushan Li
In the present study, the Fe82Si1B12C5 amorphous alloys, cast at 1150, 1300, and 1400 °C had been studied. The corrosion behaviors were evaluated in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution through structural characterization analysis, surface topography analysis, and electrochemical tests. The results showed that as melt temperatures increased, the structure of Fe82Si1B12C5 amorphous alloy gradually became more disorder. Alloys cast at higher melt temperatures exhibited micro/nano pits on their etched amorphous surfaces, which resulted in a lower corrosion potential and higher current density. The corrosion morphology revealed that the macro-pit corrosion was less pronounced in amorphous alloys cast at lower melt temperatures compared to those cast at higher melt temperatures. Additionally, potentiodynamic polarization and hardness measurements of annealed alloys cast at higher melt temperatures showed improved corrosion resistance. This enhancement was attributed to their more homogeneous structure, reduced free volume, and lower residual internal stress, all of which contributed to the increased effectiveness of the passive film. Since the amorphous alloy is typically used in the annealed state, optimal properties are usually achieved by carefully controlling the temperature. Therefore, it is essential to avoid prolonged exposure to corrosion-prone conditions before the amorphous alloys undergoes annealing, to prevent issues such as burst leakage.
{"title":"Tailoring the corrosion behavior of Fe-based amorphous alloy by melt temperature","authors":"Suo Zhang , Bin Yin , Chengfu Han , Tan Wang , Shaojie Wu , Fushan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, the Fe<sub>82</sub>Si<sub>1</sub>B<sub>12</sub>C<sub>5</sub> amorphous alloys, cast at 1150, 1300, and 1400 °C had been studied. The corrosion behaviors were evaluated in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution through structural characterization analysis, surface topography analysis, and electrochemical tests. The results showed that as melt temperatures increased, the structure of Fe<sub>82</sub>Si<sub>1</sub>B<sub>12</sub>C<sub>5</sub> amorphous alloy gradually became more disorder. Alloys cast at higher melt temperatures exhibited micro/nano pits on their etched amorphous surfaces, which resulted in a lower corrosion potential and higher current density. The corrosion morphology revealed that the macro-pit corrosion was less pronounced in amorphous alloys cast at lower melt temperatures compared to those cast at higher melt temperatures. Additionally, potentiodynamic polarization and hardness measurements of annealed alloys cast at higher melt temperatures showed improved corrosion resistance. This enhancement was attributed to their more homogeneous structure, reduced free volume, and lower residual internal stress, all of which contributed to the increased effectiveness of the passive film. Since the amorphous alloy is typically used in the annealed state, optimal properties are usually achieved by carefully controlling the temperature. Therefore, it is essential to avoid prolonged exposure to corrosion-prone conditions before the amorphous alloys undergoes annealing, to prevent issues such as burst leakage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 109079"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109076
N.K. Chaitanya , K. Guruvidyathri , P.P. Bhattacharjee , M. Vaidya
The isothermal oxidation behavior of a novel Al0.3Cr1.3Co1Fe1Mn1Ni0.7 (FCC + BCC/B2) multi-phase complex concentrated alloy (CCA) was studied at 800 °C and 900 °C. The oxidation behavior exhibited single-stage parabolic kinetics with an activation energy (Q) of 219 kJ/mol. The uniform surface morphology highlighted the absence of differential phase-dominated oxide growth rate at the two temperatures. The nucleation and growth of the Al2O3, (Cr,Mn)2O3, (Mn,Cr,Fe)2O3, and (Mn,Cr,Fe)3O4 oxides were assessed using the elemental activity of reactants and products using Calphad-TCHEA3, SSUB5, and TCFE9 databases, followed by diffusivity calculations at the required temperatures. The extended solubility of Mn in the Cr2O3 oxide suggests the formation of Mn1.5Cr1.5O4 spinel at both temperatures. The combined effect of thermal and growth stress led to the spallation of (Mn,Cr,Fe)3O4 after 100h of oxidation at 900 °C.
