International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control最新文献_第5页

Enhanced imaging of multi-layer CO2 plumes using full-waveform inversion: Insights from the Sleipner storage site 利用全波形反演增强多层CO2羽流成像：来自Sleipner存储站点的见解

IF 5.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104517

Ricardo Martinez , Vetle Vinje , Joachim Mispel , Philip Ringrose , Alexey Stovas , Martin Landrø

In this study, we demonstrate the benefits of applying full-waveform inversion (FWI), for the imaging of multi-layer CO₂ plumes. We apply 3D FWI, up to 42 Hz, using the 2010 towed-streamer data from the Sleipner storage site offshore Norway. While the 3D FWI method does not aim to replace 4D FWI for CO₂ migration monitoring, the properties of the Utsira aquifer at Sleipner, with low stiffness and shallow burial depth, enable effective mapping of the CO₂ without the need of a repeated FWI application. Our FWI model and associated images offer a significant imaging improvement in the lower half of the plume compared with the legacy seismic data, revealing vertical CO₂ migration routes that have not been observed previously at the site. We show the limitations of reflection-based migration methods for imaging CO₂ migration pathways and demonstrate that FWI can improve their detection. The FWI model can support conventional time-lapse analyses by improving the interpretation of known CO₂ migration routes, by highlighting CO₂ layers with low reflectivity, and by attenuating multiples better. Our analysis suggests that CO₂ migration at Sleipner is likely controlled by several vertical communication routes, including chimneys, and linear structures, several hundreds of meters long, that connect multiple accumulations of CO₂. Within each layer, our analysis suggests buoyancy-driven, fill-to-spill migration, constrained by the topography of the sealing units. Finally, we conclude that, while simple CO₂ accumulations can be monitored successfully using reflection-based migration methods and analyses, multi-layered CO₂ plumes will greatly benefit from complementary analyses using FWI.

在这项研究中，我们展示了应用全波形反演（FWI）对多层CO2羽流成像的好处。我们使用了3D FWI，频率高达42 Hz，使用了2010年挪威近海Sleipner存储站点的拖曳拖缆数据。虽然3D FWI方法的目标不是取代4D FWI进行二氧化碳迁移监测，但Sleipner的Utsira含水层具有低刚度和浅埋深的特性，无需重复使用FWI即可有效绘制CO2。与传统的地震数据相比，我们的FWI模型和相关图像在羽流的下半部分提供了显着的成像改进，揭示了以前在现场未观察到的二氧化碳垂直迁移路线。我们展示了基于反射的迁移方法在成像CO2迁移路径方面的局限性，并证明了FWI可以改善它们的检测。FWI模型可以通过改进对已知二氧化碳迁移路线的解释，突出低反射率的二氧化碳层，以及更好地衰减倍数，来支持传统的延时分析。我们的分析表明，Sleipner的二氧化碳迁移可能受到几条垂直通信路线的控制，包括烟囱和数百米长的线性结构，这些结构连接了多个二氧化碳的积累。我们的分析表明，在每一层中，受密封单元地形的限制，浮力驱动的溢油迁移。最后，我们得出结论，虽然使用基于反射的迁移方法和分析可以成功地监测简单的二氧化碳积累，但多层二氧化碳羽流将极大地受益于使用FWI的补充分析。

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引用次数: 0

Regional pressure response to large-scale carbon storage in the bunter sandstone formation, Silverpit Basin (Southern North Sea, UK) 英国南北海Silverpit盆地bunter砂岩组大规模碳储量的区域压力响应

IF 5.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104530

Mattia De Luca , Eric J. Mackay , Timothy R. Good , Vittorio Scisciani , Colin MacBeth , Stefano Patruno , Joseph Sutcliffe

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies play a pivotal role in mitigating anthropogenic carbon emissions by enabling the long-term subsurface sequestration of CO₂. These are essential for achieving international climate targets and supporting short- to mid-term mitigation strategies. Among potential storage sites, the extensive saline aquifer of the Bunter Sandstone in the Silverpit Basin has been identified as a high-capacity reservoir suitable for CCS deployment. With more CO₂ injection projects planned, understanding the broader aquifer sensitivity is essential.

This study investigates the influence of geological settings and boundary transmissibility on the aquifer response to large-scale CO₂ injection.

