Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-76
Paweł Gotowiecki
The article concerns the intention to group Polish troops on the so-called Romanian bridgehead, created during the Polish campaign of 1939. The author presents the geopolitical conditions for the Polish strategic concepts, including the special importance that Romanian diplomatic relations had, including the common border relevance for Poland’s defence.The article presents the assumptions and changes to the Polish operational plan, in which, along with hostilities’ progress, the importance of the intention to create a defensive redoubt based on the Romanian border grew. The author sums up the article by discussing the military significance of the Romanian bridgehead during the military operations at the beginning of World War II
{"title":"”ROMANIAN BRIDGEHEAD” AS A POLITICAL AND MILITARY CONCEPT IN SEPTEMBER 1939","authors":"Paweł Gotowiecki","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-76","url":null,"abstract":"The article concerns the intention to group Polish troops on the so-called Romanian bridgehead, created during the Polish campaign of 1939. The author presents the geopolitical conditions for the Polish strategic concepts, including the special importance that Romanian diplomatic relations had, including the common border relevance for Poland’s defence.The article presents the assumptions and changes to the Polish operational plan, in which, along with hostilities’ progress, the importance of the intention to create a defensive redoubt based on the Romanian border grew. The author sums up the article by discussing the military significance of the Romanian bridgehead during the military operations at the beginning of World War II","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44880447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-82
Ilie Răsvan Dumitru
The disappearance of the bipolar hegemonic character, the globalization process, the preservation of some hegemonic statutes and the hybrid aggressions emergence against the tense competitive markets and resources background were the key factors that led to international security environment major changes, fact that required a national defence rethinking, based on new risks and state threats. The way national defence strategies are designed and their content have varied from one period to another, depending on international events, economic crises, geopolitical games as well as past and present affiliations with regional or international institutions and organizations. The hybrid war concept was graduallly introduced in the defence strategies, initially being associated with some more well-known patterns such as asymmetric, informational aggression, terrorism or cyber attacks. However, considering that the conceptual boundaries between peace and war were diluted, they would all need a better nuanced, developed and argued approach.
{"title":"THE HYBRID WAR CONCEPT EVOLUTION IN ROMANIA’S NATIONAL DEFENCE STRATEGIES","authors":"Ilie Răsvan Dumitru","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-82","url":null,"abstract":"The disappearance of the bipolar hegemonic character, the globalization process, the preservation of some hegemonic statutes and the hybrid aggressions emergence against the tense competitive markets and resources background were the key factors that led to international security environment major changes, fact that required a national defence rethinking, based on new risks and state threats. The way national defence strategies are designed and their content have varied from one period to another, depending on international events, economic crises, geopolitical games as well as past and present affiliations with regional or international institutions and organizations. The hybrid war concept was graduallly introduced in the defence strategies, initially being associated with some more well-known patterns such as asymmetric, informational aggression, terrorism or cyber attacks. However, considering that the conceptual boundaries between peace and war were diluted, they would all need a better nuanced, developed and argued approach.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42007499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-78
G. Belchev
This article discusses the challenges faced by small tactical units when operating in the information environment. Globalization, the development of communications and the complexity of combat operations increase its importance in conducting tactical activities. The article examines the characteristics of the information environment and some tools that can be used in the decision-making process. Additionally, some of the capabilities that small tactical units should possess are analyzed. Their importance derives from current capabilities and practical experience.
