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In-Situ Measuring Indoor Environmental Quality in Public Kindergarten in Slovenia. A Case Study 斯洛文尼亚公立幼儿园室内环境质量现场测量案例研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.18485/arh_pt.2020.7.ch27
Vesna Lovec, M. Premrov, Vesna Žegarac Leskovar
The number of children in Slovenia, who are enrolled in kindergartens, is increasing, however, the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in kindergartens remains poorly investigated. Younger children are a vulnerable population, so the IEQ is extremely important for their well-being and growth. Therefore, it is essential to investigate and evaluate indoor conditions of kindergartens. This study presents the results of the IEQ assessment based on objective evaluation by monitoring crucial indoor conditions in the public kindergarten located within a residential area in the city of Maribor, Slovenia. The research includes in-situ measurements in the kindergarten classroom during the heating season. Selected comfort parameters were simultaneously measured and in-vestigated: the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), air temperature and air humidity. Measurements were taken continuously during a period of twelve days. Besides monitoring, other analyses were conducted: the building thermal envelope, building construction, building site and environment, heating, occupant`s behaviour, etc. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyse elements of IEQ in the chosen kindergarten. Moreover, the aim is to investigate whether selected comfort parameters fulfil the requirements of regulations and standards for the kindergartens. The goal is also to analyse the occupant’s be-haviour and to study its relation to the IEQ pattern during the day and among working and non-work-ing days. The results clearly indicate periods of high air temperature, dry air and high level of CO 2 , therefore measures for improvement of IEQ elements are discussed. to the and The comparison of the parameters with the values of the the the range the comparison of the measured parameters with of
在斯洛文尼亚,入读幼儿园的儿童人数正在增加,然而,对幼儿园室内环境质量(IEQ)的调查仍然很少。年幼的孩子是弱势群体,所以IEQ对他们的健康和成长非常重要。因此,对幼儿园的室内条件进行调查和评价是十分必要的。本研究通过对位于斯洛文尼亚马里博尔市一个居民区内的公立幼儿园的关键室内条件进行监测,提出了基于客观评价的IEQ评估结果。本研究包括在采暖季对幼儿园教室进行现场测量。同时测量和研究了选定的舒适参数:二氧化碳(CO 2)浓度、空气温度和空气湿度。测量在12天内连续进行。除了监测外,还进行了其他分析:建筑保温围护结构、建筑结构、建筑场地和环境、供暖、居住者行为等。本研究的目的是调查和分析所选幼儿园的IEQ要素。此外,目的是调查所选择的舒适参数是否符合幼儿园法规和标准的要求。目的还在于分析居住者的行为,并研究其与白天以及工作日和非工作日之间的IEQ模式的关系。结果清楚地显示了高温、干燥和高CO 2水平的时期,并讨论了改善IEQ要素的措施。测量参数与测量值的比较,测量参数与测量值的比较
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引用次数: 1
Origin of Citizens and Impact on City 公民的起源及其对城市的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.18485/arh_pt.2020.7.ch33
N. Z. Furundžić, D. Furundžić, A. Krstić-Furundžić
Cities represent the most populous places. They represent dynamic environments that are subject to constant changes, which in terms of physical manifestation take place in the vertical and horizontal directions. This is especially related to the desire to live in cities, which has dominated the population throughout the history of civilization. The development of cities is generally proportional to the flow of new residents looking for a place to live in a city. The process of urban growth in both vertical and horizontal directions is considered to be accompanied by a constant increase in urban