Global Transitions最新文献_第6页

How the COVID-19 pandemic worsened intimate partner Violence: Findings from a South Africa high-risk community study 2019冠状病毒病大流行如何加剧亲密伴侣暴力：来自南非高风险社区研究的结果

IF 3.1 Q1 Social Sciences

Global Transitions

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.glt.2025.07.004

Xichen Wang , Sheldon X. Zhang , Annah K. Bender , Erica L. Koegler , Edna G. Rich , Rumi Kato Price

Background

Researchers have been extensively studying the detrimental effects wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic on many aspects of human life. However, there is little empirical research from the Global South on COVID-19 and its impact on intimate partner violence (IPV).

Objective

This study sought to explore whether the pandemic-induced effects, such as financial stress, physical health issues, and psychological distress, also increased IPV victimization.

Methods

A structured survey was administered to 665 residents who self-identified as having experienced increased risks of human trafficking in low-income communities in Cape Town, South Africa, during January–October 2021, at the height of COVID-19. IPV measures were applied to those (N = 418) who reported having had an intimate partner in the past 12 months.

Results

Most respondents were born in South Africa. Half of them reported having experienced IPV in the past year. The ordinal regression full model showed that housing insecurity (AOR = 1.67; CI, 1.03–2.70) and mental health concerns (AOR = 1.57; CI, 1.13–2.19) were significant predictors of IPV (p < .05), controlling for other sociodemographic measures. Race (Black, AOR = 0.20; CI, 0.09–0.43), gender (female, AOR = 1.80; CI, 1.17–2.76), and arranged marriage (AOR = 1.97; CI, 1.17–3.32) were also significantly associated with IPV victimization.

Conclusion

Housing insecurity and mental health were the most important COVID-induced stressors in elevating IPV victimization during the pandemic. Furthermore, other structural factors, such as race, gender, and arranged marriage, were also strong predictors of IPV victimization in an already vulnerable South African urban community.

研究人员一直在广泛研究COVID-19大流行对人类生活许多方面造成的不利影响。然而，全球南方国家对2019冠状病毒病及其对亲密伴侣暴力的影响的实证研究很少。目的本研究旨在探讨流行病引发的影响，如经济压力、身体健康问题和心理困扰，是否也增加了IPV受害。方法在2021年1月至10月COVID-19最严重时期，对南非开普敦低收入社区665名自认为人口贩运风险增加的居民进行了结构化调查。IPV测量适用于那些报告在过去12个月内有亲密伴侣的人（N = 418）。结果大多数受访者出生在南非。其中一半的人报告在过去一年中经历过IPV。有序回归全模型显示，住房不安全感(AOR = 1.67；CI, 1.03-2.70)和心理健康问题(AOR = 1.57；CI, 1.13-2.19)是IPV的显著预测因子(p <；0.05)，控制了其他社会人口统计指标。种族(黑人，AOR = 0.20；CI, 0.09-0.43)，性别(女性，AOR = 1.80；CI, 1.17-2.76)，包办婚姻(AOR = 1.97；CI, 1.17-3.32)也与IPV受害显著相关。结论住房不安全感和心理健康是新冠肺炎疫情期间增加IPV受害的最重要应激源。此外，其他结构性因素，如种族、性别和包办婚姻，也是本已脆弱的南非城市社区IPV受害的有力预测因素。

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引用次数: 0

Resettlement for conservation: Assessing health and social security challenges in Nepal's biodiverse regions 为保护而重新安置：评估尼泊尔生物多样性地区的健康和社会安全挑战