A regional model of the Silverpit was developed to simulate CO₂ injection at a rate of 1 Mt/yr/well over 50 years across 14 wells, followed by a 5000-year post-injection observation period to assess plume migration and pressure behaviour.

The findings indicate that the reservoir can safely accommodate approximately 700 Mt of supercritical CO₂. However, pressure footprint extends over tens of kilometres, underscoring the necessity of accurately characterising regional boundaries. Moreover, the latter significantly influences inter-regional flow dynamics, with observed inversions in flow direction. The structural setting of the Silverpit ensures effective CO₂ containment within four-way dip closures. A thorough understanding of these interactions is crucial for evaluating the potential need for brine production to manage reservoir pressure and mitigate pressure interference between storage licenses.

碳捕获与封存（CCS）技术通过实现二氧化碳的长期地下封存，在减少人为碳排放方面发挥着关键作用。这对于实现国际气候目标和支持短期至中期缓解战略至关重要。在潜在的储存地点中，Silverpit盆地Bunter砂岩的广泛含盐含水层已被确定为适合CCS部署的高容量储层。随着更多的二氧化碳注入项目的计划，了解更广泛的含水层敏感性至关重要。研究了地质环境和边界透射率对含水层大规模注入CO2响应的影响。开发了Silverpit的区域模型，模拟了14口井50年内以100万吨/年/井的速度注入二氧化碳，随后进行了5000年的注入后观察期，以评估烟羽迁移和压力行为。研究结果表明，该储层可以安全容纳约700 Mt的超临界CO2。然而，压力足迹延伸超过数十公里，强调了准确描述区域边界的必要性。此外，后者显著影响区域间流动动力学，在流动方向上观察到逆温。Silverpit的结构设置确保了有效的二氧化碳遏制在四个方向的倾斜封闭。全面了解这些相互作用对于评估盐水生产的潜在需求至关重要，以管理储层压力并减轻存储许可证之间的压力干扰。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling atmospheric impacts of amine emissions from post-combustion carbon capture systems 模拟燃烧后碳捕获系统排放的胺对大气的影响

IF 5.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104532

Prakash Karamchandani , Tianyu Gao , Pradeepa Vennam , Greg Yarwood , Eladio Knipping , Abhoyjit S. Bhown

This paper describes the application of a photochemical puff model, the Second-Order Closure Integrated Puff Model with Chemistry (SCICHEM), to simulate the impacts of air emissions associated with amine-based post-combustion CO₂ capture. Amines react in the atmosphere with the hydroxyl (OH) radical and other oxidants to form potentially harmful products, such as nitrosamines and nitramines. Amines can also form particles with sulfuric acid that may be present in the amine absorber or in the atmosphere. Nitrosamines can photolyze back to the amino radical. Simulating these processes requires the use of a photochemical model that can provide concentrations of the oxidants that influence amine chemistry. In this work, SCICHEM was adapted to include the chemistry of three amines: monoethanolamine (MEA), 2-amino-2-methylpropanol (AMP) and piperazine (PZ). These solvents were chosen since more thermodynamic and kinetic data are available for these amines than for other proprietary amines. The model was applied to the Midwest and Gulf Coast regions in the United States to evaluate the air quality impacts of amine-based post-combustion carbon capture (PCCC) systems applied to natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) and coal-fired power plants. Three representative amine solvents (PZ, MEA, and CESAR 1, a blend of PZ and AMP) were studied, and configurations with water wash and with acid wash were used in the modeling. The results show that with water wash, the long-term annual average air concentrations of nitrosamines + nitramines for all three solvents are well below the exposure limit of 0.3 ng/m³ established by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH). However, the 98^th percentile of the 24 h averages of nitrosamine + nitramine are above the exposure limit, indicating some health concern from short-term exposure. Using acid wash resulted in significant reductions in nitrosamine + nitramine concentrations, as well as in total PM_2.5. For PZ and MEA, using acid wash reduced the peak 24 h and 98^th percentile 24 h nitrosamine + nitramine concentrations to below the limit. However, for some of the CESAR 1 solvent scenarios, the threshold is still exceeded when acid wash is used.