population. This trend that cities will have in the future is indicated by worldwide predictions. Population growth in cities can happen in two ways, the first being natural growth and the second is migration of people. Migration can be further classified and therefore split into two groups: internal rural-to-urban migration and international urban migration. The immigrants bring with them different cultural characteristics (clothing, customs and behavior), habits and beliefs in the cities in which they will continue to live and strive to maintain them. Also, the characteristics of their architectural heritage tend to incorporate in these areas. Migrations can lead to anthropological modifications, introduce new cultural rules, and change the shape of the city with the introduction of new patterns of cultural and building heritage. However, migrants need to adapt to new conditions and rules of life and business, changing the way of daily activities and diet, which can lead to psychological and health problems. This paper aims to discuss, systematize and review some of these influences and processes and to view them in the context of responsible behavior in an
城市是人口最多的地方。它们代表着动态的环境,受制于不断的变化,这在物理表现方面发生在垂直和水平方向上。这尤其与居住在城市的愿望有关,在整个文明史上,城市一直主导着人口。城市的发展通常与在城市寻找住所的新居民的流动成正比。城市在垂直和水平方向上的增长过程被认为伴随着城市人口的不断增加。世界范围内的预测表明了城市未来的趋势。城市人口增长有两种方式,一是自然增长,二是人口迁移。移徙可以进一步分类,因此分为两组:国内农村向城市移徙和国际城市移徙。移民带来了不同的文化特征(服装、风俗和行为)、习惯和信仰,他们将继续生活在城市中,并努力保持这些特征。此外,他们的建筑遗产的特点往往融入这些地区。移民可以导致人类学的改变,引入新的文化规则,并通过引入新的文化和建筑遗产模式来改变城市的形状。然而,移徙者需要适应新的生活和商业条件和规则,改变日常活动和饮食方式,这可能导致心理和健康问题。本文旨在讨论,系统化和回顾其中的一些影响和过程,并在一个负责任的行为背景下看待它们
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引用次数: 0
The Cultivation of Ideas 思想的培养
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.18485/arh_pt.2020.7.ch9
A. Djukic, Admir Islamčević, D. Aleksić
René François Ghislain Magritte is a Belgian painter known for paintings depicting real objects in impossible relationships. The Cultivation of Ideas shows a change in the thought process frozen in one moment. Looking at the picture, viewer can assume the next steps in the development of the image. Further image change is depending on viewer perception. The paper is the result of analyzing and interpreting the image The Cultivation of Ideas, by René Magritte, through a methodology of decomposition. As such, it has a clear connection with artistic creativity and it is the subjective grasp of the creative process embodied in the metaphor of cultivation that unfolds daily around us, through the micro-macro world. The research is a visual and linguistic demonstration of thought processes. It functions as a guideline, not by any means as a repeating pattern. It is based on short instructions, and opens the possibility for any kind of user integration. The methodology process of two-dimensional and three-dimensional spatial decomposition is resulting in architectural order guidelines and matrix. The result of research is variable definition and re-definition of a street, a square and a park. Street is a body movement symbol, the line and an ideal way to observe the environment. It can be endless and a compound of an extremes. The square is a point of intersection of different interests, needs and ideas. It is a public knot, a static and diverse foundation on an event. The park can take on different roles. Its users are the creators of the park, and the park educates the users.
