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From “smart growth” to “frontier” intensification: density, YIMBYism, and the development of garden suites in Toronto 从“智能增长”到“前沿”集约化:多伦多的密度、YIMBYism和花园套房的发展
IF 2.8 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2023.1196428
Susannah Bunce
Toronto's official intensification policy has directed increased density primarily through residential development over the last 20 years. Recently, new intensification efforts have focused on increasing density in existing residential neighborhoods through so-called “gentle density” and “missing middle” built form, as a new “frontier” of intensification. These efforts have included a focus on the production of garden suites on residential properties. In this short intervention, I suggest that Yes-In-My-Backyard narratives, that celebrate intensification, raise problematic arguments under the guise of sustainable urbanism and liberal progressive politics which foreclose important critiques of intensification. I argue that increased YIMBYism and new intensification efforts in Toronto are entwined with homeownership wealth-building and market-oriented property development.
在过去的20年里,多伦多的官方强化政策主要通过住宅开发来指导密度的增加。最近,新的集约化努力集中在增加现有居住区的密度上,通过所谓的“温和密度”和“缺失中间”的建筑形式,作为集约化的新“前沿”。这些努力包括专注于住宅物业的花园套房的生产。在这篇简短的文章中,我建议“是在我家后院”的叙事,这种颂扬强化的叙事,在可持续城市主义和自由进步政治的幌子下提出了有问题的论点,这些论点排除了对强化的重要批评。我认为,多伦多日益增长的YIMBYism和新的集约努力与房屋所有权、财富建设和以市场为导向的房地产开发交织在一起。
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引用次数: 0
Young people's strategies for navigating education, employment, and housing: a case study from Corby UK 年轻人在教育、就业和住房方面的策略:来自Corby UK的案例研究
IF 2.8 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2023.1149901
J. Barke, V. Boelman, Vinkha Khairunnisa, Salma Shah
Introduction This paper reports the findings of research activity carried out as part of the UPLIFT project in Corby, United Kingdom. The project aimed to understand young people's experiences of education, employment and housing, and determine how young people navigate these domains, make choices and develop strategies within what is available to them. Through understanding the opportunities and strategies that young people employ across these domains, our aim was to consider how young people might engage locally to co-create a reflexive policy agenda. Methods We worked with peer researchers in Corby and interviewed local people (n = 40) and policy makers (n = 7) about the local context in Corby, and analyzed data, exploring themes. Results Findings highlighted the importance of young people understanding how systems work locally and suggest that young people, and their families, need greater support understanding how they can engage with and change systems. Discussion There needs to be better, easily accessible guidance developed around the support and opportunities that are available locally. Our research underlines the need to engage with young people in policy making to develop effective robust policy that works in a real-world context.
引言本文报告了作为英国科尔比UPLIFT项目的一部分进行的研究活动的结果。该项目旨在了解年轻人在教育、就业和住房方面的经历,并确定年轻人如何在这些领域中导航、做出选择和制定战略。通过了解年轻人在这些领域使用的机会和策略,我们的目标是考虑年轻人如何在当地参与,共同制定一个反射性的政策议程。方法我们与科尔比的同行研究人员合作,就科尔比的当地背景采访了当地人(n=40)和政策制定者(n=7),并分析了数据,探讨了主题。结果调查结果强调了年轻人了解当地系统如何运作的重要性,并表明年轻人及其家人需要更多的支持,了解他们如何参与和改变系统。讨论需要围绕当地可用的支持和机会制定更好、更容易获得的指导。我们的研究强调,需要让年轻人参与政策制定,以制定在现实世界中行之有效的强有力的政策。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental movements in a material world. A relational perspective on single-use plastic in Penzance, UK 物质世界中的环境运动。英国彭赞斯一次性塑料的关系视角
IF 2.8 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2023.1156815
Yusif Idies, Samuel Mössner
In the discursive battle about the big and important ideas, some topics are considered more important than others and more likely to mobilize society. More recently, marine plastic pollution has become a key topic for environmental movements. In this study, we aimed to contribute to a more detailed understanding of how specific issues of sustainability are brought forth. Conceptually, we argue that recourse to relational theories from science and technology studies might help to strengthen the conceptualization of social movement research. By drawing on the concept of “boundary objects”, we extend the range of social movement approaches in order to better understand how the process of framing is put to work materially. The focus on boundary objects can therefore explain the selective formation of environmental discourses and policies when applied to the field of environmental protection and sustainability.