{"title":"Temperature effects on the oxidation behavior of Al0.3Cr1.3Co1Fe1Mn1Ni0.7 multi-phase complex concentrated alloy","authors":"N.K. Chaitanya , K. Guruvidyathri , P.P. Bhattacharjee , M. Vaidya","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The isothermal oxidation behavior of a novel Al<sub>0.3</sub>Cr<sub>1.3</sub>Co<sub>1</sub>Fe<sub>1</sub>Mn<sub>1</sub>Ni<sub>0.7</sub> (FCC + BCC/B2) multi-phase complex concentrated alloy (CCA) was studied at 800 °C and 900 °C. The oxidation behavior exhibited single-stage parabolic kinetics with an activation energy (Q) of 219 kJ/mol. The uniform surface morphology highlighted the absence of differential phase-dominated oxide growth rate at the two temperatures. The nucleation and growth of the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, (Cr,Mn)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, (Mn,Cr,Fe)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and (Mn,Cr,Fe)<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> oxides were assessed using the elemental activity of reactants and products using Calphad-TCHEA3, SSUB5, and TCFE9 databases, followed by diffusivity calculations at the required temperatures. The extended solubility of Mn in the Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> oxide suggests the formation of Mn<sub>1.5</sub>Cr<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel at both temperatures. The combined effect of thermal and growth stress led to the spallation of (Mn,Cr,Fe)<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> after 100h of oxidation at 900 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 109076"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109086
Chongxun Fang , Xuejun Lv , Na Li , Ran Wei , Yongfu Cai , Chen Chen , Hongyan Wang , Tan Wang , Shaojie Wu , Min Tian , Zhenhua Han , Jiajia Tian
Achieving excellent tensile mechanical properties for as-cast eutectic high/medium entropy alloys (H/MEAs) from room to elevated temperatures is still a challenge. Here, we present a novel as-cast Ni42.6Fe24.6Cr16.4Al15.4Nb1 alloy with a hierarchical heterostructure composed of (Fe, Cr)-rich L12 phase and (Ni, Al)-rich BCC phase. Furthermore, both phases contain nanoprecipitates. The designed as-cast alloy exhibits tensile mechanical properties from 25 °C to 800 °C, significantly outperforming some reported as-cast eutectic H/MEAs. A high yield strength of ∼550 MPa and ductility of 18.4 % were achieved at 25 °C. The sustained strain hardening behavior at 25 °C stems from significant interaction between high-density dislocations and abundant interfaces. Furthermore, a high yield strength of 600 MPa was achieved at 700 °C with a ductility of 11 %. The excellent work-hardening capacity at 700 °C is primarily attributed to the slip-band-induced dynamic Hall-Petch effect in the FCC (L12) phase and the co-precipitation of two types of nanoprecipitates within the BCC (B2) phase.
{"title":"A novel as-cast Ni42.6Fe24.6Cr16.4Al15.4Nb1 medium-entropy alloy with excellent mechanical properties from room to elevated temperatures","authors":"Chongxun Fang , Xuejun Lv , Na Li , Ran Wei , Yongfu Cai , Chen Chen , Hongyan Wang , Tan Wang , Shaojie Wu , Min Tian , Zhenhua Han , Jiajia Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving excellent tensile mechanical properties for as-cast eutectic high/medium entropy alloys (H/MEAs) from room to elevated temperatures is still a challenge. Here, we present a novel as-cast Ni<sub>42.6</sub>Fe<sub>24.6</sub>Cr<sub>16.4</sub>Al<sub>15.4</sub>Nb<sub>1</sub> alloy with a hierarchical heterostructure composed of (Fe, Cr)-rich L1<sub>2</sub> phase and (Ni, Al)-rich BCC phase. Furthermore, both phases contain nanoprecipitates. The designed as-cast alloy exhibits tensile mechanical properties from 25 °C to 800 °C, significantly outperforming some reported as-cast eutectic H/MEAs. A high yield strength of ∼550 MPa and ductility of 18.4 % were achieved at 25 °C. The sustained strain hardening behavior at 25 °C stems from significant interaction between high-density dislocations and abundant interfaces. Furthermore, a high yield strength of 600 MPa was achieved at 700 °C with a ductility of 11 %. The excellent work-hardening capacity at 700 °C is primarily attributed to the slip-band-induced dynamic Hall-Petch effect in the FCC (L1<sub>2</sub>) phase and the co-precipitation of two types of nanoprecipitates within the BCC (B2) phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 109086"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109083