ren franois Ghislain Magritte是一位比利时画家,以描绘真实物体之间不可能的关系而闻名。《思想的培养》展示了冻结在一瞬间的思维过程的变化。看着图片,观众可以设想图像发展的下一步。进一步的图像变化取决于观看者的感知。本文采用分解的方法对马格利特的作品《思想的培养》进行分析和解读。因此,它与艺术创造力有着明确的联系,它是对创造过程的主观把握,体现在修养的隐喻中,通过微观和宏观的世界在我们日常生活中展开。这项研究是对思维过程的视觉和语言展示。它的作用是作为一个指导方针,而不是以任何方式作为一个重复的模式。它基于简短的指令,并为任何类型的用户集成提供了可能性。二维和三维空间分解的方法论过程产生了建筑秩序准则和矩阵。研究的结果是对街道、广场和公园的可变定义和重新定义。街道是身体运动的象征,是线条和观察环境的理想方式。它可以是无穷无尽的,是两个极端的综合体。广场是不同兴趣、需求和想法的交汇点。它是一个公共结,是一个静态和多样化的事件基础。公园可以扮演不同的角色。用户是园区的创造者,园区教育用户。
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引用次数: 0
Relationship Between Changes in Technological Cultures and Spatial Development of Cities 科技文化变迁与城市空间发展的关系
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.18485/arh_pt.2020.7.ch63
D. Klimov, S. Feofanova
The article is devoted to the relationship between changes in technological cultures and the spatial development of cities. To study the relationship between changes in technological cultures and spatial development of cities, the authors use the following methods: theoretical, including analysis and modelling; general scientific method, including literature analysis, generalization, comparison, systematization of empirical and theoretical data; practical method based on the experience of urban planning. The purpose of this study is to identify, formulate, and parameterize patterns of interaction between changes in technological cultures and spatial development of cities. The authors reveal the basics of the interaction between participants in urban development activities in the same territory. Special attention is paid to the issue of forecasting and creating a high-quality spatial organization of the urban environment. The significance of this study for the professional community is to determine, organize, and describe the patterns of interaction between changes in technological cultures and spatial development of cities. The practical significance of this work is forecasting the spatial development of cities in connection with changes in technological cultures, the increase of the quality of life of the population by urban planning means.
这篇文章致力于探讨科技文化的变化与城市空间发展之间的关系。为了研究科技文化变化与城市空间发展的关系,作者采用了以下方法:理论方法,包括分析和建模;一般的科学方法,包括文献分析、归纳、比较、整理经验和理论数据;基于城市规划经验的实用方法。本研究的目的是识别、制定和参数化技术文化变化与城市空间发展之间的相互作用模式。作者揭示了同一地区城市发展活动参与者之间相互作用的基本原理。特别关注预测和创造城市环境的高质量空间组织的问题。本研究对专业社群的意义在于确定、组织和描述科技文化变迁与城市空间发展之间的互动模式。这项工作的实际意义是预测城市的空间发展与技术文化的变化有关,通过城市规划手段提高人口的生活质量。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Identity in Shaping Resilient Open Public Spaces Surrounding Small Urban Streams 身份在塑造城市小溪流周围弹性开放公共空间中的作用
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.18485/arh_pt.2020.7.ch11
A. Djukic, Višnja Sretović Brković
Open public spaces surrounding small urban streams are faced with a growing number of problems in the last few decades as a result of climate change. Frequent floods and droughts made most of these areas non-functional, abandoned and devastated for the better part of the year. Majority of the spaces surrounding small urban streams currently are not capable to adapt and transform in accordance with new ecological challenges. In order to create public spaces that live year-round, it is necessary to design them according to principles of resilient design. The socio-ecological resilience, an interdisciplinary concept based in ecology, offers a conceptual ground for the principles for creation of resilient spaces, i.e. spaces that are resilient to the changes and utilize natural disturbances for the improvement of space. According to this concept, one of the most important qualities of resilience is preservation of identity in times of natural disturbances and recovery. In this paper we will analyse the question of identity of open public spaces surrounding small urban streams in the context of resilience, based on the case of watercourses in Belgrade. The goal of this research is to identify the elements that shape the identity of open public spaces and to determine their role in the future revitalization of these spaces, in order to realize year-round uniform quality of space.
