Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3433502
Alireza Maleki;Ha H. Nguyen;Ebrahim Bedeer;Robert Barton
Chirp spread spectrum (CSS) signal is the heart of long-range (LoRa) modulation, also known as CSS modulation, and is used in long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) in Internet of things (IoT) scenarios. CSS modulation has drawn much attention from the research and industry communities in recent years. However, to the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive tutorial, investigating the mathematical foundations of CSS modulation in the LoRaWAN application, is missing in the literature. Therefore, in the first part of this paper, we provide a thorough analysis and tutorial of CSS modulation as the physical (PHY) layer of LoRaWAN, discussing various aspects such as signal generation, detection, error performance, and spectral characteristics. Moreover, a summary of key recent advances in the context of CSS modulation modifications and applications in IoT networks is presented in the second part of this paper under four main categories, i.e., transceiver configuration and design, data rate improvement, interference modeling, and synchronization algorithms. Finally, future research directions are also provided to discuss the potential issues and solutions for improving the performance of CSS modulation in LoRaWAN.
{"title":"A Tutorial on Chirp Spread Spectrum Modulation for LoRaWAN: Basics and Key Advances","authors":"Alireza Maleki;Ha H. Nguyen;Ebrahim Bedeer;Robert Barton","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3433502","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3433502","url":null,"abstract":"Chirp spread spectrum (CSS) signal is the heart of long-range (LoRa) modulation, also known as CSS modulation, and is used in long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) in Internet of things (IoT) scenarios. CSS modulation has drawn much attention from the research and industry communities in recent years. However, to the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive tutorial, investigating the mathematical foundations of CSS modulation in the LoRaWAN application, is missing in the literature. Therefore, in the first part of this paper, we provide a thorough analysis and tutorial of CSS modulation as the physical (PHY) layer of LoRaWAN, discussing various aspects such as signal generation, detection, error performance, and spectral characteristics. Moreover, a summary of key recent advances in the context of CSS modulation modifications and applications in IoT networks is presented in the second part of this paper under four main categories, i.e., transceiver configuration and design, data rate improvement, interference modeling, and synchronization algorithms. Finally, future research directions are also provided to discuss the potential issues and solutions for improving the performance of CSS modulation in LoRaWAN.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10609524","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3430051
Ahmed Samir;Ahmed S. Ibrahim;Mahmoud H. Ismail;Basem M. ElHalawany;Mohamed Elsayed
Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication facilitates seamless interaction between vehicles and the surrounding infrastructure. Recently, there has been a notable surge in research interest in ambient backscatter communications (AmBC), primarily due to its ability to enable battery-free communication. Concurrently, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have garnered attention as a promising technology, particularly for the advancement of cellular systems beyond 5G. Additionally, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) assumes a pivotal role in enhancing spectrum utilization. This paper proposes a new RIS-enhanced NOMA-AmBC system where all channels are characterized by Nakagami-m fading and with the main objective of assessing the performance of such system. To this end, new closed-form expressions for the outage probabilities (OPs) were derived under the practical assumption of imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC). In addition, to gain a deep insight into the system’s performance, we derived asymptotic, upper-bound, and lower-bound expressions for the OPs. Furthermore, we proposed a power allocation optimization problem to achieve an outage-optimal performance. To validate the analytical results, we conducted extensive investigations using Monte Carlo simulations, which indicates a high degree of consistency. Moreover, our results underscore the remarkable performance improvements achieved by the RIS-assisted AmBC-NOMA system when compared to both the traditional benchmark AmBC-NOMA system and the RIS-assisted orthogonal multiple access (AmBCOMA) counterparts.