Q1 Social Sciences

Global Transitions

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.glt.2025.04.006

Hari Prasad Pandey , Tek Narayan Maraseni , Armando Apan

Conservation-driven displacement remains a contentious issue, raising concerns about balancing biodiversity protection with resettlers' health and social security. This study examines the impacts of ecological resettlement (ER) on communities displaced from 11 villages in Nepal's Terai Arc Landscape (TAL), a biodiverse region with six protected areas, three Ramsar sites, and two World Heritage Sites. Grounded in social security theories, it explores five key themes: individual and community protection, social relationships, income and education, healthcare access, and subsistence-based food production. Data from 215 randomly sampled households (10 % sampling intensity), 11 focus groups, 30 key informant interviews, field observations, and policy reviews were analyzed using general linear models and descriptive statistics. Findings show significant differences (p < 0.05) in health and social security experiences, with agriculture-dependent households, elderly individuals, ethnic communities, and women disproportionately affected. The first five years post-resettlement saw severe disruptions, with gradual improvements over time, driven more by political ecology, globalization, and development trends than by resettlement agency support. However, Indigenous communities face persistent challenges, including loss of food security, weakened social ties, and barriers to indigenous healthcare. Resettlement disrupts traditional, nature-based healing practices, hindering the intergenerational transfer of knowledge. These issues are further exacerbated by global development pressures. This study calls for the mandatory establishment of essential health and social security services before resettlement, ensuring resettlers representation in decision-making. Integrating on-site livelihood strategies into social security frameworks is crucial for sustainable well-being.

保护驱动的迁移仍然是一个有争议的问题，引起了人们对平衡生物多样性保护与移民健康和社会安全的关注。本研究考察了生态安置（ER）对尼泊尔Terai Arc景观（TAL） 11个村庄流离失所者社区的影响。Terai Arc景观是一个生物多样性地区，拥有6个保护区、3个拉姆萨尔湿地和2个世界遗产。它以社会保障理论为基础，探讨了五个关键主题：个人和社区保护、社会关系、收入和教育、医疗保健机会和以生存为基础的粮食生产。采用一般线性模型和描述性统计分析了215个随机抽样家庭（抽样强度为10%）、11个焦点小组、30个关键信息提供者访谈、实地观察和政策审查的数据。结果显示有显著差异(p <；0.05)在健康和社会保障经验方面，依赖农业的家庭、老年人、少数民族社区和妇女受到的影响尤为严重。安置后的前五年出现了严重的混乱，随着时间的推移逐渐改善，更多地受到政治生态、全球化和发展趋势的推动，而不是安置机构的支持。然而，土著社区面临着持续的挑战，包括粮食安全的丧失、社会关系的削弱以及土著医疗保健的障碍。重新安置破坏了传统的、基于自然的治疗实践，阻碍了知识的代际传递。全球发展压力进一步加剧了这些问题。这项研究要求在重新安置之前必须建立基本的保健和社会保障服务，确保重新安置者参与决策。将现场生计战略纳入社会保障框架对于可持续福祉至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Temporal socio-economic inequalities in the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) among under-five Children: An analysis of within- and between-group disparities in 20 sub-Saharan African countries (2004–2024) 五岁以下儿童营养不良双重负担中的时间社会经济不平等：对20个撒哈拉以南非洲国家群体内和群体间差异的分析（2004-2024）

Q1 Social Sciences

Global Transitions

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.glt.2025.04.008

Akim Tafadzwa Lukwa , Denis Okova , Paidamoyo Bodzo , Sikelela Charles Maseko , Melisa Bhebe , Folahanmi Tomiwa Akinsolu , Abodunrin Olunike , Emmanuella Nzeribe , Aggrey Siya , Admire Nyabunze , Charles Hongoro , Plaxcedes Chiwire

Background

The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) in sub-Saharan Africa is a pressing public health issue, particularly among children under five years old. DBM encompasses both undernutrition (stunting) and overnutrition (overweight) within the same population, often shaped by socio-economic disparities. Addressing DBM in early childhood is vital, as malnutrition can lead to long-term health, cognitive, and developmental challenges.

Methods

Using nationally representative data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) across 20 sub-Saharan African countries, this study examines temporal socio-economic inequalities in DBM. Countries include Zimbabwe, Kenya, Nigeria, and Mozambique, among others. DBM was defined using anthropometric measures, while socio-economic status (SES) was categorized as poor, middle, or rich. Temporal trends were analyzed, and inequalities were quantified using Erreygers Normalized Concentration Indices (ENCI) and Theil indices to explore within- and between-group disparities by SES and urban/rural residence.