在关于重大思想的争论中,有些话题被认为比其他话题更重要,更有可能动员社会。最近,海洋塑料污染已成为环境运动的一个关键话题。在这项研究中,我们旨在帮助更详细地了解可持续性的具体问题是如何提出的。从概念上讲,我们认为求助于科学技术研究中的关系理论可能有助于加强社会运动研究的概念化。通过借鉴“边界对象”的概念,我们扩展了社会运动方法的范围,以便更好地理解框架过程是如何在物质上发挥作用的。因此,对边界对象的关注可以解释环境话语和政策在应用于环境保护和可持续性领域时的选择性形成。
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引用次数: 0
Localizing SDGs: the case of city planning in Malmö 可持续发展目标本地化:以Malmö城市规划为例
IF 2.8 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2023.1154124
R. Zinkernagel, Lena Neij
Cities have an important role to play in implementing the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and to mobilize sustainability at the urban level. Yet, municipalities encounter challenges in localizing the SDGs into their governance structures, and there is a need to advance our understanding of cities strengths and weaknesses in such processes. In this article we provide knowledge and reflections gained in analyzing the process of localizing the SDGs into the spatial planning of Smörkajen, a former industrial harbor site in Malmö, Sweden. By applying the analytical framework of Institutional Capacity Building, the study explores the process of localizing the SDGs in terms of building relational and knowledge capacities and to provide mobilization capacity by the formation of a sustainability strategy. The results illustrate an inclusive approach supporting relational capacity and numerous measures to enhance knowledge capacity, bringing about the formation of a draft sustainability strategy, strongly supported by the municipal participants. But rather than formally adopting the full strategy in the spatial planning of the Smörkajen area, the results of the process were only to be considered to the extent the traditional documents and processes allowed. In all, the results illustrate a strong support for the use of localized SDGs among municipal administrative units to mobilize sustainability, but also the challenges in actually implementing these in the formal planning and development process.
城市在实施联合国可持续发展目标和动员城市一级的可持续性方面发挥着重要作用。然而,市政当局在将可持续发展目标本地化到其治理结构中时遇到了挑战,我们需要进一步了解城市在这一过程中的优势和劣势。在这篇文章中,我们提供了在分析将可持续发展目标定位到瑞典马尔默的前工业港口Smörkajen的空间规划过程中获得的知识和思考。通过应用机构能力建设的分析框架,本研究探讨了可持续发展目标在建立关系能力和知识能力方面的本地化过程,并通过制定可持续发展战略来提供动员能力。结果表明,采取了一种包容性的方法来支持关系能力,并采取了许多措施来提高知识能力,从而形成了一份可持续发展战略草案,得到了市政参与者的大力支持。但是,在Smörkajen地区的空间规划中,并没有正式采用完整的战略,而是只在传统文件和流程允许的范围内考虑该过程的结果。总之,研究结果表明,市政行政单位强烈支持使用本地化的可持续发展目标来调动可持续性,但也表明了在正式规划和发展过程中实际实施这些目标的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
How the driving behaviors and customer handling of public transportation operators have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: the perspective of protection motivation theory? 埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴新冠肺炎疫情对公共交通运营商的驾驶行为和客户处理产生了怎样的影响:保护动机理论的视角?
