Pub Date : 2021-11-27DOI: 10.24840/2183-0606_009.003_0005
J. Ulhøi
The wider impact of digital technologies on entrepreneurship has only recently begun to surface in the entrepreneurship literature. This situation invites for re-examining theory on digital technologies and theory on entrepreneurship while at the same time asking where to find critical bridging points that may allow for integrating the two domains. This paper answers this question by reviewing and subsequently analyzing core constituents of digital entrepreneurship and its modus operandi. Our analyses show that digital entrepreneurship not only involves entrepreneurial agency and digital technologies, it also affects previous conceptualizations of artifacts and of its modus operandi by applying a broader repertory of architectural arrangements. This implies that the employment of digital technologies in entrepreneurial ventures has effects that go well beyond using digital technology as a means-to-an-end. Before closing, implications for future research and relevant policy makers will be briefly sketched out.
{"title":"A Digital Perspective on Entrepreneurship","authors":"J. Ulhøi","doi":"10.24840/2183-0606_009.003_0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_009.003_0005","url":null,"abstract":"The wider impact of digital technologies on entrepreneurship has only recently begun to surface in the entrepreneurship literature. This situation invites for re-examining theory on digital technologies and theory on entrepreneurship while at the same time asking where to find critical bridging points that may allow for integrating the two domains. This paper answers this question by reviewing and subsequently analyzing core constituents of digital entrepreneurship and its modus operandi. Our analyses show that digital entrepreneurship not only involves entrepreneurial agency and digital technologies, it also affects previous conceptualizations of artifacts and of its modus operandi by applying a broader repertory of architectural arrangements. This implies that the employment of digital technologies in entrepreneurial ventures has effects that go well beyond using digital technology as a means-to-an-end. Before closing, implications for future research and relevant policy makers will be briefly sketched out.","PeriodicalId":33389,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innovation Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44454131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-27DOI: 10.24840/2183-0606_009.003_0003
Kaoutar Jamai, H. De Steur, A. Abidar, X. Gellynck
To take advantage of existing opportunities in a market of global competition and rapid changes, firms try to adapt their strategy by introducing new or improved innovation types. While there is a large body of literature investigating the relationship between innovation and performance, there is a need to further analyze the role of innovation type on performance, especially in SMEs. Using a scoping review approach, this study aims to evaluate the influence of innovation types on firm performance in SMEs. A total of 47 studies were selected to examine the correlation between innovation type and performance, and identify the key factors that strongly impact the firm growth per industry. Findings demonstrate the difference in innovation impact according to the targeted industrial sector and show which type could be more beneficial to enhance firm performance. In the most studied industries, results reveal that product innovation influences strongly firm performance in the manufacturing sector, while marketing and product innovation are the variables that most impact the growth of agro-food firms. Similarly, organizational and product innovation affect highly firm improvement in the manufacturing and service sectors. This study helps managers in their struggle to obtain growth by targeting the most appropriate dimensions of innovation and helps policy makers by making decisions that stimulate firm development.
{"title":"Impact of Innovation Type on Financial and Non-financial Performance of SMES. A Scoping Review","authors":"Kaoutar Jamai, H. De Steur, A. Abidar, X. Gellynck","doi":"10.24840/2183-0606_009.003_0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_009.003_0003","url":null,"abstract":"To take advantage of existing opportunities in a market of global competition and rapid changes, firms try to adapt their strategy by introducing new or improved innovation types. While there is a large body of literature investigating the relationship between innovation and performance, there is a need to further analyze the role of innovation type on performance, especially in SMEs. Using a scoping review approach, this study aims to evaluate the influence of innovation types on firm performance in SMEs. A total of 47 studies were selected to examine the correlation between innovation type and performance, and identify the key factors that strongly impact the firm growth per industry. Findings demonstrate the difference in innovation impact according to the targeted industrial sector and show which type could be more beneficial to enhance firm performance. In the most studied industries, results reveal that product innovation influences strongly firm performance in the manufacturing sector, while marketing and product innovation are the variables that most impact the growth of agro-food firms. Similarly, organizational and product innovation affect highly firm improvement in the manufacturing and service sectors. This study helps managers in their struggle to obtain growth by targeting the most appropriate dimensions of innovation and helps policy makers by making decisions that stimulate firm development.","PeriodicalId":33389,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innovation Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45889682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-27DOI: 10.24840/2183-0606_009.003_0002
Oly Mishra
The rapid spread of COVID-19has created resource-constraints. This study focuses on the application of design thinking in frugal innovations by social entrepreneurs to face the challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses the case of an Indian social entrepreneur who essentially provides solutions for menstrual health and hygiene to unprivileged and rural women in India. When faced with the COVID-19 pandemic, the social entrepreneur re-purposed the manufacturing process and implemented bricolage to produce masks which were the need of the hour. The manufacture of masks was a frugal innovation due to the resource constraints during the pandemic. The research paper is qualitative, and it follows an inductive case study approach. The implementation of design thinking in frugally innovating is established through the content analysis of the interviews of the social entrepreneur and her team members. It presents practical implications of design-thinking for frugal innovations by social entrepreneurs in adversity.