Results

DBM prevalence across countries ranged from 0.2 % to 4.6 %. Declines were noted in Zimbabwe and Kenya. Socio-economic inequalities were significant, with overnutrition increasingly concentrated in wealthier households, while undernutrition remained prevalent among poorer populations. Theil index analyses revealed within-group disparities as the primary drivers of overall inequality, particularly in urban wealthier populations, though rural and low-SES groups also contributed significantly in countries like Senegal and Mali.

Conclusion

DBM is still present in sub-Saharan Africa and is driven by socio-economic inequalities. Targeted interventions focusing on improving access to nutritious food, healthcare, and education for vulnerable populations, particularly in rural and low-SES groups, are essential to reduce malnutrition disparities.

在撒哈拉以南非洲，营养不良的双重负担是一个紧迫的公共卫生问题，特别是在五岁以下儿童中。DBM包括同一人口中的营养不足（发育迟缓）和营养过剩（超重），通常由社会经济差异决定。在儿童早期解决DBM问题至关重要，因为营养不良可能导致长期的健康、认知和发育挑战。方法使用来自20个撒哈拉以南非洲国家的人口与健康调查（DHS）的全国代表性数据，本研究考察了DBM的时间社会经济不平等。这些国家包括津巴布韦、肯尼亚、尼日利亚和莫桑比克等。DBM是通过人体测量来定义的，而社会经济地位（SES）则分为贫穷、中等或富裕。利用Erreygers归一化浓度指数（ENCI）和Theil指数对不平等进行量化，分析社会经济地位和城乡居住的组内和组间差异。结果各国dbm患病率为0.2% ~ 4.6%。津巴布韦和肯尼亚的数字有所下降。社会经济不平等很严重，营养过剩日益集中在较富裕的家庭，而营养不足在较贫穷的人口中仍然普遍存在。他们的指数分析显示，群体内部差异是整体不平等的主要驱动因素，尤其是在城市较富裕的人群中，尽管在塞内加尔和马里等国家，农村和低社会经济地位群体也起到了重要作用。结论dbm在撒哈拉以南非洲地区仍然存在，并受到社会经济不平等的推动。有针对性的干预措施侧重于改善弱势群体，特别是农村和低社会经济地位群体获得营养食品、保健和教育的机会，这对于缩小营养不良差距至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced machine learning models for accurate breast cancer mammogram classification 增强的机器学习模型用于准确的乳腺癌乳房x光片分类

Q1 Social Sciences

Global Transitions

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.glt.2025.04.007

Kiran Puttegowda , Veeraprathap V , H.S. Ranjan Kumar , K.V. Sudheesh , K. Prabhavathi , Ravi Vinayakumar , Kayalvily Tabianan

Breast cancer has now become the leading cancer type in Indian urban regions surpassing cervical cancer. The imperfect nature of current diagnostic techniques calls for more dependable assessment methods because new automated diagnostic systems do not totally eliminate imperfections. The research of Indian breast cancer datasets remains lower than international platforms owing to distinctive features of breast density, texture, lesion size and composition between these populations. The research develops automated breast cancer detection algorithms for Indian breast types that incorporate metadata to enhance system accuracy in medical diagnosis. We created machine learning algorithms for mammography imaging as part of a development process optimized for Indian breast cancer features. Our top-performing individual model achieved an AUC of 0.95 per image. When integrating four models, the AUC increased to 0.98, with independent test set results from the INbreast database showing 86.7 % sensitivity and 96.1 % specificity. These findings highlight deep learning's potential to enhance mammographic assessment by improving diagnostic accuracy, reducing false errors, and optimizing clinical practice in breast cancer detection.