IF 2.8 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2023.1140838
Kassa Moges Tareke
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on every aspect of human life and economic sectors such as transportation operations around the world. This paper tries to investigate how COVID-19 pandemic factors influenced the driving and customer handling behaviors of urban public transportation operators in Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia. To that end, a framework of mixed research, pre/post study design, and protection motivation theory (PMT) was used to guide the development, quantification, and analysis of the causal relationships of pandemic-related constructs on driving and customer handling behaviors. The examined driving behavior variables included harsh speeding, harsh braking, and drink-drive events concerning the time period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Customer handling was also operationalized in terms of the level of friendly handling and care provided to customers. As a result, primary data were collected through transport surveys on 143 randomly selected public transit operators, including city buses, midsize buses, minibuses, bajajs, and light rail transits. Furthermore, contingency indexes, likert scales, and binary logistic regression models were used to estimate and predict the most significant factors that affected driving and customer handling behavior. Findings showed that the new COVID-19 pandemic and response measure-related factors were the most significant factors impacting driving behavior during the pandemic. Driving frequencies and intentions, as well as driving decisions or choices, were significantly influenced and reduced. Due to the pandemic-related factors, harsh driving behaviors such as harsh speeding and braking became more frequent during the pandemic compared to the pre-COVID period. Additionally, the correlation between harsh driving behavior and other factors, mainly trip distance traveled, driving during risky nighttime hours, and driving requests, was significant. Furthermore, due to the impacts of COVID-19, government measures, and changes in driving behavior, customer handling and care behaviors were predominantly unfriendly. Findings revealed that the performance of PMT was relevant, and it could inform and guide studies to understand such an impact analysis. Thus, policymakers must learn from the harsh lessons of COVID-19 and make bold investments in preparedness, prevention, and response, including pandemic-sensitive strategies and customer-oriented strategies.
新冠肺炎疫情对世界各地的交通运营等人类生活和经济部门的方方面面都产生了影响。本文试图调查新冠肺炎流行因素如何影响埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴市城市公共交通运营商的驾驶和客户处理行为。为此,使用混合研究、研究前/研究后设计和保护动机理论(PMT)的框架来指导开发、量化和分析与疫情相关的结构对驾驶和客户处理行为的因果关系。检查的驾驶行为变量包括新冠肺炎大流行爆发前和期间的超速、急刹车和酒后驾驶事件。在为客户提供友好处理和照顾的水平方面,客户处理也得到了操作。因此,主要数据是通过对143家随机选择的公共交通运营商的交通调查收集的,这些运营商包括城市公交车、中型公交车、小巴、bajajs和轻轨交通。此外,使用偶然性指数、likert量表和二元逻辑回归模型来估计和预测影响驾驶和客户处理行为的最重要因素。研究结果表明,新的新冠肺炎大流行和应对措施相关因素是影响大流行期间驾驶行为的最重要因素。驾驶频率和意图以及驾驶决策或选择都受到了显著影响和减少。由于与疫情相关的因素,与新冠疫情前相比,疫情期间超速和刹车等恶劣驾驶行为变得更加频繁。此外,恶劣的驾驶行为与其他因素之间的相关性非常显著,主要是行驶距离、在危险的夜间驾驶以及驾驶要求。此外,由于新冠肺炎、政府措施和驾驶行为变化的影响,客户的处理和照顾行为主要不友好。研究结果表明,PMT的表现是相关的,它可以为理解这种影响分析的研究提供信息和指导。因此,政策制定者必须从新冠肺炎的惨痛教训中吸取教训,并在准备、预防和应对方面进行大胆投资,包括泛人群敏感战略和以客户为导向的战略。
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引用次数: 1
Editorial: Renewable energy systems for sustainable cities 社论:可持续城市的可再生能源系统
IF 2.8 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2023.1210359
K. Subramanian, B. L. Salvi
COPYRIGHT © 2023 Subramanian and Salvi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Editorial: Renewable energy systems for sustainable cities
版权所有©2023 Subramanian and Salvi。这是一篇基于知识共享署名许可(CC BY)的开放获取文章。允许在其他论坛上使用、分发或复制,前提是要注明原作者和版权所有者,并根据公认的学术惯例引用本期刊的原始出版物。不遵守这些条款的使用、分发或复制是不被允许的。社论:可持续城市的可再生能源系统