{"title":"Design Thinking and Bricolage for Frugal Innovations during Crisis","authors":"Oly Mishra","doi":"10.24840/2183-0606_009.003_0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_009.003_0002","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid spread of COVID-19has created resource-constraints. This study focuses on the application of design thinking in frugal innovations by social entrepreneurs to face the challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses the case of an Indian social entrepreneur who essentially provides solutions for menstrual health and hygiene to unprivileged and rural women in India. When faced with the COVID-19 pandemic, the social entrepreneur re-purposed the manufacturing process and implemented bricolage to produce masks which were the need of the hour. The manufacture of masks was a frugal innovation due to the resource constraints during the pandemic. The research paper is qualitative, and it follows an inductive case study approach. The implementation of design thinking in frugally innovating is established through the content analysis of the interviews of the social entrepreneur and her team members. It presents practical implications of design-thinking for frugal innovations by social entrepreneurs in adversity.","PeriodicalId":33389,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innovation Management","volume":"19 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41273171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-12DOI: 10.24840/2183-0606_009.002_0002
S. Shakeel
The issue of climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and their effect on nature and the ecosystem has raised serious concerns. The desire to sustain economic growth and development while keeping a check on the environmental footprints is one of the leading challenges the contemporary world is currently facing. To ensure sustained growth, there is a need for technologies and solutions that has the potential to meet industrial needs without compromising the environment. Cleantech offers a possibility to address these needs in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Cleantech, being an umbrella term, is often confused and misunderstood, in terms of its definition and scope. This study seeks to explore what cleantech actually is, how this sector came into prominence, what are the driving factors behind its surge, and what kind of socio-economic, technical, and regulatory prerequisites are necessary for the advancement of this sector.
{"title":"Cleantech: Prospects and Challenges","authors":"S. Shakeel","doi":"10.24840/2183-0606_009.002_0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_009.002_0002","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and their effect on nature and the ecosystem has raised serious concerns. The desire to sustain economic growth and development while keeping a check on the environmental footprints is one of the leading challenges the contemporary world is currently facing. To ensure sustained growth, there is a need for technologies and solutions that has the potential to meet industrial needs without compromising the environment. Cleantech offers a possibility to address these needs in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Cleantech, being an umbrella term, is often confused and misunderstood, in terms of its definition and scope. This study seeks to explore what cleantech actually is, how this sector came into prominence, what are the driving factors behind its surge, and what kind of socio-economic, technical, and regulatory prerequisites are necessary for the advancement of this sector.","PeriodicalId":33389,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innovation Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44577059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-12DOI: 10.24840/2183-0606_009.002_0001
J. Segers, E. Gaile-Sarkane
The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic undermines the world economy, the affordability and accessibility of our health systems. It puts an increasing strain on global production, supply and value chains. The research and development of a set of COVID-19 vaccines is an unprecedented triumph of rapid innovation. The sense of urgency has prompted academic research institutions, big pharmaceuticals and dedicated biotechnology companies to develop vaccines targeting the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease. Simultaneously, it unlocks new value for business, patients and society. Consequently, new business models have come to the forefront.