乳腺癌现在已经成为印度城市地区超过宫颈癌的主要癌症类型。当前诊断技术的不完善本质要求更可靠的评估方法，因为新的自动化诊断系统并不能完全消除缺陷。由于印度乳腺癌人群在乳腺密度、质地、病变大小和组成等方面的特点不同，印度乳腺癌数据集的研究仍低于国际平台。该研究开发了针对印度乳房类型的自动乳腺癌检测算法，该算法包含元数据，以提高医疗诊断的系统准确性。我们为乳房x光成像创建了机器学习算法，作为针对印度乳腺癌特征进行优化的开发过程的一部分。我们表现最好的单个模型实现了每张图像0.95的AUC。当整合四个模型时，AUC增加到0.98，来自INbreast数据库的独立测试集结果显示敏感性为86.7%，特异性为96.1%。这些发现强调了深度学习通过提高诊断准确性、减少虚假错误和优化乳腺癌检测的临床实践来增强乳房x光检查评估的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Reimagining carbon border adjustment mechanisms: A path to climate and development synergy 重新构想碳边界调整机制：一条气候与发展协同的道路

Q1 Social Sciences

Global Transitions

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.glt.2025.03.003

Thang Nam Do

The European Union (EU)'s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) imposes import charges tied to carbon intensity and is set for full enforcement by 2026. Although it aims to reduce global emissions, its one-size-fits-all structure risks penalizing developing nations that often lack financial and technical resources for rapid decarbonization. This article presents “CBAM-Plus,” a framework that reinvests CBAM revenues in clean energy infrastructure, facilitates technology transfer, and recognizes non-pricing mitigation strategies. By bridging capacity gaps and channeling funds toward local development, CBAM-Plus seeks to promote decarbonization without reinforcing global inequities. As additional countries consider carbon border policies, measures that align climate objectives with development priorities are vital to preventing a new global carbon divide.

欧盟的碳边界调整机制（CBAM）征收与碳强度相关的进口费用，并将于2026年全面实施。尽管它的目标是减少全球排放，但其一刀切的结构可能会惩罚发展中国家，这些国家往往缺乏快速脱碳的资金和技术资源。本文介绍了“CBAM- plus”框架，该框架将CBAM收入再投资于清洁能源基础设施，促进技术转让，并认可非定价缓解策略。通过弥合能力差距和为地方发展提供资金，该计划寻求在不加剧全球不平等的情况下促进脱碳。随着越来越多的国家考虑碳边界政策，将气候目标与发展重点结合起来的措施对于防止新的全球碳鸿沟至关重要。

引用次数: 0

The new generation of cosmetics packaging: A paradigm shift 新一代化妆品包装：模式转变

Q1 Social Sciences

Global Transitions

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.glt.2025.04.004

Abeer Omira , Soumaya Grira , Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad , Mohammad Alkhedher

The growing environmental and health concerns surrounding conventional cosmetic packaging demand urgent attention. This work proposes a paradigm shift in cosmetic packaging by introducing the concept of “The New Generation of Cosmetics Packaging,” which focuses on sustainable and biodegradable alternatives. The review outlines a structured approach, presenting a framework that explores promising materials such as wood plastic composites (WPC), polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and cellulose-based materials. It further investigates processing and testing methods, along with innovative solutions like nanotechnology, 3D printing, and edible packaging. Additionally, it highlights the challenges that must be addressed for successful transition, and the policies that should be taken into consideration. The outcomes of this work confirm the importance of adopting a New Generation of Cosmetic Packaging to overcome the drawbacks of conventional packaging. The proposed paradigm shift provides a forward-looking pathway and proposes a coordinated approach from industry, policy-makers, and consumers.

围绕传统化妆品包装的日益增长的环境和健康问题需要紧急关注。这项工作通过引入“新一代化妆品包装”的概念，提出了化妆品包装的范式转变，该概念侧重于可持续和可生物降解的替代品。该综述概述了一种结构化的方法，提出了一个框架，探索有前途的材料，如木塑复合材料（WPC）、聚乳酸（PLA）、聚羟基烷酸酯（PHA）和纤维素基材料。它进一步研究加工和测试方法，以及纳米技术、3D打印和可食用包装等创新解决方案。此外，它还强调了成功过渡必须解决的挑战，以及应该考虑的政策。这项工作的结果证实了采用新一代化妆品包装的重要性，以克服传统包装的缺点。提出的范式转变提供了一个前瞻性的途径，并提出了一个行业、政策制定者和消费者协调一致的方法。

引用次数: 0

SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in household case-contact study: Biological sample analysis from India 家庭病例接触研究中的SARS-CoV-2感染动态：来自印度的生物样本分析

Q1 Social Sciences

Global Transitions

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.glt.2024.11.002

Aswathy Sreedevi , Ahmad Mohammad , Mini Satheesh , Anuja Ushakumari , Anil Kumar , Raveendran Geetha , Saritha Narayankutty , Neethu Valsala Mohan , Ajay Aparna , Neeraj Mohandas , Brilly Rose , Gopakumar Soumya , Sachin David , Vishnu Menon , Jaideep C Menon

Introduction

This study aimed to determine RNA positivity in nasopharyngeal samples, urine and stool, period to seropositivity, viral clearance and associated factors.