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引用次数: 0
Practical challenges of urban regeneration in China 中国城市更新面临的现实挑战
IF 2.8 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2023.913500
A. Cheshmehzangi, Weixuan Chen, Eugenio Mangi, T. Heath
COPYRIGHT © 2023 Cheshmehzangi, Chen, Mangi and Heath. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Practical challenges of urban regeneration in China
版权所有©2023 Cheshmehzangi,Chen,Mangi and Heath。这是一篇根据知识共享署名许可(CC BY)条款发布的开放获取文章。根据公认的学术惯例,允许在其他论坛上使用、分发或复制,前提是原作者和版权所有人得到认可,并引用本期刊上的原始出版物。不允许使用、分发或复制不符合这些条款的内容。中国城市更新面临的现实挑战
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Mining towns and cities in the global south 社论:全球南方的矿业城镇
IF 2.8 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2023.1204093
L. Marais
COPYRIGHT © 2023 Marais. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Editorial: Mining towns and cities in the global south
版权所有©2023 Marais。这是一篇根据知识共享署名许可(CC BY)条款发布的开放获取文章。根据公认的学术惯例,允许在其他论坛上使用、分发或复制,前提是原作者和版权所有人得到认可,并引用本期刊上的原始出版物。不允许使用、分发或复制不符合这些条款的内容。社论:全球南方的矿业城镇
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引用次数: 0
How green is an urban tree? The impact of species selection in reducing the carbon footprint of park trees in Swedish cities 一棵城市树有多绿?物种选择对减少瑞典城市公园树木碳足迹的影响
IF 2.8 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2023.1182408
Erik Lind, Thomas Prade, Johanna Sjöman Deak, A. Levinsson, H. Sjöman
Introduction Planting trees in urban areas can mitigate some of the emissions generated in cities by carbon sequestration (annual uptake of CO2 through the process of photosynthesis) and carbon storage (amount of carbon stored in the tree's biomass throughout its lifespan). The aim of this study was to calculate the carbon footprint from nursery production to final establishment of different tree species grown for planting in urban parks in a northern European context. Material and methods The analysis included a cradle-to-gate approach and investigated the amount of carbon the adult trees needed to sequester in order to compensate for initial carbon emissions and which temporal perspectives are of concern. Greenhouse gas emissions were estimated based on an inventory of consumption of fuels, energy, materials and other production inputs during cultivation, delivery, planting and establishment of three different tree species in three different locations in Sweden. The tree species considered in the analysis (Salix alba, Quercus rubra, Pinus sylvestris) were selected due to significant differences in their growth rates. Salix alba is a competitive strategist in resource-rich habitats, and is proficient at converting these resources into vigorous growth. Pinus sylvestris is a pronounced stress strategist with good ability to handle resource-limited habitats, and invests in traits accordingly, resulting in significantly slower development. Quercus rubra has its main distribution in cool and moderately resource-rich habitats, but has relatively high stress tolerance and can be considered intermediate between the other two species in terms of growth rate. Results and discussion The results showed that within 16 years of planting, all species in all three cities, except Pinus sylvestris planted in Umeå, compensated for initial carbon emissions, i.e. showed net absorption of CO2 after emissions from cultivation, delivery, planting and establishment of the trees had been deducted. There was a clear link between the time by which compensation of initial carbon emissions was achieved and growth rate of the different species, with the fast-growing Salix alba showing the best results. The single largest source of emissions among all activities carried out during cultivation, delivery and planting of all species, regardless of the city in which they were planted, was fuel consumption during tree planting.