Soobin Kim , So-Yeon Park , Young-Kyun Kim , Hyoung Seop Kim , Kee-Ahn Lee
A dual-phase Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 multi-principal element alloy (MPEA), composed of γ (FCC) and ε (HCP) phases, exhibits a favorable balance of strength and ductility through the activation of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) mechanisms. In this study, a modified alloy (M-MPEA) was developed by incorporating 0.1 at.% each of Ti, V, and Mo, aiming to further enhance plasticity via stacking fault energy (SFE) control. Alloys were fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), where rapid solidification promotes refined microstructures that synergize with minor-element alloying. Tensile tests conducted at 298 K and 77 K revealed that the base MPEA exhibited ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) of 769.2 MPa at 298 K and 1175.2 MPa at 77 K, with elongations of 28.8 % and 21.4 %, respectively. In contrast, the M-MPEA demonstrated comparable strengths of 773.3 MPa and 1199.7 MPa, but significantly improved elongations of 37.8 % and 27.2 % at each temperature. Post-deformation EBSD analysis revealed more pronounced γ→ε phase transformation and active twinning within the ε phase in the M-MPEA, indicating the concurrent operation of TRIP and TWIP. The addition of minor alloying elements is inferred to have reduced the effective SFE, thereby facilitating stable phase transformation and uniform strain distribution, which ultimately alleviates the conventional strength-ductility trade-off. These findings highlight minor-element alloying as a cost-effective and practical strategy to exploit the intrinsic advantages of L-PBF, providing a robust pathway to tailor deformation mechanisms and optimize the cryogenic performance of MPEAs.
{"title":"Tailoring deformation mechanism via Ti, V, Mo microalloying in L-PBF fabricated Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 multi-principal element alloys for enhanced strength–ductility synergy at room and cryogenic temperatures","authors":"Soobin Kim , So-Yeon Park , Young-Kyun Kim , Hyoung Seop Kim , Kee-Ahn Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.109083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A dual-phase Fe<sub>50</sub>Mn<sub>30</sub>Co<sub>10</sub>Cr<sub>10</sub> multi-principal element alloy (MPEA), composed of γ (FCC) and ε (HCP) phases, exhibits a favorable balance of strength and ductility through the activation of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) mechanisms. In this study, a modified alloy (M-MPEA) was developed by incorporating 0.1 at.% each of Ti, V, and Mo, aiming to further enhance plasticity via stacking fault energy (SFE) control. Alloys were fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), where rapid solidification promotes refined microstructures that synergize with minor-element alloying. Tensile tests conducted at 298 K and 77 K revealed that the base MPEA exhibited ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) of 769.2 MPa at 298 K and 1175.2 MPa at 77 K, with elongations of 28.8 % and 21.4 %, respectively. In contrast, the M-MPEA demonstrated comparable strengths of 773.3 MPa and 1199.7 MPa, but significantly improved elongations of 37.8 % and 27.2 % at each temperature. Post-deformation EBSD analysis revealed more pronounced γ→ε phase transformation and active twinning within the ε phase in the M-MPEA, indicating the concurrent operation of TRIP and TWIP. The addition of minor alloying elements is inferred to have reduced the effective SFE, thereby facilitating stable phase transformation and uniform strain distribution, which ultimately alleviates the conventional strength-ductility trade-off. These findings highlight minor-element alloying as a cost-effective and practical strategy to exploit the intrinsic advantages of L-PBF, providing a robust pathway to tailor deformation mechanisms and optimize the cryogenic performance of MPEAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 109083"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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