Methods

A cohort study was conducted multicentrically in Kerala, India, among 147 SARS-CoV-2 patients and 347 household contacts. Serial nasopharyngeal swabs, feces, urine, and serum samples were collected on days 1, 7, 14, and 28. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with RNA positivity, viral clearance and seropositivity.

Results

Among the index cases, median duration for respiratory samples to test negative was 10.5, 7 days in <18 and > 18 years respectively. The median period of RNA detection in feces was longer at 14 days (IQR 7, 28). The independent determinants of RT-PCR negativity of nasopharyngeal samples at >7 days was fever a OR 3.3 (95 % CI 1.1, 10.5). In the multivariable analysis for antibody response, those with less than or equal to 12 years of schooling had five times higher risk of being seronegative [aOR 5.2 (95 % CI 1.6, 16.7)]. Shedding of the virus in stool was more common among those aged <40 years (a OR 2.8, 95 % CI 1.2, 6.4) and among those who had fever (a OR 3.4, 95 % CI 1.1, 10.8). Among the contacts the seropositivity was determined by being illiterate 1.8 (95 % CI 1.1, 3.2), and reporting any symptom from day 1–14 aOR 3.2 (95 % CI 1.9, 5.2).

Conclusion

The shorter duration of RNA positivity in respiratory samples and viral shedding in stool has implications for managing infection control and monitoring in diverse populations.

本研究旨在测定鼻咽标本、尿液和粪便中RNA阳性、血清阳性时间、病毒清除率及相关因素。方法对印度喀拉拉邦147例SARS-CoV-2患者和347例家庭接触者进行多中心队列研究。在第1、7、14和28天收集一系列鼻咽拭子、粪便、尿液和血清样本。采用多变量logistic回归确定与RNA阳性、病毒清除率和血清阳性相关的因素。结果在指标病例中，呼吸道样本检测阴性的中位持续时间为10.5天，18岁和18岁为7天；分别是18年。粪便中RNA检测的中位时间更长，为14天（IQR 7,28）。第7天鼻咽标本RT-PCR阴性的独立决定因素是发热，OR为3.3（95 % CI为1.1,10.5）。在抗体反应的多变量分析中，受教育时间小于或等于12年的儿童血清呈阴性的风险高出5倍[aOR 5.2(95 % CI 1.6, 16.7)]。40岁（比值比为2.8,95 % CI为1.2,6.4）和发热（比值比为3.4,95 % CI为1.1,10.8）人群中粪便中病毒的脱落更为常见。在接触者中，文盲为1.8(95 % CI 1.1, 3.2)，在第1-14天报告任何症状为3.2（95 % CI 1.9, 5.2）。结论呼吸道样本RNA阳性持续时间较短，粪便病毒脱落对不同人群的感染控制和监测具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Interplay between poverty, poverty eradication and sustainable development: A semi-systematic literature review 贫困、消除贫困与可持续发展之间的相互作用：半系统的文献综述

Q1 Social Sciences

Global Transitions

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.glt.2024.11.001

Affandi , Yunastiti Purwaningsih , Lukman Hakim , Tri Mulyaningsih

Purposes

This research aims to identify the most appropriate analytical tools for future poverty and sustainable development analysis, whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. It also aims to determine the factors influencing poverty, which can be categorized into several groups.

Methods

This study used Semi-Literature Review (SLR) to review articles published in online scientific databases from Google Scholar and Sciendirect.com from 2008 to 2024. It selected 149 papers that passed the identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion process. The selected articles were discussed using two approaches: quantitative with the help of the VOSviewer application and qualitative analysis.