本文描述了光化学烟雾模型的应用，即二阶封闭化学综合烟雾模型（SCICHEM），以模拟与胺基燃烧后二氧化碳捕获相关的空气排放的影响。胺在大气中与羟基（OH）自由基和其他氧化剂发生反应，形成潜在的有害产物，如亚硝胺和硝胺。胺也可以与可能存在于胺吸收剂或大气中的硫酸形成颗粒。亚硝胺可以光解回氨基基。模拟这些过程需要使用光化学模型，该模型可以提供影响胺化学的氧化剂浓度。在这项工作中，scihem被改编为包括三种胺的化学：单乙醇胺（MEA）， 2-氨基-2-甲基丙醇（AMP）和哌嗪（PZ）。选择这些溶剂是因为这些胺比其他专有胺有更多的热力学和动力学数据。该模型应用于美国中西部和墨西哥湾沿岸地区，以评估天然气联合循环（NGCC）和燃煤电厂应用胺基燃烧后碳捕集（PCCC）系统对空气质量的影响。研究了三种代表性的胺溶剂（PZ， MEA和CESAR 1， PZ和AMP的混合物），并采用水洗和酸洗配置进行建模。结果表明，用水洗涤时，所有三种溶剂的亚硝胺+硝胺的长期年平均空气浓度远低于挪威公共卫生研究所（NIPH）确定的0.3纳克/立方米的暴露限值。然而，亚硝胺+硝胺的24小时平均值中有98个百分位高于暴露限值，表明短期暴露会带来一些健康问题。使用酸洗可以显著降低亚硝胺+硝胺浓度，以及PM2.5总量。对于PZ和MEA，酸洗使24 h峰值和第98百分位24 h亚硝胺+硝胺浓度降至限值以下。然而，对于一些CESAR 1溶剂场景，当使用酸洗时仍然超过阈值。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring 4D seismic potential for monitoring CO2 injection in depleted North Sea gas fields 勘探北海枯竭气田二氧化碳注入监测的4D地震潜力

IF 5.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104529

Shi Yuan Toh, Colin MacBeth, Jorge Landa, Hamed Heidari

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is crucial for meeting global CO₂ emissions reduction targets. Monitoring, measurement, and verification (MMV) plans are essential for the effective management of CO₂ storage sites, with 4D seismic data playing a key role. To aid this understanding, this study presents simulation to seismic modelling (Sim2Seis) case studies for CO₂ injection into depleted gas fields, focusing on the Goldeneye, Hamilton, and Viking fields in the North Sea. Using compositional reservoir flow simulation models, we conduct a forward modelling process to generate synthetic seismic at key time steps such as baseline (pre-CO₂ injection) and at the end of CO₂ injection (post-CO₂ injection). We demonstrate that 4D seismic signals, related to saturation changes, are strong and most visible at fluid contacts, particularly where CO₂-hydrocarbon gas mixture displaces the aquifer. By contrast, intra-reservoir signals arise primarily from fluid compositional changes with only limited contrast in acoustic properties from density and velocity variations. These findings suggest that 4D seismic is better suited for containment monitoring and leakage detection than conformance monitoring. They also highlight the need for tailored strategies based on compositional reservoir flow simulation models. Continued research into fluid flow physics and seismic interpretation is critical to optimizing monitoring strategies for CO₂ storage in depleted gas fields.

碳捕集与封存（CCS）对于实现全球二氧化碳减排目标至关重要。监测、测量和验证（MMV）计划对于有效管理CO2储存地点至关重要，其中4D地震数据起着关键作用。为了帮助理解这一点，本研究提供了模拟地震建模（Sim2Seis）的案例研究，主要针对北海的Goldeneye、Hamilton和Viking气田进行二氧化碳注入。利用储层成分流动模拟模型，我们进行了一个正演模拟过程，以在关键时间步（如基线（二氧化碳注入前）和二氧化碳注入结束（二氧化碳注入后））生成合成地震。研究表明，与饱和度变化相关的四维地震信号在流体接触处非常强烈且最明显，特别是在二氧化碳-碳氢化合物气体混合物取代含水层的地方。相比之下，储层内部信号主要来自流体成分的变化，而密度和速度变化对声学特性的影响有限。这些研究结果表明，与一致性监测相比，4D地震更适合于安全壳监测和泄漏检测。他们还强调了基于储层流动模拟模型的定制策略的必要性。对流体流动物理和地震解释的持续研究对于优化枯竭气田二氧化碳储存监测策略至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling two-phase multicomponent CO2 mixtures in offshore pipelines under hydraulic shock 液压冲击下海洋管道中两相多组分CO2混合物的建模

