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Investigation of active voltage support control approach of DC distribution networks based on virtual inertia coordination 基于虚拟惯性协调的直流配电网主动电压支持控制方法研究
IF 2.4 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1049/esi2.12123
Lei Chen, Yuqi Jiang, Zekai Zhao, Shencong Zheng, Yifei Li, Hongkun Chen

DC distribution networks (DCDNs) possess the advantages of high power efficiency, low operation loss, and favourable control flexibility, and are regarded as an essential form of future power distribution systems. In order to increase the voltage transient performance of DCDNs against disturbances, this paper proposes a methodology for realising the active voltage support control of DCDNs based on virtual inertia coordination. Firstly, the impact of the inertia of DCDNs towards the transient voltage change is analysed, and the active voltage support mechanism considering the variable droop inertia control and virtual DC motor inertia (VDCMI) control is explored. Then, a time sequence coordination strategy based on the voltage grading of DCDNs is developed, and an adaptive inertia coefficient is designed to achieve the inertia adjustment in terms of the voltage sag and recovery processes. Using MATLAB/Simulink, a detailed model of the double-terminal DCDNs is created to check the efficacy of the proposed approach. Different voltage disturbance scenarios are imitated, and the comparative simulations demonstrate that the proposed approach can fully utilise the inertia potential of the DCDNs to suppress the voltage sag and smooth the voltage recovery procedure. The proposed method's validity and feasibility can be well validated.

The cover image is based on the Original Article Investigation of active voltage support control approach of DC distribution networks based on virtual inertia coordination by Lei Chen et al., https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.12123.

直流配电网(DCDN)具有功率效率高、运行损耗低、控制灵活等优点,被视为未来配电系统的重要形式。为了提高 DCDN 的电压暂态抗干扰性能,本文提出了一种基于虚拟惯性协调的 DCDN 主动电压支持控制方法。首先,分析了 DCDN 的惯性对瞬态电压变化的影响,并探讨了考虑变垂惯性控制和虚拟直流电机惯性(VDCMI)控制的主动电压支持机制。然后,开发了基于 DCDN 电压分级的时序协调策略,并设计了自适应惯性系数,以实现电压下陷和恢复过程中的惯性调整。使用 MATLAB/Simulink 创建了双端 DCDN 的详细模型,以检验所提方法的有效性。模拟了不同的电压扰动情况,比较仿真结果表明,所提出的方法可以充分利用 DCDN 的惯性潜力来抑制电压骤降,并使电压恢复过程更加平滑。封面图片来自陈磊等人的原创文章《基于虚拟惯性协调的直流配电网主动电压支持控制方法研究》,https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.12123。
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引用次数: 0
Current sharing control strategy with uncertainties and network attacks for electric vehicle charging station 具有不确定性和网络攻击的电动汽车充电站电流共享控制策略
IF 1.6 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1049/esi2.12120
Xu Tian, Chuanyu Jiang, Benhua Qian, Rui Wang

Although the electric vehicle supplied through distributed generators (DGs) is one of the most promising methods to reduce carbon emission and has been widely studied, the accurate current sharing regarding multi-bus DC charging stations considering uncertainties and network attacks is rarely studied. Based on this, a fully distributed current sharing control strategy is presented, which can improve the reliability of system under denial of service (DoS). Firstly, the DC charging station system (DCCSS) with uncertainties is modelled. Primary control is designed to provide stable voltage and inaccurate current sharing. Furthermore, the state-space function considering power coupling among different DC buses is built, which lays the foundation for the design of the following control. Then, the model of DoS attacks is proposed. Based on this, the fully distributed consensus control is proposed to achieve the accurate current sharing for DCCSS under DoS. Meanwhile, a method for solving the control gain without global information is given and proved. Moreover, it can be solved by LMI toolbox. As a comparison, a common control strategy is introduced that only considers the uncertainties. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified through comparison of simulation results.