{"title":"Outage Performance of RIS-Assisted AmBC-NOMA Cooperative V2I Communications","authors":"Ahmed Samir;Ahmed S. Ibrahim;Mahmoud H. Ismail;Basem M. ElHalawany;Mohamed Elsayed","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3430051","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3430051","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication facilitates seamless interaction between vehicles and the surrounding infrastructure. Recently, there has been a notable surge in research interest in ambient backscatter communications (AmBC), primarily due to its ability to enable battery-free communication. Concurrently, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have garnered attention as a promising technology, particularly for the advancement of cellular systems beyond 5G. Additionally, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) assumes a pivotal role in enhancing spectrum utilization. This paper proposes a new RIS-enhanced NOMA-AmBC system where all channels are characterized by Nakagami-m fading and with the main objective of assessing the performance of such system. To this end, new closed-form expressions for the outage probabilities (OPs) were derived under the practical assumption of imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC). In addition, to gain a deep insight into the system’s performance, we derived asymptotic, upper-bound, and lower-bound expressions for the OPs. Furthermore, we proposed a power allocation optimization problem to achieve an outage-optimal performance. To validate the analytical results, we conducted extensive investigations using Monte Carlo simulations, which indicates a high degree of consistency. Moreover, our results underscore the remarkable performance improvements achieved by the RIS-assisted AmBC-NOMA system when compared to both the traditional benchmark AmBC-NOMA system and the RIS-assisted orthogonal multiple access (AmBCOMA) counterparts.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10608159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431681
Pau Baguer;Girma M. Yilma;Esteban Municio;Gines Garcia-Aviles;Andres Garcia-Saavedra;Marco Liebsch;Xavier Costa-Pérez
A new generation of open and disaggregated Radio Access Networks (RANs) enabling multi-vendor, flexible, and cost-effective deployments is being promoted by the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Alliance. However, this new level of disaggregation in the RAN also entails new security risks that must be carefully addressed. The O-RAN Alliance has established Working Group 11 (WG11) to ensure that the new specifications are secure by design. Acknowledging the new security challenges arising from the expanded threat surface, O-RAN WG11 provides procedures to identify threats and assess and mitigate risks. Reportedly, as of 2024, 60% of found risks are related to Denial of Service (DoS) and performance degradation. Therefore, in this work, we analyse a vanilla O-RAN deployment and evaluate the endurance of different O-RAN interfaces under attacks in scenarios involving DoS and performance degradation. To do so, we use a reference O-RAN open source deployment to report, risks found, weak points, and counter-intuitive recommended design choices for both control plane (A1, E2, and F1-c) and user plane (F1-u) interfaces. Consequently, we map O-RAN WG11’s threat model and risk assessment methodology to our considered DoS and performance degradation scenarios, and dissect existing threats and potential attacks over O-RAN interfaces that may compromise the security of O-RAN architectural deployments. Finally, we identify mechanisms to mitigate risks and discuss approaches aimed at improving the robustness of future O-RAN networks.
{"title":"Attacking O-RAN Interfaces: Threat Modeling, Analysis and Practical Experimentation","authors":"Pau Baguer;Girma M. Yilma;Esteban Municio;Gines Garcia-Aviles;Andres Garcia-Saavedra;Marco Liebsch;Xavier Costa-Pérez","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431681","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431681","url":null,"abstract":"A new generation of open and disaggregated Radio Access Networks (RANs) enabling multi-vendor, flexible, and cost-effective deployments is being promoted by the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Alliance. However, this new level of disaggregation in the RAN also entails new security risks that must be carefully addressed. The O-RAN Alliance has established Working Group 11 (WG11) to ensure that the new specifications are secure by design. Acknowledging the new security challenges arising from the expanded threat surface, O-RAN WG11 provides procedures to identify threats and assess and mitigate risks. Reportedly, as of 2024, 60% of found risks are related to Denial of Service (DoS) and performance degradation. Therefore, in this work, we analyse a vanilla O-RAN deployment and evaluate the