IF 5.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104541

Ferdinand Uilhoorn, Maciej Chaczykowski, Andrzej J. Osiadacz, Tomasz Bleschke, Łukasz Kotyński

Carbon capture and storage is crucial for reducing emissions from fossil fuel power plants and industries with significant CO

_{2}

production. To ensure safe pipeline design, integrated emergency shutdown systems are implemented, which can induce rapid changes in flow conditions, potentially causing critical pressure spikes and phase transitions, accelerating cavitation and material fatigue. In this work, we used a homogeneous two-phase flow model to evaluate the risk of two-phase flow during a hydraulic shock. The heat transfer between the CO

_{2}

-rich stream and its surroundings is modeled using a heat transfer model with steady-periodic thermal boundary conditions. We considered pure CO

_{2}

and CO

_{2}

mixtures containing impurities obtained from pre-combustion and post-combustion carbon capture technologies. We investigated the influence of impurities, the choice of equation of state, pipeline inclination, and flow closure characteristics. The flow model is approximated using a weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme coupled with the Harten–Lax–van Leer Contact flux. The model was benchmarked against a Riemann problem, a depressurization scenario, and decompression wave speed measurements, and further validated using pressure pulse data from cavity collapse experiments caused by rapid valve closure in water. The model’s applicability is demonstrated through a case study of an offshore pipeline, utilizing parameters from the Porthos project. Results indicated that CO

_{2}

-rich streams initially in the liquid phase and near the saturation line can trigger vapor formation, but it depends on the impurity content. The results showed to be sensitive for the selected equation of state.

碳捕获和储存对于减少化石燃料发电厂和二氧化碳排放量巨大的工业的排放至关重要。为了确保管道设计的安全性，采用了集成的紧急关闭系统，这可能会导致流动条件的快速变化，可能导致临界压力峰值和相变，加速空化和材料疲劳。在这项工作中，我们使用均匀两相流模型来评估液压冲击期间两相流的风险。利用具有定周期热边界条件的传热模型模拟了富co2流与周围环境之间的传热。我们考虑了纯二氧化碳和含有杂质的二氧化碳混合物，这些杂质来自燃烧前和燃烧后的碳捕获技术。我们研究了杂质、状态方程的选择、管道倾角和流闭特性的影响。流动模型近似采用加权基本非振荡格式与Harten-Lax-van Leer接触通量相结合。该模型以Riemann问题、降压场景和降压波速测量为基准，并使用由水中阀门快速关闭引起的空腔塌陷实验的压力脉冲数据进一步验证。利用Porthos项目的参数，通过海上管道的案例研究证明了该模型的适用性。结果表明，最初在液相和饱和线附近的富co2流可以触发蒸汽的形成，但这取决于杂质含量。结果表明，所选择的状态方程是敏感的。

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引用次数: 0

Integrated column experiments and reactive transport modeling for identifying chemical indicators of CO2 leakage in a shallow granitic/gneissic aquifer 综合柱实验与反应输运模型识别浅花岗质/片麻岩含水层CO2泄漏化学指标

IF 5.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104533

Jong Heon Ha , Hyun‑Kwon Do , Soyeon Lim , Hakyung Cho , Sung-Wook Jeen

Leakage of CO₂ from carbon capture and storage (CCS) sites into shallow aquifers can alter groundwater chemistry, affecting parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), alkalinity, and cation concentrations. Monitoring these parameters is essential for early detection of CO₂ leakage. This study employed multicomponent reactive transport modeling to analyze geochemical changes observed in laboratory column experiments (push-and-pull and natural gradient tests) using soil and groundwater from the Environmental Impact Test (EIT) facility in Korea. The site mainly consists of a granitic/gneissic aquifer system. The model incorporated primary alumino-silicate minerals (quartz, microcline, anorthite, albite, and biotite) identified through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and accounted for the precipitation of secondary minerals (gibbsite, calcite, and dolomite). Simulations successfully reproduced observed trends in pH, alkalinity, and major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) and Fe, indicating that mineral dissolution, particularly of anorthite and biotite, was the primary buffering mechanism under acidic conditions. Gibbsite precipitation effectively limited Al mobility. Predictive simulations showed that geochemical responses were largely confined within 2.5 meters of the CO₂ source during the 30 days following injection, with delayed breakthrough at greater distances. These findings underscore the utility of reactive transport modeling for quantifying spatiotemporal geochemical evolution following CO₂ leakage. The approach supports improved monitoring well placement, sampling strategies, and site-specific risk assessments, and can be broadly applied to geochemical investigations in CCS and other groundwater systems.