尽管通过分布式发电机(DGs)为电动汽车供电是减少碳排放的最有前途的方法之一,并已被广泛研究,但考虑到不确定性和网络攻击的多总线直流充电站的精确分流却很少被研究。基于此,本文提出了一种全分布式分流控制策略,可提高拒绝服务(DoS)下的系统可靠性。首先,对具有不确定性的直流充电站系统(DCCSS)进行建模。设计了初级控制,以提供稳定的电压和不准确的电流共享。此外,还建立了考虑不同直流母线间功率耦合的状态空间函数,为后续控制的设计奠定了基础。然后,提出了 DoS 攻击模型。在此基础上,提出了全分布式共识控制,以实现 DoS 下 DCCSS 的精确电流共享。同时,给出并证明了无全局信息控制增益的求解方法。此外,该方法可通过 LMI 工具箱求解。作为对比,介绍了一种只考虑不确定性的普通控制策略。最后,通过对仿真结果的比较,验证了所提方法的可行性。
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引用次数: 0
Influence mechanism and virtual power system stabiliser method of virtual synchronous generator for low-frequency oscillation of power system 虚拟同步发电机对电力系统低频振荡的影响机制和虚拟电力系统稳定器方法
IF 2.4 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1049/esi2.12119
Haixin Wang, Yan Hao, Haiwen He, Henan Dong, Shengyang Lu, Guanfeng Zhang, Junyou Yang, Zhe Chen

The virtual synchronous generator (SG) (VSG) can not only enhance the inertia of the grid, but also introduce the oscillation characteristics of SG, which is easy to interact with the power angle of SG in the grid, and even produce low-frequency oscillation (LFO). The authors first construct a two-machine interconnected power system model containing VSG and traditional SG. The model is linearised to construct the state space equations to obtain the Phillips–Heffron model with VSG. The LFO path of action between VSG and SG is analysed. To reduce the negative damping torque provided by VSG to SG through this path, a virtual power system stabiliser (VPSS) is proposed and the controller parameters are adjusted according to the phase compensation method. Finally, the effectiveness of VPSS is verified by modal analysis and simulation comparison.

虚拟同步发电机(VSG)不仅能增强电网的惯性,还能引入 SG 的振荡特性,易于与电网中 SG 的功率角相互作用,甚至产生低频振荡(LFO)。作者首先构建了一个包含 VSG 和传统 SG 的双机互联电力系统模型。对模型进行线性化处理,构建状态空间方程,从而得到带有 VSG 的 Phillips-Heffron 模型。分析了 VSG 和 SG 之间的 LFO 作用路径。为减少 VSG 通过该路径向 SG 提供的负阻尼力矩,提出了一种虚拟电力系统稳定器(VPSS),并根据相位补偿方法调整了控制器参数。最后,通过模态分析和仿真对比验证了 VPSS 的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Data-driven power system dynamic security assessment under adversarial attacks: Risk warning based interpretation analysis and mitigation 对抗性攻击下数据驱动的电力系统动态安全评估:基于风险预警的解释分析与缓解
IF 2.4 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.1049/esi2.12118
Zhebin Chen, Chao Ren, Yan Xu, Zhao Yang Dong, Qiaoqiao Li

Power system dynamic security assessment (DSA) has long been essential for protecting the system from the risk of cascading failures and wide-spread blackouts. The machine learning (ML) based data-driven strategy is promising due to its real-time computation speed and knowledge discovery capacity. However, ML algorithms are found to be vulnerable against well-designed malicious input samples that can lead to wrong outputs. Adversarial attacks are implemented to measure the vulnerability of the trained ML models. Specifically, the targets of attacks are identified by interpretation analysis that the data features with large SHAP values will be assigned with perturbations. The proposed method has the superiority that an instance-based DSA method is established with interpretation of the ML models, where effective adversarial attacks and its mitigation countermeasure are developed by assigning the perturbations on features with high importance. Later, these generated adversarial examples are employed for adversarial training and mitigation. The simulation results present that the model accuracy and robustness vary with the quantity of adversarial examples used, and there is not necessarily a trade-off between these two indicators. Furthermore, the rate of successful attacks increases when a greater bound of perturbations is permitted. By this method, the correlation between model accuracy and robustness can be clearly stated, which will provide considerable assistance in decision making.