endurance of different O-RAN interfaces under attacks in scenarios involving DoS and performance degradation. To do so, we use a reference O-RAN open source deployment to report, risks found, weak points, and counter-intuitive recommended design choices for both control plane (A1, E2, and F1-c) and user plane (F1-u) interfaces. Consequently, we map O-RAN WG11’s threat model and risk assessment methodology to our considered DoS and performance degradation scenarios, and dissect existing threats and potential attacks over O-RAN interfaces that may compromise the security of O-RAN architectural deployments. Finally, we identify mechanisms to mitigate risks and discuss approaches aimed at improving the robustness of future O-RAN networks.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10606000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431686
Dipankar Shakya;Mingjun Ying;Theodore S. Rappaport;Hitesh Poddar;Peijie Ma;Yanbo Wang;Idris Al-Wazani
Wide bandwidth requirements for multi-Gbps communications have prompted the global telecommunications industry to consider new mid-band spectrum allocations in the 4–8 GHz FR1(C) and 7–24 GHz FR3 bands, above the crowded bands below 6 GHz. Allocations in the lower and upper mid-band aim to balance coverage and capacity, but there is limited knowledge about the radio propagation characteristics in the 4–24 GHz frequency bands. Here we present the world’s first comprehensive indoor propagation measurement and channel modeling study at 6.75 GHz and 16.95 GHz in mid-band spectrum conducted at the NYU WIRELESS Research Center spanning distances from 11–97 m using 31 dBm EIRP transmit power with 15 and 20 dBi gain rotatable horn antennas at 6.75 GHz and 16.95 GHz, respectively. Analysis of the omnidirectional and directional propagation path loss using the close-in free space model with 1 m reference distance reveals a familiar waveguiding effect in indoor environments for line-of-sight (LOS). Compared to mmWave frequencies, the omnidirectional LOS and non-LOS (NLOS) path loss exponents (PLE) are similar, when using a close-in 1 m free space path loss reference distance model. Observations of the omnidirectional and directional RMS delay spread (DS) at FR1(C) and FR3 as compared to mmWave and sub-THz frequencies indicate decreasing RMS DS as the carrier frequency is increased. The RMS angular spreads (AS) at 6.75 GHz are found to be wider compared to 16.95 GHz, showing greater number of multipath components from a broader set of directions in the azimuthal spatial plane when compared to higher frequencies. This work also presents results from extensive material penetration loss measurements at 6.75 GHz and 16.95 GHz using co and cross polarized antenna configurations for ten common construction materials found inside buildings and on building perimeters, including concrete walls, low-emissivity glass, wood, doors, drywall, and whiteboard. Our findings show penetration loss increases with frequency for all of the ten materials and partitions tested, and suggest further investigation of 3GPP material penetration loss models for at least infrared reflective (IRR) glass and concrete may be necessary. The empirical data and resulting models for radio propagation and penetration loss presented in this paper provide critical information for future 5G and 6G wireless communications.
{"title":"Comprehensive FR1(C) and FR3 Lower and Upper Mid-Band Propagation and Material Penetration Loss Measurements and Channel Models in Indoor Environment for 5G and 6G","authors":"Dipankar Shakya;Mingjun Ying;Theodore S. Rappaport;Hitesh Poddar;Peijie Ma;Yanbo Wang;Idris Al-Wazani","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431686","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431686","url":null,"abstract":"Wide bandwidth requirements for multi-Gbps communications have prompted the global telecommunications industry to consider new mid-band spectrum allocations in the 4–8 GHz FR1(C) and 7–24 GHz FR3 bands, above the crowded bands below 6 GHz. Allocations in the lower and upper mid-band aim to balance coverage and capacity, but there is limited knowledge about the radio propagation characteristics in the 4–24 GHz frequency bands. Here we present the world’s first comprehensive indoor propagation measurement and channel modeling study at 6.75 GHz and 16.95 GHz in mid-band spectrum conducted at the NYU WIRELESS Research Center spanning distances from 11–97 m using 31 dBm EIRP transmit power with 15 and 20 dBi gain rotatable horn antennas at 6.75 GHz and 16.95 GHz, respectively. Analysis of the omnidirectional and directional propagation path loss using the close-in free space model with 1 m reference distance reveals a familiar waveguiding effect in indoor environments for line-of-sight (LOS). Compared to mmWave frequencies, the omnidirectional LOS and non-LOS (NLOS) path loss exponents (PLE) are similar, when using a close-in 1 