{"title":"FEATURES OF SMALL TACTICAL UNITS’ ACTIVITIES IN THE INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT","authors":"G. Belchev","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-78","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the challenges faced by small tactical units when operating in the information environment. Globalization, the development of communications and the complexity of combat operations increase its importance in conducting tactical activities. The article examines the characteristics of the information environment and some tools that can be used in the decision-making process. Additionally, some of the capabilities that small tactical units should possess are analyzed. Their importance derives from current capabilities and practical experience.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41884197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-85
L. Hîmpă
This article aims to present Ştefan Fălcoianu`s personality and vast activity, (June 6, 1835 - January 22, 1905) a research based on the Fălcoianu Family Fund original documents from the Romanian ,National Archives in Bucharest. The documentary fund dates from 1836-1944 and was taken from the Ilfov Archives Branch. The documents contain information about the Fălcoianu family`s genealogy, on General Ștefan Ioniță Fălcoianu`s activity. The preserved correspondence reflects Stefan Fălcoianu’s ties with personalities of the time: Constantin Barozzi1, Octav George Lecca2 and the Belgian general Henri Alexis Brialmont3
本文以布加勒斯特罗马尼亚国家档案馆的福尔库亚努家族基金原始文件为基础，介绍Ştefan福尔库亚努的个性和广泛的活动(1835年6月6日- 1905年1月22日)。文件基金的日期为1836年至1944年，是从伊尔福夫档案处拿走的。这些文件包含了关于furlcoianu家族家谱的信息，网址是General Ștefan Ioniță furlcoianu的活动。保存下来的信件反映了斯特凡·富尔科亚努与当时的名人的联系:康斯坦丁·巴罗齐、奥克塔夫·乔治·莱卡和比利时将军亨利·亚历克西斯·布里阿尔蒙
{"title":"ȘTEFAN FĂLCOIANU AND THE SUPERIOR SCHOOL OF WAR","authors":"L. Hîmpă","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-85","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to present Ştefan Fălcoianu`s personality and vast activity, (June 6, 1835 - January 22, 1905) a research based on the Fălcoianu Family Fund original documents from the Romanian ,National Archives in Bucharest. The documentary fund dates from 1836-1944 and was taken from the Ilfov Archives Branch. The documents contain information about the Fălcoianu family`s genealogy, on General Ștefan Ioniță Fălcoianu`s activity. The preserved correspondence reflects Stefan Fălcoianu’s ties with personalities of the time: Constantin Barozzi1, Octav George Lecca2 and the Belgian general Henri Alexis Brialmont3","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48990595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-83
Mioara ( CULEA) ȘERBAN
The pandemic crisis has ironically and paradoxically demonstrated an incredible drive for change and the need for this, due to a continuous downgrade of the relations with the authorities and to the phenomenon of “telework” or “online schooling”. Change makes sense, whether it is a naturally generated phenomenon or a consequence of human action. Caught between an objective and a subjective reality, the military education system has the power to produce qualitative mutations, through a new version, the intersubjective one, in which the emphasis falls on the importance of values and beliefs. These beliefs represented, beyond physical resources and throughout history, especially through the wars fought, the most important resource through which the leader obtained victory, based on the assumed strategy. Used as a research method, systematic observation created the context for a complex alchemy that confirmed the undesirable obligation of what produces meaning and created an algorithm of future reconstructions, based on changes in all three dimensions giving additional credit to intersubjective reality, through the given meaning
{"title":"CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE MEANING OF CHANGE IN THE LAND FORCES POST-SECONDARY MILITARY EDUCATION SYSTEM","authors":"Mioara ( CULEA) ȘERBAN","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-83","url":null,"abstract":"The pandemic crisis has ironically and paradoxically demonstrated an incredible drive for change and the need for this, due to a continuous downgrade of the relations with the authorities and to the phenomenon of “telework” or “online schooling”. Change makes sense, whether it is a naturally generated phenomenon or a consequence of human action. Caught between an objective and a subjective reality, the military education system has the power to produce qualitative mutations, through a new version, the intersubjective one, in which the emphasis falls on the importance of values and beliefs. These beliefs represented, beyond physical resources and throughout history, especially through the wars fought, the most important resource through which the leader obtained victory, based on the assumed strategy. Used as a research method, systematic observation created the context for a complex alchemy that confirmed the undesirable obligation of what produces meaning and created an algorithm of future reconstructions, based on changes in all three dimensions giving additional credit to intersubjective reality, through the given meaning","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44750246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-87
Nicușor Cojan
The 2030 United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted on September 25, 2015, promotes the balance among the three sustainable development dimensions – economic, social and environmental and establishes a global framework for achieving sustainable development by 2030, having 17 sustainable development (SDGs) objectives and 169 related targets. The European Union, together with its member states, has committed to implementing these goals at EU level, as well as at other non-EU countries, most in need of support. Romania joined the leaders of the 192 UN member states at the Development Summit, adopting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a universal development global action program. In this context, Romania’s 2030 National Strategy for Sustainable Development was drawn up and approved by the Government on November 9, 2018, and Romania’s economic security issues were included in 2020 National Defence Strategy.