二氧化碳从碳捕集与封存（CCS）站点泄漏到浅层含水层可以改变地下水的化学性质，影响诸如pH值、电导率（EC）、碱度和阳离子浓度等参数。监测这些参数对于CO2泄漏的早期检测至关重要。本研究采用多组分反应输运模型来分析实验室柱实验（推拉试验和自然梯度试验）中观察到的地球化学变化，实验采用韩国环境影响试验（EIT）设施的土壤和地下水。该遗址主要由花岗质/片麻岩含水层系统组成。该模型结合了通过x射线衍射（XRD）分析鉴定的原生铝硅酸盐矿物（石英、微斜长石、钙长石、钠长石和黑云母），并考虑了次生矿物（三水铝石、方解石和白云石）的沉淀。模拟成功地再现了观察到的pH值、碱度、主要阳离子（Ca、Mg、Na和K）和Fe的趋势，表明矿物溶解，特别是钙长石和黑云母的溶解，是酸性条件下的主要缓冲机制。三水铝石的析出有效地限制了铝的迁移率。预测模拟表明，在注入后的30天内，地球化学响应主要局限于CO2源2.5米范围内，在更大的距离上延迟突破。这些发现强调了反应输运模型在量化CO2泄漏后的时空地球化学演化中的实用性。该方法支持改进监测井位、采样策略和特定地点风险评估，可以广泛应用于CCS和其他地下水系统的地球化学调查。

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引用次数: 0

A novel Optimal Power Flow model for the design of CO2 networks 一种新的CO2电网设计最优潮流模型

IF 5.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104540

Susanne Hochmeister, Stefan Wallner, Josef Steinegger, Thomas Kienberger

The successful implementation of Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) requires the development of a CO₂ infrastructure connecting CO₂ sources and sinks. From an economic standpoint, pipelines are the only way to transport large quantities of CO₂ over land. In this work a techno-economic optimization approach for the design of CO₂ networks, incorporating detailed physical constraints, is evaluated. The proposed Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model integrates detailed Power Flow calculations, to analyze pressure drops during gaseous, supercritical, and dense phase CO₂ transport. The methodology is applied to various sample networks to assess its applicability across different topologies, including branched and meshed configurations, as well as networks with long transmission lines. Also, the computational performance of the proposed approach is evaluated. The results show that the model can determine cost-optimal pipeline routes as well as pipe diameters, strategically place booster stations with respect to balancing investment costs and operational feasibility, and eliminate redundant connections in meshed systems. Network topology has been found to have a significant impact on optimal design. The model allows for varying network complexities and scales, making it applicable to both small-scale projects and large-scale CO₂ infrastructure initiatives. The study provides a scalable framework for designing CO₂ infrastructure to support large-scale decarbonization efforts, offering valuable insights for policymakers and engineers.

碳捕集与利用（CCU）和碳捕集与封存（CCS）的成功实施需要开发连接二氧化碳源和汇的二氧化碳基础设施。从经济角度来看，管道是陆地运输大量二氧化碳的唯一途径。在这项工作中，评估了二氧化碳网络设计的技术经济优化方法，包括详细的物理约束。提出的最优功率流（OPF）模型集成了详细的功率流计算，以分析气体，超临界和致密相CO2传输过程中的压降。该方法应用于各种样本网络，以评估其在不同拓扑结构中的适用性，包括分支和网状配置，以及具有长传输线的网络。最后，对该方法的计算性能进行了评价。结果表明，该模型可以确定成本最优的管道路线和管径，在平衡投资成本和运行可行性的基础上有策略地放置升压站，并消除网状系统中的冗余连接。网络拓扑结构对优化设计有重要的影响。该模型允许不同的网络复杂性和规模，使其既适用于小规模项目，也适用于大规模的二氧化碳基础设施计划。该研究为设计二氧化碳基础设施提供了一个可扩展的框架，以支持大规模的脱碳工作，为政策制定者和工程师提供了宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0