m free space path loss reference distance model. Observations of the omnidirectional and directional RMS delay spread (DS) at FR1(C) and FR3 as compared to mmWave and sub-THz frequencies indicate decreasing RMS DS as the carrier frequency is increased. The RMS angular spreads (AS) at 6.75 GHz are found to be wider compared to 16.95 GHz, showing greater number of multipath components from a broader set of directions in the azimuthal spatial plane when compared to higher frequencies. This work also presents results from extensive material penetration loss measurements at 6.75 GHz and 16.95 GHz using co and cross polarized antenna configurations for ten common construction materials found inside buildings and on building perimeters, including concrete walls, low-emissivity glass, wood, doors, drywall, and whiteboard. Our findings show penetration loss increases with frequency for all of the ten materials and partitions tested, and suggest further investigation of 3GPP material penetration loss models for at least infrared reflective (IRR) glass and concrete may be necessary. The empirical data and resulting models for radio propagation and penetration loss presented in this paper provide critical information for future 5G and 6G wireless communications.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10605910","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431286
Mohammad Asif Habibi;Girma Mamuye Yilma;Umberto Fattore;Xavier Costa-Pérez;Hans D. Schotten
The service management and orchestration (SMO) framework plays a major role in the management and orchestration (M&O) of applications, services, and components within the open radio access network (O-RAN) architecture, as defined by the O-RAN Alliance. It comprises the non-real-time RAN intelligence controller (Non-RT RIC) and possesses the capability to incorporate management systems and components from multiple standards development organizations (SDOs), notably the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). This multi-SDO-based SMO framework aims to provide a rich set of M&O services in a coherent and unified manner. Leveraging management data analytics (MDA) to deliver M&O services can enhance SMO capabilities. This article proposes an intelligence-driven approach by integrating MDA into the 3GPP and ETSI management systems within the context of SMO. Furthermore, it introduces the artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) Function into the Non-RT RIC, consolidating existing intelligent components and introducing novel ones to enhance the intelligence capabilities of the Non-RT RIC. The article further proposes an architectural solution that unifies and facilitates interoperability among the intelligent systems of the 3GPP, ETSI, and Non-RT RIC – collectively referred to as “three modules” – within SMO. It also presents the end-to-end lifecycle workflow of the AI/ML model across the three modules. Finally, the article outlines key research challenges related to integrating MDA within the SMO framework.
根据 O-RAN 联盟的定义，服务管理和协调（SMO）框架在开放式无线接入网（O-RAN）架构内的应用、服务和组件的管理和协调（M&O）中发挥着重要作用。它由非实时 RAN 智能控制器（Non-RT RIC）组成，具有整合来自多个标准开发组织（SDO），特别是第三代合作伙伴关系项目（3GPP）和欧洲电信标准协会（ETSI）的管理系统和组件的能力。这种基于多个 SDO 的 SMO 框架旨在以协调统一的方式提供丰富的管理和运营服务。利用管理数据分析（MDA）提供 M&O 服务可以增强 SMO 能力。本文提出了一种智能驱动的方法，即在 SMO 的背景下将 MDA 集成到 3GPP 和 ETSI 管理系统中。此外，文章还将人工智能（AI）/机器学习（ML）功能引入非 RT RIC，整合现有的智能组件并引入新的组件，以增强非 RT RIC 的智能能力。文章进一步提出了一种架构解决方案，可在 SMO 内统一和促进 3GPP、ETSI 和非 RT RIC（统称为 "三个模块"）的智能系统之间的互操作性。文章还介绍了 AI/ML 模型在三个模块中的端到端生命周期工作流程。最后，文章概述了与在 SMO 框架内集成 MDA 相关的主要研究挑战。
{"title":"Unlocking O-RAN Potential: How Management Data Analytics Enhances SMO Capabilities?","authors":"Mohammad Asif Habibi;Girma Mamuye Yilma;Umberto Fattore;Xavier Costa-Pérez;Hans D. Schotten","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431286","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431286","url":null,"abstract":"The service management and orchestration (SMO) framework plays a major role in the management and orchestration (M&O) of applications, services, and components within the open radio access network (O-RAN) architecture, as defined by the O-RAN Alliance. It comprises the non-real-time RAN intelligence controller (Non-RT RIC) and possesses the capability to incorporate management systems and components from multiple standards development organizations (SDOs), notably the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). This multi-SDO-based SMO framework aims to provide a rich set of M&O services in a coherent and unified manner. Leveraging management data analytics (MDA) to deliver M&O services can enhance SMO capabilities. This article proposes an intelligence-driven approach by integrating MDA into the 3GPP and ETSI management systems within the context of SMO. Furthermore, it introduces the artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) Function into the Non-RT RIC, consolidating existing intelligent components and introducing novel ones to enhance the intelligence capabilities of the Non-RT RIC. The article further proposes an architectural solution that unifies and facilitates interoperability among the intelligent systems of the 3GPP, ETSI, and Non-RT RIC – collectively referred to as “three modules” – within SMO. It also presents the end-to-end lifecycle workflow of the AI/ML model across the three modules. Finally, the article outlines key research challenges related to integrating MDA within the SMO framework.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10604823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141737207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431273