{"title":"THE IMPLICATIONS “GLOBAL OBJECTIVES” IMPLEMENTATION ON ROMANIA’S ECONOMIC SECURITY","authors":"Nicușor Cojan","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-87","url":null,"abstract":"The 2030 United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted on September 25, 2015, promotes the balance among the three sustainable development dimensions – economic, social and environmental and establishes a global framework for achieving sustainable development by 2030, having 17 sustainable development (SDGs) objectives and 169 related targets. The European Union, together with its member states, has committed to implementing these goals at EU level, as well as at other non-EU countries, most in need of support. Romania joined the leaders of the 192 UN member states at the Development Summit, adopting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a universal development global action program. In this context, Romania’s 2030 National Strategy for Sustainable Development was drawn up and approved by the Government on November 9, 2018, and Romania’s economic security issues were included in 2020 National Defence Strategy.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42731431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-05DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-72
Iulia Cojocaru
This paper aims to identify the best ways to support security actors in the process of promoting and pursuing their interests, through public communication. In this respect, we have considered it relevant to identify and present the forms of public communication most often used in the information environment for the purpose of influencing power games, and we have classified them into two categories: constructive and destructive, taking into account ethical aspects in terms of transmitter’s intentionality, as well as the whole set of effects that they produce on the security environment (direct effects – short term, and indirect effects – long term), on its dynamics, and ultimately on the world order. Following our analysis, we will have identified strategic communication (and the techniques derived from it) as the form of public communication whose whole set of effects generated suits the interests of the actor – transmitter, the citizen – as an exponent of international society –, as well as the ideal of peace.
{"title":"PUBLIC COMMUNICATION IN PURSUING AND PROMOTING THE INTERESTS OF SECURITY ACTORS – A TAXONOMIC APPROACH","authors":"Iulia Cojocaru","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-72","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to identify the best ways to support security actors in the process of promoting and pursuing their interests, through public communication. In this respect, we have considered it relevant to identify and present the forms of public communication most often used in the information environment for the purpose of influencing power games, and we have classified them into two categories: constructive and destructive, taking into account ethical aspects in terms of transmitter’s intentionality, as well as the whole set of effects that they produce on the security environment (direct effects – short term, and indirect effects – long term), on its dynamics, and ultimately on the world order. Following our analysis, we will have identified strategic communication (and the techniques derived from it) as the form of public communication whose whole set of effects generated suits the interests of the actor – transmitter, the citizen – as an exponent of international society –, as well as the ideal of peace.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42568890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-05DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-74
Ilie Angiu
In the overall conduct of the joint operations, the Air Force through its transport component and the capabilities held in the RSOM process ensures for participants in operations, mainly the transport of forces by air, but also the provision of certain capabilities and facilities, both at tactical level as well as at operational and strategic level. The process of deploying forces with the support of the Air Force is essential in the economy and the success of joint operations, due to the fact that the transport of forces by air in certain situations may be the only mode of transport that is available, efficient and necessary to be chosen due to time constraints, price, security risks and nature of cargo.