The roles of low-noise stations, arrays and ocean-bottom seismometers in monitoring UK offshore seismicity associated with subsurface storage of carbon dioxide 低噪音台站、阵列和海底地震仪在监测与二氧化碳地下储存有关的英国近海地震活动中的作用

IF 5.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104536

Dominik Strutz, Andrew Curtis

Effective seismic monitoring of subsurface carbon dioxide storage (SCS) sites is essential for managing risks posed by induced seismicity. This is particularly challenging in offshore environments, such as the Endurance licence area in the North Sea, where the UK’s permanent land-based seismometer network offers limited monitoring capability due to its distance from the expected locations of seismic events. A Bayesian experimental design framework is used to assess enhancements of the network with a low-noise onshore station located at around 1 km depth in Boulby mine, the onshore North York Moors Seismic Array, an optimally-located additional onshore monitoring site, and ocean bottom seismometers (OBS). We quantify the expected information gain about seismic source locations and introduce a practical method to incorporate signal-to-noise dependent detectability and velocity model uncertainty. We show that the Boulby station or an onshore array primarily lower the detection threshold for small-magnitude events (M=0-2), but offer limited improvement in location accuracy. An optimally-located additional land-based seismometer or local array provides little additional benefit. OBS deployments yield significant improvements in location accuracy due to their proximity to potential seismicity. Optimised networks of two to three OBS stations are effective for Endurance, while three to five OBS stations offer robust monitoring across North Sea carbon storage licence areas off England’s east coast. Velocity model uncertainty remains a key limiting factor for location precision across all configurations. We conclude that deploying OBS networks is the most promising strategy for enhancing microseismic monitoring capabilities at offshore SCS sites, though potentially more expensive.

对地下二氧化碳储存（SCS）地点进行有效的地震监测对于管理诱发地震活动带来的风险至关重要。这在海上环境中尤其具有挑战性，例如北海的Endurance许可证区域，由于距离地震事件的预期位置较远，英国的永久性陆地地震仪网络的监测能力有限。贝叶斯实验设计框架用于评估网络的增强，包括位于Boulby矿约1公里深度的低噪声陆上站、陆上North York Moors地震阵列、最佳位置的额外陆上监测点和海底地震仪（OBS）。我们量化了震源位置的预期信息增益，并介绍了一种实用的方法来结合依赖于信噪比的可探测性和速度模型的不确定性。我们发现，Boulby台站或陆上阵列主要降低了小震级事件（M=0-2）的检测阈值，但在定位精度方面提供了有限的改进。最佳位置的额外陆基地震仪或本地阵列几乎没有额外的好处。由于OBS靠近潜在的地震活动，因此其定位精度显著提高。两到三个OBS站的优化网络对Endurance来说是有效的，而三到五个OBS站可以在英格兰东海岸的北海碳储存许可区域提供强大的监测。速度模型的不确定性仍然是所有配置中定位精度的关键限制因素。我们的结论是，部署OBS网络是增强海上SCS站点微地震监测能力的最有前途的策略，尽管可能更昂贵。

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引用次数: 0

Benchmarking CO₂ storage simulations: Results from the 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project 二氧化碳储存模拟的基准：来自第11届石油工程师学会比较解决方案项目的结果

IF 5.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104519

Jan M. Nordbotten , Martin A. Fernø , Bernd Flemisch , Anthony R. Kovscek , Knut-Andreas Lie , Jakub W. Both , Olav Møyner , Tor Harald Sandve , Etienne Ahusborde , Sebastian Bauer , Zhangxing Chen , Holger Class , Chaojie Di , Didier Ding , David Element , Eric Flauraud , Jacques Franc , Firdovsi Gasanzade , Yousef Ghomian , Marie Ann Giddins , AbdAllah A. Youssef

The 11^th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project (shortened SPE11 herein) benchmarked simulation tools for geological carbon dioxide (CO₂) storage. A total of 45 groups from leading research institutions and industry across the globe signed up to participate, with 18 ultimately contributing valid results that were included in the comparative study reported here.