在过去的几十年里,由于气候变化,城市小河流周围的开放公共空间面临着越来越多的问题。频繁的洪水和干旱使得这些地区在一年中的大部分时间里都处于荒废和破坏状态。目前,大多数城市小河流周围的空间都没有能力适应和改造新的生态挑战。为了创造全年居住的公共空间,有必要根据弹性设计的原则进行设计。社会生态弹性是一个基于生态学的跨学科概念,为创造弹性空间的原则提供了概念基础,即对变化具有弹性的空间,并利用自然干扰来改善空间。根据这一概念,弹性最重要的品质之一是在自然干扰和恢复时期保持身份。在本文中,我们将以贝尔格莱德的水道为例,在弹性的背景下分析围绕城市小溪流的开放公共空间的身份问题。本研究的目的是确定塑造开放公共空间身份的元素,并确定它们在这些空间的未来复兴中的作用,以实现全年统一的空间质量。
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引用次数: 0
Improvement of Life Quality Using Nature Based Solutions — Case Study Settlements in South-Eastern Serbia 利用基于自然的解决方案改善生活质量——塞尔维亚东南部住区案例研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.18485/arh_pt.2020.7.ch64
M. Igić, P. Mitkovic, M. Dinić Branković, Jelena Đekić, Ivana Bogdanović Protić, Milica Ljubenović, Mihailo Mitković
Due to ongoing urbanization process and uncontrolled migration from rural to urban areas, city territory is spreading constantly without proper infrastructure development. This is one of the global problems and one of the main characteristics of post-socialist cities in the region. During Socialism, and later transition period, earlier rural settlements became part of city urban territory, but still remained rural in character - both spatially and functionally. possibilities of by using nature based Different type of rural settlements in south-eastern analysed in order to determine possibilities for improvement of life quality and wellbeing of the residents. The aim of this to investigate current state and problems these settlements are facing, and to discuss possibilities for use of NBS in order to create better places for residents. In order to improve quality life, resilience of rural portant to have multidisciplinary and comprehensive approach. Because life quality improvement is a long term process, analyses must take into account spatial, functional and social dimensions of one settlement and consider all the opportunities and all possible setbacks. Analyses and implementation plans must be conducted for each settlement locally - must be customized for every settlement depending on the specific spatial, development and natural context. Because all the settlements are facing increasing negative impacts of CC, use of NBS can be efficient “tool” for CC mitigation and adaptation. mitigation to CC was recognized. One of the obligations of the “member” countries was to define their post 2020 actions and targets for mitigation to CC as Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). More than 1/2 member countries recognized and suggested NBS within their NDCs as a method for adaptation and mitigation. According to researchers, NBS could contribute to cost effective mitiga-7TH
由于持续的城市化进程和不受控制的农村人口向城市迁移,城市领土不断扩大,但基础设施却没有得到适当的发展。这是全球性问题之一,也是该地区后社会主义城市的主要特征之一。在社会主义时期和后来的过渡时期,早期的农村聚落成为城市城市领土的一部分,但在空间和功能上仍然保持着农村的特征。分析了东南部不同类型的农村住区,以确定改善居民生活质量和福祉的可能性。本研究的目的是调查这些定居点面临的现状和问题,并讨论使用国家统计局的可能性,以便为居民创造更好的地方。为了提高生活质量,农村韧性建设必须有多学科综合的途径。由于改善生活质量是一个长期的过程,分析必须考虑到一个住区的空间、功能和社会层面,并考虑到所有的机会和所有可能的挫折。必须在当地对每个定居点进行分析和实施计划——必须根据具体的空间、发展和自然环境为每个定居点量身定制。由于所有住区都面临着日益严重的气候变化负面影响,使用国家统计局可以成为减缓和适应气候变化的有效“工具”。对CC的缓解得到确认。"成员国"的义务之一是将2020年后的减排行动和目标确定为国家自主贡献。超过1/2的成员国在其国家自主贡献中承认并建议国家统计局作为适应和减缓的方法。根据研究人员的说法,NBS可能有助于降低成本
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引用次数: 0
Vapourable Sublime: Aquatecture Experiment and Project Review 可蒸发的崇高:水系实验与项目评审
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.18485/arh_pt.2020.7.ch52
M. Stojković
There is hardly anything that entices pure awe and a feeling of the sublime as ruins of a historic manor. Notions evoked by such ruins confine strong sensations of longing for a non-discernible object of loss. Taking that into consideration, this paper takes everything a step further – it dematerialises the formal language of manorial architecture and challenges the intuitive melancholic sensations of the visitor. It eliminates the habitually known architectural elements of a manor and calls for a rewriting of space and atmosphere. In the described research, water is the key element, as all of its states are familiar to humans and thus serve as an effective stimulation of the senses. The most sublime state of water is vapour. It is manifested here as a visible exhalation of the ruin, a mist that disintegrates architecture, dematerialises space and annihilates gravity. Vapour makes the architecture insubstantial and human emotions transitory. It provides strange, senseless and fantastic notions which rewrite architectural design, offering new methods for applying water in landscape architecture, heritage and tourism. The aim of this paper is to present the aquatic phenomenon in architecture: the structure of space by water as a primordial element. The case study for this research was a competition project for Château de la Mothe Chandeniers in France. Designed according to doctoral research on relations between water and architecture, and offering a responsible design approach and a unique methodology, the project deliberates upon those two commonly known notions, while adding the third – Aquatectural common ruin as innovative method of revitalization of built heritage.