长期以来,电力系统动态安全评估(DSA)对于保护系统免受连锁故障和大面积停电风险至关重要。基于机器学习(ML)的数据驱动策略因其实时计算速度和知识发现能力而大有可为。然而,人们发现 ML 算法容易受到精心设计的恶意输入样本的影响,从而导致错误的输出。为了衡量训练有素的 ML 模型的脆弱性,我们实施了对抗性攻击。具体来说,攻击目标是通过解释分析确定的,即具有较大 SHAP 值的数据特征将被赋予扰动。所提方法的优越性在于,通过对 ML 模型的解释,建立了基于实例的 DSA 方法,并通过对高重要性特征分配扰动,开发了有效的对抗性攻击及其缓解对策。随后,这些生成的对抗实例被用于对抗训练和缓解。模拟结果表明,模型的准确性和鲁棒性随使用的对抗示例数量而变化,这两个指标之间并不一定存在权衡。此外,当允许的扰动范围越大,攻击成功率就越高。通过这种方法,可以清楚地说明模型准确性和鲁棒性之间的相关性,这将为决策提供很大的帮助。
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引用次数: 0
A novel optimally tuned super twisting sliding mode controller for active and reactive power control in grid-interfaced photovoltaic system 用于并网光伏系统有功和无功功率控制的新型优化调整超扭曲滑动模式控制器
IF 2.4 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.1049/esi2.12117
Bhabasis Mohapatra, Binod Kumar Sahu, Swagat Pati

In photovoltaic (PV) systems, inverters play a crucial role for supplying electricity to meet the demand while maintaining power quality. For a local load connected to a grid-interfaced photovoltaic (GIPV) system, active and reactive power control is necessary at the distribution level. Thus, the foremost purpose of this article is to get the best optimally designed robust controller for control of active and reactive power. A GIPV system with Improved Arithmetic Optimisation Algorithm (IAOA)-based Super Twisting Sliding Mode Controller (ST-SMC) methodology has been proposed in this article for active and reactive power management. The conventional PI controller in the GIPV system that is most frequently used has considerable undershoot and a long settling period. PI controller tuning parameters were also changed to account for the wide change in the reference pattern. Therefore, STSMC and SMC are used for ensuring robustness against external disturbances. The conventional SMC comes out to have a chattering issue. Furthermore, the proposed IAOA technique is validated through some benchmark functions. The proposed IAOA technique outperforms Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO), Forensic Based Investigation (FBI), and Traditional Arithmetic Optimisation Algorithm (TAOA) in terms of the number of iterations and accurately achieving optimal solutions for active and reactive power control. The results show that the proposed IAOA-based STSMC technique has an improved performance of settling time and undershoot for active and reactive power control. This article also presents stability analysis and robustness test of the above mentioned controllers to illustrate the effectiveness of each optimally designed controller. A 40 kW GIPV system performance is evaluated using the MATLAB environment, and the results are validated in a real-time simulator platform OPAL-RT 4510.