Hamad Yahya;Emad Alsusa;Arafat Al-Dweik
non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising candidate to improve the spectral efficiency by multiplexing users in the power-domain. Most of the work in the literature considers the analysis of the single-rate (SR)-NOMA, which can only vary the power per user, limiting its flexibility and bit error rate (BER) performance. Therefore, this work considers the design and performance analysis of multirate (MR)-NOMA, which controls the symbol energy per user by varying the symbol rate and power simultaneously. Both joint-multiuser maximum likelihood sequence detector (JMLSD) based on the maximum liklihood criterion and a novel low-complexity optimal successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver are designed. Furthermore, closed-form BER expressions are derived considering arbitrary symbol rates and modulation orders. The derived expressions are then used to optimize the power allocation at the base station (BS) to minimize the BER while strictly satisfying certain BER requirements. The presented results show that MR-NOMA offers more trade-off freedom between spectral efficiency and robustness to errors. As such, MR-NOMA can have up to two orders of magnitude improvement in BER performance in some scenarios. The derived expressions are validated via simulations.
{"title":"Design and Performance Analysis of Multirate-NOMA","authors":"Hamad Yahya;Emad Alsusa;Arafat Al-Dweik","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431273","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431273","url":null,"abstract":"non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising candidate to improve the spectral efficiency by multiplexing users in the power-domain. Most of the work in the literature considers the analysis of the single-rate (SR)-NOMA, which can only vary the power per user, limiting its flexibility and bit error rate (BER) performance. Therefore, this work considers the design and performance analysis of multirate (MR)-NOMA, which controls the symbol energy per user by varying the symbol rate and power simultaneously. Both joint-multiuser maximum likelihood sequence detector (JMLSD) based on the maximum liklihood criterion and a novel low-complexity optimal successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver are designed. Furthermore, closed-form BER expressions are derived considering arbitrary symbol rates and modulation orders. The derived expressions are then used to optimize the power allocation at the base station (BS) to minimize the BER while strictly satisfying certain BER requirements. The presented results show that MR-NOMA offers more trade-off freedom between spectral efficiency and robustness to errors. As such, MR-NOMA can have up to two orders of magnitude improvement in BER performance in some scenarios. The derived expressions are validated via simulations.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10604828","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141737097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3427117
Baoluo Chen;Yingcun Su;Liang Huang
This paper focuses on using the age of information (AoI) as a key metric for measuring the freshness of status information in a wireless fading channel. Specifically, we examine a scenario where a sensor can sample, generate, and transmit update packets at will, with the stochasticity of transmission rate intricately linked to the channel state. Moreover, our goal is to formulate a waiting policy that minimizes the time average AoI by determining the waiting time following the completion of a transmission. We first introduce a straightforward yet efficient Learning Optimal Waiting Time Threshold (LoWait) algorithm for two-state Markov channels. LoWait operates without the need for prior knowledge of the probability distributions for transmission rates and the parameters of channel alternation. In the classical ON-OFF channels, we introduce the Robbins-Monroe iteration and prove that the optimality gap of LoWait diminishes at a rate of ${mathrm {O}}(1/sqrt{K})$ , where K is the number of updates. Numerical results affirm that LoWait can effectively reduce the average AoI compared to other benchmarks.