在城市地区种植树木可以减少城市通过固碳(通过光合作用每年吸收的二氧化碳)和碳储存(树木在其整个生命周期中储存的碳量)产生的一些排放。本研究的目的是计算北欧城市公园中从苗圃生产到最终建立不同树种种植的碳足迹。该分析包括从摇篮到大门的方法,并调查了成年树为补偿初始碳排放而需要封存的碳量,以及需要关注的时间视角。温室气体排放量是根据在瑞典三个不同地点种植、运输、种植和建立三种不同树种期间消耗的燃料、能源、材料和其他生产投入的清单估算的。在分析中考虑的树种(Salix alba, Quercus rubra, Pinus sylvestris)的选择是因为它们的生长速度有显著差异。在资源丰富的栖息地,柳是一个有竞争力的战略家,善于将这些资源转化为旺盛的生长。sylvestris是一个明显的压力策略者,具有良好的应对资源有限的栖息地的能力,并相应地投资于性状,导致其发育明显减慢。黑栎主要分布在阴凉和资源适度丰富的生境,但具有较高的抗逆性,生长速度介于其他两种树种之间。结果与讨论结果表明:在16年的种植期内,3个城市的所有树种均补偿了初始碳排放,即扣除树木种植、运输、种植和建立排放后的二氧化碳净吸收量。实现初始碳排放补偿的时间与不同树种的生长速度之间存在明显的联系,其中快速生长的白柳表现出最好的效果。无论在哪个城市种植,在所有树种的种植、运输和种植过程中进行的所有活动中,最大的单一排放源是植树期间的燃料消耗。
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引用次数: 0
Unsupervised video anomaly detection in UAVs: a new approach based on learning and inference 无人机无监督视频异常检测:一种基于学习和推理的新方法
IF 2.8 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2023.1197434
Gang Liu, Lisheng Shu, Yuhui Yang, Chen Jin
In this paper, an innovative approach to detecting anomalous occurrences in video data without supervision is introduced, leveraging contextual data derived from visual characteristics and effectively addressing the semantic discrepancy that exists between visual information and the interpretation of atypical incidents. Our work incorporates Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to capture video data from a different perspective and to provide a unique set of visual features. Specifically, we put forward a technique for discerning context through scene comprehension, which entails the construction of a spatio-temporal contextual graph to represent various aspects of visual information. These aspects encompass the manifestation of objects, their interrelations within the spatio-temporal domain, and the categorization of the scenes captured by UAVs. To encode context information, we utilize Transformer with message passing for updating the graph's nodes and edges. Furthermore, we have designed a graph-oriented deep Variational Autoencoder (VAE) approach for unsupervised categorization of scenes, enabling the extraction of the spatio-temporal context graph across diverse settings. In conclusion, by utilizing contextual data, we ascertain anomaly scores at the frame-level to identify atypical occurrences. We assessed the efficacy of the suggested approach by employing it on a trio of intricate data collections, specifically, the UCF-Crime, Avenue, and ShanghaiTech datasets, which provided substantial evidence of the method's successful performance.
在本文中,介绍了一种在没有监督的情况下检测视频数据中异常事件的创新方法,利用源自视觉特征的上下文数据,有效解决视觉信息与非典型事件解释之间存在的语义差异。我们的工作结合了无人机(UAV),从不同的角度捕捉视频数据,并提供一组独特的视觉特征。具体来说,我们提出了一种通过场景理解来识别上下文的技术,该技术需要构建一个时空上下文图来表示视觉信息的各个方面。这些方面包括物体的表现、它们在时空域内的相互关系以及无人机捕捉的场景的分类。为了对上下文信息进行编码,我们使用带有消息传递的Transformer来更新图的节点和边。此外,我们还设计了一种面向图的深度变分自动编码器(VAE)方法,用于场景的无监督分类,从而能够在不同的设置中提取时空上下文图。总之,通过利用上下文数据,我们确定了帧级别的异常分数,以识别非典型事件。我们通过在三个复杂的数据集上使用该方法来评估所建议方法的有效性,特别是在UCF犯罪、Avenue和ShanghaiTech数据集上,这些数据集为该方法的成功性能提供了大量证据。
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引用次数: 0
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