{"title":"ELEMENTS OF PLANNING THE DEPLOYMENT OF FORCES WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE AIR FORCE","authors":"Ilie Angiu","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-74","url":null,"abstract":"In the overall conduct of the joint operations, the Air Force through its transport component and the capabilities held in the RSOM process ensures for participants in operations, mainly the transport of forces by air, but also the provision of certain capabilities and facilities, both at tactical level as well as at operational and strategic level. The process of deploying forces with the support of the Air Force is essential in the economy and the success of joint operations, due to the fact that the transport of forces by air in certain situations may be the only mode of transport that is available, efficient and necessary to be chosen due to time constraints, price, security risks and nature of cargo.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43036402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-05DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-68
Catalin Chiriac
The Comprehensive Operations Planning Directive / COPD, version 2.0, has been in recent years a guide for planners at the strategic and operational levels who need to understand and implement specific operations planning processes. Consistently applied by the member states of the Alliance, the Directive has reached the stage where the lessons identified have required its revision, with a view to improving and aligning it with the new requirements of the operating environment. Thus, the publishing of the COPD version 3.0 at NATO level established the process of modifying procedures or maturing thinking at the strategic and operational levels. Following the guidelines of previous versions, COPD version 3.0 describes in detail the planning processes specific to the strategic and operational levels, remaining the same indispensable tool necessary for planners to carry out the operations planning process.
{"title":"COPD V3.0 AND IMPLICATIONS ON THE JOINT LEVEL","authors":"Catalin Chiriac","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-68","url":null,"abstract":"The Comprehensive Operations Planning Directive / COPD, version 2.0, has been in recent years a guide for planners at the strategic and operational levels who need to understand and implement specific operations planning processes. Consistently applied by the member states of the Alliance, the Directive has reached the stage where the lessons identified have required its revision, with a view to improving and aligning it with the new requirements of the operating environment. Thus, the publishing of the COPD version 3.0 at NATO level established the process of modifying procedures or maturing thinking at the strategic and operational levels. Following the guidelines of previous versions, COPD version 3.0 describes in detail the planning processes specific to the strategic and operational levels, remaining the same indispensable tool necessary for planners to carry out the operations planning process.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42060792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-05DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-75
Nicolae Daniel Fîță, S. Radu, D. Pasculescu
Energy security and implicitly the regional energy architecture composed of critical energy infrastructures (power substations and overhead lines at 400 kV), can undergo various mutations and transformations caused by a possible syncope in the extraction, transport and exploitation of energy resources and energy, due to energy dynamism. The vulnerability of these critical energy infrastructures generates a number of risks and threats to them, thus endangering societal life, creating malfunctions and generating extreme damage to the state. Critical energy infrastructures thus become indispensable to society, without which the state and its mechanisms cannot function and ensure societal well-being, and their protection becomes a major national and European objective, prompting representatives of the member states of the European Union to take action to identify and manage any risk or threat. In the face of the vulnerabilities, threats and risks Romania faces in the new dynamic, turbulent and unpredictable geopolitical context of global, regional and Euro-Atlantic security, amid the military and health crisis and amplified by the global energy crisis manifested by the unfounded and unexpected increase in energy price, the Romanian state should have a strategy for strengthening the resilience of critical energy infrastructures, based on predictability, flexibility, continuity, adaptability and resilience.
{"title":"THE RESILIENCE OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES WITHIN THE NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEM IN ORDER TO ENSURE ENERGY AND NATIONAL SECURITY","authors":"Nicolae Daniel Fîță, S. Radu, D. Pasculescu","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-75","url":null,"abstract":"Energy security and implicitly the regional energy architecture composed of critical energy infrastructures (power substations and overhead lines at 400 kV), can undergo various mutations and transformations caused by a possible syncope in the extraction, transport and exploitation of energy resources and energy, due to energy dynamism. The vulnerability of these critical energy infrastructures generates a number of risks and threats to them, thus endangering societal life, creating malfunctions and generating extreme damage to the state. Critical energy infrastructures thus become indispensable to society, without which the state and its mechanisms cannot function and ensure societal well-being, and their protection becomes a major national and European objective, prompting representatives of the member states of the European Union to take action to identify and manage any risk or threat. In the face of the vulnerabilities, threats and risks Romania faces in the new dynamic, turbulent and unpredictable geopolitical context of global, regional and Euro-Atlantic security, amid the military and health crisis and amplified by the global energy crisis manifested by the unfounded and unexpected increase in energy price, the Romanian state should have a strategy for strengthening the resilience of critical energy infrastructures, based on predictability, flexibility, continuity, adaptability and resilience.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44850649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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