几乎没有什么能像一座历史悠久的庄园的废墟那样,让人产生纯粹的敬畏和崇高的感觉。这种废墟唤起的观念限制了对一个无法辨认的失去对象的强烈渴望。考虑到这一点,这篇论文将一切都向前推进了一步——它将庄园建筑的正式语言去物质化,并挑战游客直观的忧郁感觉。它消除了庄园习惯上已知的建筑元素,并要求对空间和氛围进行重写。在所描述的研究中,水是关键因素,因为它的所有状态都是人类所熟悉的,因此可以有效地刺激感官。水最崇高的状态是水蒸气。它在这里表现为废墟的可见呼气,一种分解建筑,非物质化空间和消灭重力的雾。蒸汽使建筑变得虚无缥缈,使人的情感变得短暂。它提供了奇怪的、毫无意义的和奇妙的概念,改写了建筑设计,为在景观建筑、遗产和旅游中应用水提供了新的方法。本文的目的是呈现建筑中的水现象:以水为原始元素的空间结构。这项研究的案例研究是法国Chandeniers ch teau de la Mothe Chandeniers的竞争项目。根据博士对水与建筑关系的研究,该项目提供了一种负责任的设计方法和独特的方法,该项目考虑了这两个众所周知的概念,同时增加了第三个-水系共同废墟作为建筑遗产振兴的创新方法。
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引用次数: 0
Future Development of Former Pula Naval Fortress 前普拉海军要塞的未来发展
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.18485/arh_pt.2020.7.ch39
Lea Petrović Krajnik, Ivan Mlinar, Damir Krajnik
Pula is an Istrian town with a number of important historical sites, historical buildings and historical architectural structures and systems which had been built since the prehistoric times. They testify about the culture of living, the architectural heritage and the strategic importance of the Istrian pen-insula. The former Austrian Navy had the main naval base in Pula, as the core of Pula’s fortification system stretching from Rovinj to Labin. The Austrian naval fortress Pula is the system that embrac-es the most significant and abandoned military buildings in the area of Pula built in the period from 1813 to 1918. The system of the former naval fortress Pula is part of the recent Pula architectural heritage that needs to be properly integrated into the strategy of the future development of the city and its region. The future of the former naval fortress Pula can be ensured by integral considering and emphasising its potential, as well as its quality and appropriate functional conversion, with the protection, restoration, preservation and presentation of all important urban and architectural features. By highlighting the image, identity and quality of the Pula naval fortress its further decay can be prevented, as well as encouraged its renewal, ensured maintenance and provided eventual additional income.