{"title":"LoWait: Learning Optimal Waiting Time Threshold to Minimize Age of Information Over Wireless Fading Channels","authors":"Baoluo Chen;Yingcun Su;Liang Huang","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3427117","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3427117","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on using the age of information (AoI) as a key metric for measuring the freshness of status information in a wireless fading channel. Specifically, we examine a scenario where a sensor can sample, generate, and transmit update packets at will, with the stochasticity of transmission rate intricately linked to the channel state. Moreover, our goal is to formulate a waiting policy that minimizes the time average AoI by determining the waiting time following the completion of a transmission. We first introduce a straightforward yet efficient Learning Optimal Waiting Time Threshold (LoWait) algorithm for two-state Markov channels. LoWait operates without the need for prior knowledge of the probability distributions for transmission rates and the parameters of channel alternation. In the classical ON-OFF channels, we introduce the Robbins-Monroe iteration and prove that the optimality gap of LoWait diminishes at a rate of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm {O}}(1/sqrt{K})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, where K is the number of updates. Numerical results affirm that LoWait can effectively reduce the average AoI compared to other benchmarks.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10601182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141745630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431459
Theodore S. Rappaport;Mingjun Ying;Nicola Piovesan;Antonio De Domenico;Dipankar Shakya
This paper introduces Waste Factor (W), also denoted as Waste Figure (WF) in dB, a promising new metric for quantifying energy efficiency in a wide range of circuits and systems applications, including data centers and Radio Access Networks (RANs). Creating and managing 5G and future 6G networks that are energy-efficient is of paramount importance as the wireless industry evolves to become a major consumer of energy. Also, the networks used to connect data centers and artificial intelligence (AI) computing engines with users for machine learning (ML) applications must become more power efficient. This paper illustrates the limitations of existing energy efficiency metrics that inadequately capture the intricate energy dynamics of RAN components. We show here that W provides a generalized analysis of power utilization and energy waste at both the component and system levels for any source-to-sink communication system. We delineate the methodology for applying W across various network configurations, including multiple-input single-output (MISO), single-input and multiple-output (SIMO), and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, and demonstrate the effectiveness of W in identifying energy optimization opportunities. Our findings reveal that W not only offers nuanced insights into the energy consumption of RANs but also facilitates informed decision-making for network design and operational efficiency. Furthermore, we show how W can be integrated with other key performance indicators (KPIs) and key value indicators (KVIs) to guide the development of optimal strategies for enhancing network energy efficiency under different operational conditions. Additionally, we present simulation results for a distributed multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) system at 3.5, 17, and 28 GHz, demonstrating overall network power efficiency on a per square kilometer basis, and show how overall W decreases (e.g., energy efficiency increases over the entire network) with an increasing number of base stations and increasing carrier frequency. This paper shows that adopting W as a figure of merit (FoM) can enable the design of more sustainable next-generation wireless communication networks, paving the way for greener and more sustainable, energy-efficient 5G and 6G technologies.