Findings

The analytic tools recommended for further research are qualitative methods, mainly in-depth interviews with focus group discussions with relevant parties; quantitative methods, including multilevel logistic analysis models and spatial analysis; and a mixed methods approach using a grounded theory approach. The causes of poverty are not only related to the economy or income. The findings show that a multidimensional approach to poverty is essential to address it and promote sustainable development effectively. Seven dimensions affect poverty.

Conclusions

To assess poverty alleviation and achieve sustainable development, a holistic, multidimensional approach combines capabilities, institutions, and sustainability. Some multidimensional factors that need to be studied to see their influence on poverty and sustainable development are energy accessibility, the type of human capital needed, care among fellow social beings, the role of government in providing infrastructure for the community, and the role of financial institutions in empowering low-income communities.

本研究旨在为未来的贫困和可持续发展分析确定最适当的分析工具，无论是定量、定性还是混合方法。它还旨在确定影响贫困的因素，这些因素可分为几类。方法采用半文献回顾法（half - literature Review， SLR）对谷歌Scholar和Sciendirect.com等在线科学数据库2008 - 2024年发表的文章进行回顾性分析。它选择了通过识别、筛选、资格和纳入过程的149篇论文。选取的文章采用两种方法进行讨论：借助VOSviewer应用进行定量分析和定性分析。建议进一步研究的分析工具是定性方法，主要是与相关方进行深入访谈和焦点小组讨论；定量方法，包括多层次逻辑分析模型和空间分析；和混合方法的方法使用扎根理论的方法。贫穷的原因不仅与经济或收入有关。调查结果表明，要解决贫困问题并有效促进可持续发展，就必须从多方面解决贫困问题。影响贫困的因素有七个方面。结论要评估减贫和实现可持续发展，必须采用综合能力、制度和可持续性的全面、多维方法。需要研究的一些多维因素是能源可及性、所需人力资本的类型、社会同胞之间的关怀、政府在为社区提供基础设施方面的作用以及金融机构在赋予低收入社区权力方面的作用，以便了解它们对贫穷和可持续发展的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Health for all: Primary care facility localization in Lesotho using qualitative research and GIS 人人享有健康：利用定性研究和地理信息系统实现莱索托初级保健设施的本地化

Q1 Social Sciences

Global Transitions

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.glt.2024.05.002

Mariam A. Mostafa , Joy Oluwaseun Ogunmuyiwa , Kathryne Appleby Tenney , Sai Lone Tip , CarlosO. Zegarra Zamalloa , Jeffery C. Blossom , Tlebere Mpo

Background

Lesotho has made significant strides towards universal health coverage and yet a significant proportion of the population has difficulty accessing health care services due to mountainous terrain and long travel times to nearest health facility. There have been previous studies that utilized Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to assess access to healthcare and to identify optimal locations for placement of new health facilities, though never in Lesotho.

Methods

The authors employed a mixed-methods design. Qualitative research consisting of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions was used to gain a deep understanding of the problem with access to healthcare and to allow for the perspectives of the people of Lesotho to guide decision-making about placement of new healthcare facilities. GIS analysis was done using ArcGIS Pro v. 2.3 software and modern satellite imagery to map current access to healthcare facilities and create site recommendations for new healthcare facilities.

Results

Qualitative research revealed that walking was the primary mode of transport to healthcare facilities and that distance was the crucial barrier in limiting access to care. Decentralization in decision-making was identified as an important element in health policy decisions and study participants recommended placing health facilities centrally in large villages. GIS analysis identified that 77.7 % of the population was currently within 3-h walking distance to nearest health facility and that the addition of fifty new healthcare facilities would increase that proportion to 90.0 %.

Conclusion

This study mapped current access to care in Lesotho in rural and urban areas. It also provided an objective strategy for identifying the location of new healthcare facilities while incorporating the voices of the people of Lesotho in the process. The findings can be used to assist policymakers, and the methodology can be employed in the allocation of other public-service facilities in different countries or regions.