普拉是一个伊斯特拉小镇,拥有许多重要的历史遗址、历史建筑和历史建筑结构和系统,这些建筑和系统自史前时代就建成了。它们证明了生活文化、建筑遗产和伊斯特拉半岛的战略重要性。前奥地利海军在普拉拥有主要的海军基地,作为普拉从罗维尼延伸到拉宾的防御系统的核心。奥地利海军堡垒普拉是普拉地区最重要的废弃军事建筑,建于1813年至1918年。前海军堡垒普拉系统是普拉最近的建筑遗产的一部分,需要适当地融入城市及其地区未来发展的战略。通过整体考虑和强调其潜力,以及其质量和适当的功能转换,以及保护、修复、保存和展示所有重要的城市和建筑特征,可以确保普拉前海军堡垒的未来。通过突出普拉海军堡垒的形象、特征和质量,可以防止其进一步衰败,并鼓励其更新、确保维护和最终提供额外收入。
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引用次数: 0
Observing Thecity’Susers Behaviours: Production of a Social Cycleleading to a Space of Communication; Case of Sidi-Bousaid 观察城市的用户行为:一个通向交流空间的社会循环的产生西迪-布赛德案
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.18485/arh_pt.2020.7.ch20
Ons Ben Dhaou, Norbert Vasváry-Nádor
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Eagle Pass–Piedras Negras International Bridge Design to Function as a Temporary Accommodation Facility for Asylum Seekers 老鹰通道- piedras Negras国际桥梁设计,作为寻求庇护者的临时住宿设施
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.18485/arh_pt.2020.7.ch45
Chang Lu, Ons Ben Dhaou, Shaha Mazen Maiteh, Tianyu Zhao
In May of 2019, a humanitarian crisis is intensifying along the borders of US-Mexico, almost 20000 people are waiting on Mexican borders to seek asylum in the United States, Mexico whish once a country of transit is now buckling under the demands of its new reality. US administration fails to absorb asylum seekers, organizations in Mexico have struggled to keep up with the influx of mi-grants. Along with that, the inhumane living conditions in migrant camps, systematic discrimination, and increased crime rate have made people restless for a response from the Centre of Border and Protection (CBP). This has led them to occupy streets, spaces near border walkways and bridges. Due to an increased number and drastic change of the social fabric, immigrants are a burden on city tourism and the city’s safety. They are intruders and they are constantly facing racism, xenophobia and discrimination. Asylum seekers are slowly being rejected by both countries; between climate change and the chaos of global politics, the humanitarian crisis over the next decades will remain paramount, thoughtful design cannot prevent that inevitability, but it can alleviate some of the suf-ferings that asylum seekers will endure. Negras International Bridge; which are essentially shared spaces, belonging either country. While migrant facilities limiting total intake, asylum seekers refuse to leave bridges, the essential design idea is to expand border bridges to become a temporary habitat for asylum seekers. This paper illustrates the design process of an immigrant respite centre, which functions as a temporary accommodation facility for 1500 asylum seekers designed on Eagle Pass– Piedras Negras International Bridge.
2019年5月,美墨边境的人道主义危机正在加剧,近2万人在墨西哥边境等待在美国寻求庇护,墨西哥曾经是一个过境国,现在在新现实的要求下正在屈服。美国政府未能吸收寻求庇护者,墨西哥的组织一直在努力跟上移民的涌入。除此之外,移民营地里不人道的生活条件、系统性的歧视和不断上升的犯罪率,都让人们渴望得到边境与保护中心(CBP)的回应。这导致他们占据街道、边境人行道和桥梁附近的空间。由于移民数量的增加和社会结构的急剧变化,移民成为城市旅游业和城市安全的负担。他们是入侵者,经常面临种族主义、仇外心理和歧视。寻求庇护者正慢慢被两国拒绝;在气候变化和全球政治混乱之间,人道主义危机在未来几十年仍将是最重要的,深思熟虑的设计无法阻止这种必然性,但它可以减轻寻求庇护者将承受的一些痛苦。内格拉斯国际大桥;它们本质上是属于任何一个国家的共享空间。虽然移民设施限制了总人数,但寻求庇护者拒绝离开桥梁,但基本的设计理念是扩大边境桥梁,成为寻求庇护者的临时住所。本文阐述了一个移民暂宿中心的设计过程,该中心是Eagle Pass - Piedras Negras国际桥上1500名寻求庇护者的临时住宿设施。
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引用次数: 0
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