This paper summarizes the SPE11 results. A comprehensive introduction and qualitative discussion of the submitted data are provided, together with an overview of online resources for accessing the full depth of data. A global metric for analyzing the relative distance between submissions is proposed and used to conduct a quantitative analysis of the submissions. This analysis attempts to statistically resolve the key aspects influencing the variability between submissions.

The study shows that the major qualitative variation between the submitted results is related to thermal effects, dissolution-driven convective mixing, and resolution of facies discontinuities. Moreover, a strong dependence on grid resolution is observed across all three versions of the SPE11. However, our quantitative analysis suggests that the observed variations are predominantly influenced by factors not documented in the technical responses provided by the participants. We therefore identify that unreported variations due to human choices within the process of setting up, conducting, and reporting on the simulations underlying each SPE11 submission are at least as impactful as the computational choices reported.

第11届石油工程师学会比较解决方案项目（简称SPE11）对地质二氧化碳（CO2）储存的模拟工具进行了基准测试。共有来自全球领先研究机构和行业的45个小组报名参加，其中18个小组最终提供了有效的结果，这些结果被纳入了本文报道的比较研究。本文总结了SPE11的结果。对提交的数据进行了全面的介绍和定性讨论，并概述了用于访问全部深度数据的在线资源。提出了一种全局度量，用于分析提交之间的相对距离，并用于对提交进行定量分析。该分析试图从统计上解决影响提交之间可变性的关键方面。研究表明，提交的结果之间的主要定性差异与热效应、溶解驱动的对流混合以及相不连续的分解有关。此外，在所有三个版本的SPE11中都观察到对网格分辨率的强烈依赖。然而，我们的定量分析表明，观察到的变化主要受到参与者提供的技术答复中未记录的因素的影响。因此，我们确定，在设置、执行和报告每个SPE11提交的模拟过程中，由于人类选择而导致的未报告的变化至少与报告的计算选择一样有影响力。

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引用次数: 0

Development of a hybrid Digital Twin for the dispersion of transient CO2 clouds accompanying accidental pipeline leaks 用于管道意外泄漏的瞬态CO2云分散的混合数字孪生的开发

IF 5.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104528

Paweł Bielka, Szymon Kuczyński, Stanisław Nagy

This study introduces a conceptual Digital Twin framework for real-time modeling of CO₂ dispersion following accidental pipeline leaks or ruptures. Forecasts cloud pathways and concentration gradients both in real-time operations and within a simulated training environment. The system offers simulations on demand for operator training, strengthening preparedness, situational awareness, and rapid decision-making during critical incidents. By integrating high-frequency nondispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor data with a physics-informed long-short-term memory (LSTM) model, validated against synthetic data from DNV Phast software, the developed system generates accurate spatial forecasts of the 5 000 ppm CO₂ dispersion contour. Experimental validation in more than 300 000 simulated scenarios showed a mean squared error just below 5 %, indicating high reliability and operational effectiveness. The proposed Hybrid Gaussian Digital Twin (HyG-CO2DT) offers scalability, maintains robustness under varying sensor densities without requiring model retraining, and provides a practical framework for enhancing safety, regulatory compliance, and effective risk management in industrial carbon capture and storage (CCS) applications.

本研究引入了一个概念性的数字孪生框架，用于管道意外泄漏或破裂后二氧化碳分散的实时建模。在实时操作和模拟训练环境中预测云路径和浓度梯度。该系统为操作员培训、加强准备、态势感知和关键事件期间的快速决策提供了模拟需求。通过将高频非色散红外（NDIR）传感器数据与物理信息长短期记忆（LSTM）模型相结合，并与DNV Phast软件的合成数据进行验证，开发的系统可以生成5 000 ppm CO2色散轮廓的准确空间预测。在超过30万个模拟场景中进行的实验验证表明，均方误差略低于5%，表明了高可靠性和操作有效性。所提出的混合高斯数字孪生（HyG-CO2DT）具有可扩展性，在不同传感器密度下保持鲁棒性，无需模型再训练，并为提高工业碳捕集与封存（CCS）应用的安全性、合规性和有效风险管理提供了实用框架。

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引用次数: 0