背景莱索托在实现全民医疗覆盖方面取得了长足进步，但由于多山的地形和到最近医疗机构的路途遥远，很大一部分人口难以获得医疗服务。以前曾有研究利用地理信息系统（GIS）评估医疗服务的可及性，并确定新建医疗设施的最佳位置，但从未在莱索托进行过研究。定性研究包括半结构式访谈和焦点小组讨论，以深入了解医疗服务的可及性问题，并从莱索托人民的视角出发，指导有关新医疗设施选址的决策。使用 ArcGIS Pro v. 2.3 软件和现代卫星图像对地理信息系统进行了分析，以绘制当前医疗设施的使用地图，并为新医疗设施的选址提出建议。决策权下放被认为是医疗政策决策的一个重要因素，研究参与者建议将医疗设施集中安置在大村庄。地理信息系统分析表明，目前 77.7% 的人口步行 3 小时即可到达最近的医疗机构，如果新增 50 个医疗机构，这一比例将提高到 90.0%。它还为确定新医疗设施的位置提供了客观的策略，同时将莱索托人民的意见纳入了这一过程。研究结果可用于协助决策者，该方法也可用于不同国家或地区其他公共服务设施的分配。

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引用次数: 0

The COVID-19 lockdown induced changes of SO2 pollution in its Human-made global hotspots COVID-19 锁定诱发其人为全球热点地区二氧化硫污染的变化

Q1 Social Sciences

Global Transitions

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.glt.2024.06.003

Amritha S , Patel VK , Kuttippurath J , Varikoden Hamza

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) is a hazardous air pollutant, which is mostly emitted from burning of fossil fuels, and has an adverse impact on the human health and ecosystem functioning. The COVID-19 natural anthropause (lockdown) provides a great opportunity to understand the changes in SO₂ pollution across the globe, as there was a temporary standstill for most human activities. Therefore, we analyse the changes in global SO₂ pollution during lockdown compared to pre-lockdown and identify its hotspots driven by human activities using satellite measurements, reanalysis data and emission inventory. We observe a decline in SO₂ pollution of about 2.21 % in its global average, −21.05 % in Indo-Gangatic Plain, −16 % in East China, −7.67 % in East United States of America, −3.99 % in Western Europe and −3.85 % in Middle East owing to the halt in human activities such as industrial and transport operations, as found from the emissions inventory. There are point and aerial hotspots of SO₂ pollution across the globe (e.g. cities or industrial units), which also show a decrease (20–30 %) in SO₂ pollution during the anthropause. Fossil fuel burning in thermal power plants is a major source of SO₂ pollution, and it has declined notably (1–12 %) during the lockdown in the major coal consuming countries such as the United States, China, Japan, Canada, Brazil, Australia, France, Germany, Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom. Therefore, lockdown provides a clear understanding of global human-driven hotspots of SO₂ pollution and their changes, which would help us to make better and effective air pollution mitigation strategies.

二氧化硫（SO2）是一种有害的空气污染物，主要通过燃烧化石燃料排放，对人类健康和生态系统功能产生不利影响。COVID-19 自然人类停滞期（锁定期）是了解全球二氧化硫污染变化的绝佳机会，因为大部分人类活动都暂时停止了。因此，我们利用卫星测量数据、再分析数据和排放清单，分析了锁定期间与锁定前相比全球二氧化硫污染的变化，并确定了由人类活动驱动的二氧化硫污染热点。根据排放清单，由于工业和运输等人类活动的停止，二氧化硫污染的全球平均值下降了约 2.21%，印度-冈加平原下降了 21.05%，中国东部下降了 16%，美国东部下降了 7.67%，西欧下降了 3.99%，中东下降了 3.85%。全球存在点状和空中的二氧化硫污染热点（如城市或工业单位），在人类活动期，这些热点的二氧化硫污染也会减少（20%-30%）。火力发电厂燃烧化石燃料是二氧化硫污染的主要来源，在封锁期间，美国、中国、日本、加拿大、巴西、澳大利亚、法国、德国、西班牙、意大利和英国等主要煤炭消费国的二氧化硫污染显著下降（1%-12%）。因此，禁产可以清楚地了解全球人为造成的二氧化硫污染热点及其变化，有助于我们制定更好、更有效的空气污染减缓策略。

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