在光伏(PV)系统中,逆变器在供电以满足需求的同时保持电能质量方面发挥着至关重要的作用。对于连接到并网光伏(GIPV)系统的本地负载而言,有功和无功功率控制在配电层面是必要的。因此,本文的首要目的是为有功和无功功率控制设计最佳的鲁棒控制器。本文提出了一种基于改进算术优化算法(IAOA)的超级扭转滑模控制器(ST-SMC)方法的 GIPV 系统,用于有功和无功功率管理。GIPV 系统中最常用的传统 PI 控制器具有相当大的下冲和较长的稳定期。PI 控制器的调整参数也因参考模式的巨大变化而改变。因此,STSMC 和 SMC 被用来确保对外部干扰的鲁棒性。传统的 SMC 会出现颤振问题。此外,还通过一些基准函数验证了所提出的 IAOA 技术。就迭代次数和准确实现有功和无功功率控制的最优解而言,所提出的 IAOA 技术优于粒子群优化(PSO)、基于法证的调查(FBI)和传统算术优化算法(TAOA)。结果表明,所提出的基于 IAOA 的 STSMC 技术在有功和无功功率控制方面的沉降时间和下冲性能都有所改善。本文还介绍了上述控制器的稳定性分析和鲁棒性测试,以说明每个优化设计控制器的有效性。使用 MATLAB 环境对 40 kW GIPV 系统的性能进行了评估,并在实时模拟器平台 OPAL-RT 4510 中对结果进行了验证。
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引用次数: 0
An accelerated primal-dual method for semi-definite programming relaxation of optimal power flow 优化功率流半有限编程松弛的加速原始二元方法
IF 2.4 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-09-08 DOI: 10.1049/esi2.12115
Zhan Shi, Xinying Wang, Dong Yan, Sheng Chen, Zhenwei Lin, Jingfan Xia, Qi Deng

The application of a semi-definite programming (SDP) approach to the Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow problem has attracted significant attention in recent years. However, the SDP relaxation of optimal power flow (OPF) can be computationally intensive and lead to memory issues when dealing with large-scale power systems. To overcome these challenges, we have developed APD–SDP, an optimisation solver based on a first-order primal–dual algorithm. This framework incorporates various acceleration techniques, such as rescaling, step size decay and reset, adaptive line search, and restart, to improve efficiency. To further speed up computations, we have developed a customised eigenvalue decomposition component by exploiting the 3 × 3 block structure in the dual SDP formulation. Experimental results demonstrate that APD–SDP outperforms other commercial and open-source SDP solvers on large-scale and high-dimensional PGLib-OPF datasets.

近年来,半有限编程(SDP)方法在交流电最优功率流问题中的应用引起了广泛关注。然而,最优功率流 (OPF) 的 SDP 松弛法计算密集,在处理大规模电力系统时会导致内存问题。为了克服这些挑战,我们开发了 APD-SDP,这是一种基于一阶基元二元算法的优化求解器。该框架采用了各种加速技术,如重缩放、步长衰减和重置、自适应线搜索和重启,以提高效率。为了进一步加快计算速度,我们利用对偶 SDP 公式中的 3 × 3 块结构,开发了一个定制的特征值分解组件。实验结果表明,在大规模高维 PGLib-OPF 数据集上,APD-SDP 的性能优于其他商业和开源 SDP 求解器。
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引用次数: 0
Electric vehicle dispatching strategy considering time cost and risk of operating distribution network 考虑配电网运行时间成本和风险的电动汽车调度策略
IF 2.4 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.1049/esi2.12116
He Wang, Xianda Leng, Zhifeng Liang, Xuesong Huo, Ruoying Yu, Jing Bian

Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly being valued by countries, but the disorderly charging behaviour of too many EVs poses a huge challenge to the operation of the power grid. First, for EVs, a methodical charging and discharging technique was designed, taking into account the temporal and spatiotemporal characteristics of different EV models, time convenience of owners, and safe operation of power grid. Second, the EV characteristics and safe operation of the grid after EV integration into the grid are presented for vehicle owners to achieve minimal charging station and optimal charging stations selection as well as charging and discharging schemes. Third, simulation calculations and analyses of ordered charging and discharging modes as well as disordered charging modes under various scenarios were performed. This study fully considers the characteristics of different vehicle models and the willingness of users to respond, making the model more realistic. The findings demonstrate that the optimised charging and discharging strategy in this study lowers the cost of charging for vehicle owners, boosts revenue from the charging station and the rate of use of the charging pile, lowers the risk of the safe operation of distribution networks, and effectively relieves pressure on the power grid. While solving the scheduling difficulties of a large number of EVs, it increases the economy between users and the power grid, and improves the safety of power grid operation.