{"title":"Big pharma’s search for a COVID-19 vaccine: Take It To The Limit!","authors":"J. Segers, E. Gaile-Sarkane","doi":"10.24840/2183-0606_009.002_0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_009.002_0001","url":null,"abstract":"The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic undermines the world economy, the affordability and accessibility of our health systems. It puts an increasing strain on global production, supply and value chains. The research and development of a set of COVID-19 vaccines is an unprecedented triumph of rapid innovation. The sense of urgency has prompted academic research institutions, big pharmaceuticals and dedicated biotechnology companies to develop vaccines targeting the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease. Simultaneously, it unlocks new value for business, patients and society. Consequently, new business models have come to the forefront.","PeriodicalId":33389,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innovation Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41688511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0005
Ranjita M. Singh, P. Walsh, Joshua Goodfield
This study examines the results of a survey of 1,000 Canadian internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle owners to assess factors that would encourage them to purchase an electric vehicle (EV). Further to the work of Peters and Dutschke (2014) and (Matthews et al. (2017) we combine the various drivers of EV adoption, independently identified in the literature, into one model in order to investigate their influence on the intent to purchase an EV. Through correlations and a series of probit regression modelling, we provide evidence to support additional policies that could establish greater relative advantages for owning an EV. These include the promotion of the communication of those advantages through experiential awareness initiatives such as improved access to EV test drives and consumer information. We suggest that car dealerships are important partners in this journey and their association is critical for greater diffusion of EVs in the market. Our findings have implications for EV manufacturers and government policy makers.
{"title":"Innovation cognizance and acceptance: The case of electric vehicles adoption in Ontario, Canada","authors":"Ranjita M. Singh, P. Walsh, Joshua Goodfield","doi":"10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0005","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the results of a survey of 1,000 Canadian internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle owners to assess factors that would encourage them to purchase an electric vehicle (EV). Further to the work of Peters and Dutschke (2014) and (Matthews et al. (2017) we combine the various drivers of EV adoption, independently identified in the literature, into one model in order to investigate their influence on the intent to purchase an EV. Through correlations and a series of probit regression modelling, we provide evidence to support additional policies that could establish greater relative advantages for owning an EV. These include the promotion of the communication of those advantages through experiential awareness initiatives such as improved access to EV test drives and consumer information. We suggest that car dealerships are important partners in this journey and their association is critical for greater diffusion of EVs in the market. Our findings have implications for EV manufacturers and government policy makers.","PeriodicalId":33389,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innovation Management","volume":"9 1","pages":"51-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46572160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0003
S. Griggs
Revolutionary innovation in mature or large organizations has been on the decline in recent years. Incremental innovation is the norm and few large organizations create evolutionary or revolutionary innovative offerings. A reason for the lack of innovation in mature or large firms is based on management practices over the last several decades. These practices have created biases in the form of an endowment effect, which results in incremental innovation. Endowment effects impact on innovation will be explored and methods to reduce the impact of endowment effect and overcome the biases are offered.
{"title":"Expanding Innovation Through Challenging Organization Endowments","authors":"S. Griggs","doi":"10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0003","url":null,"abstract":"Revolutionary innovation in mature or large organizations has been on the decline in recent years. Incremental innovation is the norm and few large organizations create evolutionary or revolutionary innovative offerings. A reason for the lack of innovation in mature or large firms is based on management practices over the last several decades. These practices have created biases in the form of an endowment effect, which results in incremental innovation. Endowment effects impact on innovation will be explored and methods to reduce the impact of endowment effect and overcome the biases are offered.","PeriodicalId":33389,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innovation Management","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49112944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0006
S. Makgopa, A. Antonites
Organisations implement innovation strategies to remain competitive and achieve improved business performance. Previous studies have focused more on product and technology innovations. The purpose of this article is to determine the influence of service innovations on the financial performance of organisations – specifically profit growth – using the theory of competitive advantage. A quantitative research method was employed to achieve the research objective, with linear regression analysis used to analyse the primary data. Cronbach values were calculated to determine the reliability and validity of the research instrument used to collect the primary data. The findings of the research on which this article is based, confirm the existence of a positive relationship between service innovation practices and profit growth. Recommendations are made to key stakeholders in the motor vehicle industry, and future research directions are outlined.