电动汽车越来越受到各国的重视,但过多的电动汽车的无序充电行为给电网的运行带来了巨大挑战。首先,针对电动汽车,考虑不同车型的时空特性、车主的时间便利性和电网的安全运行,设计了一种系统的充放电技术。其次,介绍了电动汽车并网后的电动汽车特性和电网的安全运行,为车主实现充电站最少、充电站选择最优以及充放电方案提供了依据。第三,对不同场景下的有序充放电模式和无序充电模式进行了仿真计算和分析。本研究充分考虑了不同车型的特点和用户的响应意愿,使模型更具现实性。研究结果表明,优化后的充放电策略降低了车主的充电成本,提高了充电站的收入和充电桩的使用率,降低了配电网安全运行的风险,有效缓解了电网的压力。在解决大量电动汽车调度困难的同时,增加了用户与电网之间的经济性,提高了电网运行的安全性。
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引用次数: 0
Robust optimisation of electricity-heating integrated energy system based on data-driven PV interval estimation 基于数据驱动PV区间估计的电热一体化能源系统鲁棒优化
IF 2.4 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1049/esi2.12114
Tao Xu, Zuozheng Liu, Lingxu Guo, He Meng, Rujing Wang, Mengchao Li, Shuqi Cai

Short-term interval estimation can effectively and precisely quantify the uncertainties of renewable energy, accurately represent the range of fluctuations of uncertain variables in robust optimisation of electricity-heating integrated energy system (EHIES) and it is getting crucial for reliable and flexible operation of renewable dominated new energy systems. The authors present a multivariate data-driven short-term PV power interval prediction model that consists of multiple layers, including one-dimensional convolutional layer, ultra-lightweight subspace attention mechanism (ULSAM), bidirectional long and short-term memory (BiLSTM), quantile regression (QR) and kernel density estimation (KDE). The one-dimensional convolutional layer and ULSAM can extract sequential features and highlight key information from the data; the BiLSTM processes time series data in both directions and conveys historical information; the QR and KDE models generate interval prediction with a given confidence level. Based on the proposed interval estimation, a refined PV uncertainty set can be established and adopted by robust optimal scheduling of EHIES utilising min-max-min algorithm. The simulation results have demonstrated the estimation accuracy and adaptability to various weather scenarios.

短期区间估计能够有效、准确地量化可再生能源的不确定性,准确表征电-热一体化能源系统鲁棒优化中不确定性变量的波动范围,对于可再生能源为主的新能源系统的可靠、灵活运行具有重要意义。作者提出了一个多元数据驱动的光伏短期功率区间预测模型,该模型由多层组成,包括一维卷积层、超轻量级子空间注意机制(ULSAM)、双向长短期记忆(BiLSTM)、分位数回归(QR)和核密度估计(KDE)。一维卷积层和ULSAM可以从数据中提取序列特征并突出显示关键信息;BiLSTM对时间序列数据进行双向处理,传递历史信息;QR和KDE模型生成具有给定置信水平的区间预测。基于所提出的区间估计,可以建立一个细化的PV不确定性集,并利用最小-最大-最小算法对EHIES进行鲁棒优化调度。仿真结果证明了估计的准确性和对各种天气情景的适应性。
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引用次数: 0
Detecting safe operational regimes of synchronous motor-generator pair for wind integration: A non-linear perspective 检测风电一体化同步电机-发电机对的安全运行机制:一个非线性的视角
IF 2.4 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-08-25 DOI: 10.1049/esi2.12113
Rajesh Tanna, Vivek Mohan, Gopalakrishnan Ennappadam Ananthanarayanan, Karthik Thirumala

In this article, the stability of a synchronous motor generator pair (SMGP) used for improving the inertia of grid-connected renewable energy systems is investigated. The useful operational regime for different sets of system parameters is identified, such as electromagnetic torque, damping co-efficient, and inertia by employing bifurcation analysis to detect stability boundaries. For the first time, the existence of bi-stable regimes for the SMGP with non-linear stability analysis is revealed. The authors' analysis unravels the possibility of the system getting transited to unsafe operation even when the system is in the linearly stable region. The existence of the bistable regime indicates the possibility of the system becoming unstable even when the eigenvalues are in the left half plane. The authors also identify globally stable and globally unstable regimes in the parameter space. The safe operating range of inertia and damping co-efficient values helps in the design of a suitable MGP set that is robust to frequency deviations, even with a low inertia source. With the recommended values of electromagnetic torque, the authors' analysis provides a safe operational regime for power generation from renewable energy sources.