{"title":"Influence of Service Innovations on Profit Growth: a Case of Motor Vehicle Retailers","authors":"S. Makgopa, A. Antonites","doi":"10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0006","url":null,"abstract":"Organisations implement innovation strategies to remain competitive and achieve improved business performance. Previous studies have focused more on product and technology innovations. The purpose of this article is to determine the influence of service innovations on the financial performance of organisations – specifically profit growth – using the theory of competitive advantage. A quantitative research method was employed to achieve the research objective, with linear regression analysis used to analyse the primary data. Cronbach values were calculated to determine the reliability and validity of the research instrument used to collect the primary data. The findings of the research on which this article is based, confirm the existence of a positive relationship between service innovation practices and profit growth. Recommendations are made to key stakeholders in the motor vehicle industry, and future research directions are outlined.","PeriodicalId":33389,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innovation Management","volume":"9 1","pages":"70-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48659736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0002
Joanne Hyland, Magnus Karlsson
The purpose of this letter is to provide background and rationale for developing a management system standard to further the profession of innovation management. A systems approach is not new; however, the ISO 56002 Innovation management system - guidance standard is providing a common language and framework for building an innovation capability. The letter describes the innovation management principles and the system elements. We have heard that even having a standard for innovation management is an oxymoron. The publication of ISO 56002 in 2019 has triggered a broader conversation about the merits and drawbacks of a management system standard for innovation work. Some issues have been pointed out by Joe Tidd in his review and critical assessment of the standard (Tidd, 2021). As experts involved in drafting the standard, we can offer informed perspectives of this assessment by focusing on four topics related to context, innovation strategy, adaptable processes and tools, and process versus system approaches. These perspectives are ours alone and do not represent the views of the ISO Working Group. We invite the community to engage in this discussion to evolve our thinking about standardization for innovation management.
{"title":"Towards a management system standard for innovation","authors":"Joanne Hyland, Magnus Karlsson","doi":"10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0002","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this letter is to provide background and rationale for developing a management system standard to further the profession of innovation management. A systems approach is not new; however, the ISO 56002 Innovation management system - guidance standard is providing a common language and framework for building an innovation capability. The letter describes the innovation management principles and the system elements. We have heard that even having a standard for innovation management is an oxymoron. The publication of ISO 56002 in 2019 has triggered a broader conversation about the merits and drawbacks of a management system standard for innovation work. Some issues have been pointed out by Joe Tidd in his review and critical assessment of the standard (Tidd, 2021). As experts involved in drafting the standard, we can offer informed perspectives of this assessment by focusing on four topics related to context, innovation strategy, adaptable processes and tools, and process versus system approaches. These perspectives are ours alone and do not represent the views of the ISO Working Group. We invite the community to engage in this discussion to evolve our thinking about standardization for innovation management.","PeriodicalId":33389,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innovation Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48700303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0001
Thais Amaral, A. Behrens
To remain competitive, organizations must make sense of antecedent weak signals that might yield information on opportunities or threats. However, perceiving those signals requires psychological capabilities which are not evenly distributed over their workforce. Identifying who might effectively sense weak antecedent signals is the necessary first step in the staff selection and management process. To this effect, Human Resources Management processes at organizations rely on assessments. However, this study suggests that some self-assessments might be too context-sensitive to fit their purpose across cultures. In particular, the CEI-II evaluation applied to a small and convenience sample of Brazilian executives did not satisfy Brazilian respondents’ selection for curiosity. The authors briefly discuss how the Brazilian context may differ, not least because of a considerably lower generalized trust level, and suggest relying alternatively on projective instruments.
{"title":"Cultural Fit of Assessments to Detect Curiosity for Weak Signals Among Employees","authors":"Thais Amaral, A. Behrens","doi":"10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_009.001_0001","url":null,"abstract":"To remain competitive, organizations must make sense of antecedent weak signals that might yield information on opportunities or threats. However, perceiving those signals requires psychological capabilities which are not evenly distributed over their workforce. Identifying who might effectively sense weak antecedent signals is the necessary first step in the staff selection and management process. To this effect, Human Resources Management processes at organizations rely on assessments. However, this study suggests that some self-assessments might be too context-sensitive to fit their purpose across cultures. In particular, the CEI-II evaluation applied to a small and convenience sample of Brazilian executives did not satisfy Brazilian respondents’ selection for curiosity. The authors briefly discuss how the Brazilian context may differ, not least because of a considerably lower generalized trust level, and suggest relying alternatively on projective instruments.","PeriodicalId":33389,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innovation Management","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47212849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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