本文研究了用于改善并网可再生能源系统惯性的同步电机发电机对(SMGP)的稳定性。通过采用分岔分析来检测稳定性边界,确定了不同系统参数集的有用运行状态,例如电磁扭矩、阻尼系数和惯性。通过非线性稳定性分析,首次揭示了SMGP的双稳定域的存在性。我们的分析揭示了即使系统处于线性稳定区域,系统也会过渡到不安全运行的可能性。双稳区域的存在表明,即使特征值在左半平面上,系统也有可能变得不稳定。作者还在参数空间中确定了全局稳定和全局不稳定的状态。惯性和阻尼系数值的安全工作范围有助于我们设计一个合适的MGP集,即使在低惯性源的情况下,也能对频率偏差具有鲁棒性。根据电磁扭矩的推荐值,他们的分析为可再生能源发电提供了一个安全的运行机制。
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引用次数: 0
Mountain gazelle optimisation-based 3DOF-FOPID-virtual inertia controller for frequency control of low inertia microgrid 基于山羚羊优化的3DOF‐FOPID‐虚拟惯性控制器用于低惯性微电网的频率控制
IF 2.4 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-08-18 DOI: 10.1049/esi2.12111
Swapan Santra, Mala De

The primary objective of the authors is to design a new robust and improved virtual inertia controller (VIC) for renewable energy dominated inverter interfaced low inertia microgrid (LIMG). Increasing penetration of inertia-less renewable generation in microgrid leads to increased frequency deviation during and after a disturbance. To improve the frequency response of the LIMG, conventional VIC added with different second stage and third stage controllers are proposed in existing works. Higher degree-of-freedom (DOF) PID controller synchronised with fractional-order (FO) operators are used with conventional VIC controllers. These controllers work in addition with conventional VIC and the multi-stage controllers make the system more complex. To reduce the number of controller stages and, subsequently, reduce cost and complexity of the system, a single stage 3DOF-FOPID controller is proposed to mitigate the frequency deviation after a disturbance in a LIMG. Performance of the proposed single stage controller is compared with that of the existing controllers to establish the advantages of the proposed controller. The parameters of the proposed 3DOF-FOPID controller are optimised by Mountain Gazelle Optimsation. The robustness of this controller is also tested for random load fluctuation and renewable power variations in presence of system non-linearities.

作者的主要目标是为可再生能源主导的逆变器接口低惯性微电网(LIMG)设计一种新的鲁棒和改进的虚拟惯性控制器(VIC)。无惯性可再生能源发电在微电网中的渗透率不断增加,导致扰动期间和扰动后频率偏差增加。为了提高LIMG的频率响应,现有工作中提出了添加不同第二级和第三级控制器的传统VIC。与分数阶(FO)算子同步的高自由度(DOF)PID控制器与传统的VIC控制器一起使用。这些控制器与传统的VIC一起工作,多级控制器使系统更加复杂。为了减少控制器级的数量,从而降低系统的成本和复杂性,提出了一种单级3DOF‐FOPID控制器来减轻LIMG中扰动后的频率偏差。将所提出的单级控制器的性能与现有控制器的性能进行比较,以确定所提出的控制器的优点。所提出的3DOF‐FOPID控制器的参数通过山瞪羚优化进行了优化。该控制器的鲁棒性还针对存在系统非线性的随机负载波动和可再生电力变化进行了测试。
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引用次数: 0
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IET Energy Systems Integration
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