本文介绍了浪费因子 (W)，也用 dB 表示为浪费图 (WF)，这是一种很有前途的新指标，用于量化数据中心和无线接入网 (RAN) 等各种电路和系统应用中的能效。随着无线行业发展成为能源消耗大户，创建和管理高能效的 5G 和未来 6G 网络至关重要。此外，用于连接数据中心和人工智能（AI）计算引擎与机器学习（ML）应用用户的网络也必须变得更加节能。本文说明了现有能效指标的局限性，这些指标无法充分捕捉 RAN 组件错综复杂的能量动态。我们在此表明，对于任何源到汇通信系统，W 都能在组件和系统层面对功率利用率和能源浪费进行通用分析。我们描述了在各种网络配置（包括多输入单输出 (MISO)、单输入多输出 (SIMO) 和多输入多输出 (MIMO) 系统）中应用 W 的方法，并展示了 W 在识别能源优化机会方面的有效性。我们的研究结果表明，W 不仅能深入洞察 RAN 的能耗，还能促进网络设计和运营效率方面的知情决策。此外，我们还展示了 W 如何与其他关键性能指标 (KPI) 和关键价值指标 (KVI) 相结合，以指导制定在不同运行条件下提高网络能效的最佳策略。此外，我们还介绍了 3.5、17 和 28 GHz 的分布式多用户多输入多输出（MU-MIMO）系统的仿真结果，展示了以每平方公里为单位的整体网络能效，并说明了随着基站数量的增加和载波频率的提高，整体 W 如何降低（例如，整个网络的能效如何提高）。本文表明，采用 W 作为优点系数 (FoM) 可以设计出更可持续的下一代无线通信网络，为更环保、更可持续、更节能的 5G 和 6G 技术铺平道路。
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Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3430823
Mohamad Saalim Wani, Mathias Kretschmer, Bernd Schröder, Andreas Grebe, Michael Rademacher
{"title":"Open RAN: A Concise Overview","authors":"Mohamad Saalim Wani, Mathias Kretschmer, Bernd Schröder, Andreas Grebe, Michael Rademacher","doi":"10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3430823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3430823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141737206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3430065
Fabio Saggese;Victor Croisfelt;Radosław Kotaba;Kyriakos Stylianopoulos;George C. Alexandropoulos;Petar Popovski
The research on Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) has dominantly been focused on physical-layer aspects and analyses of the achievable adaptation of the wireless propagation environment. Compared to that, questions related to system-level integration of RISs have received less attention. We address this research gap by analyzing the control signaling operations needed to integrate the RIS as a new wireless infrastructure element. As the main contribution of the paper, we build a systematic procedure for evaluating the impact of control operations on communication performance along two dimensions: i) the rate selection for the data channel (multiplexing or diversity), and ii) the allocated bandwidth of the control channels (in-band and out-of-band). Specifically, the first dimension results in two generic transmission paradigms: one focuses on optimizing RIS setting according to the propagation environment, labeled as optimization based on channel estimation (OPT-CE); the other is based on sweeping through predefined RIS phase configurations, labeled as codebook-based beam sweeping (CB-BSW). We analyze the communication performance in multiple setups built along these two dimensions. While necessarily simplified, our analysis reveals the basic trade-offs in RIS-assisted communications and the associated control operations: CB-BSW is better suited for high mobility scenarios since its operation is not conditional on performing channel estimation within the coherence time; OPT-CE performs significantly better when the channel coherence time is sufficiently long, but it requires exchanging more control data, necessitating higher control reliability and profiting more from out-of-band control channel design. Our systematic procedure can be easily adapted to include more complex systems and transmission modes.
{"title":"On the Impact of Control Signaling in RIS-Empowered Wireless Communications","authors":"Fabio Saggese;Victor Croisfelt;Radosław Kotaba;Kyriakos Stylianopoulos;George C. Alexandropoulos;Petar Popovski","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3430065","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3430065","url":null,"abstract":"The research on Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) has dominantly been focused on physical-layer aspects and analyses of the achievable adaptation of the wireless propagation environment. Compared to that, questions related to system-level integration of RISs have received less attention. We address this research gap by analyzing the control signaling operations needed to integrate the RIS as a new wireless infrastructure element. As the main contribution of the paper, we build a systematic procedure for evaluating the impact of control operations on communication performance along two dimensions: i) the rate selection for the data channel (multiplexing or diversity), and ii) the allocated bandwidth of the control channels (in-band and out-of-band). Specifically, the first dimension results in two generic transmission paradigms: one focuses on optimizing RIS setting according to the propagation environment, labeled as optimization based on channel estimation (OPT-CE); the other is based on sweeping through predefined RIS phase configurations, labeled as codebook-based beam sweeping (CB-BSW). We analyze the communication performance in multiple setups built along these two dimensions. While necessarily simplified, our analysis reveals the basic trade-offs in RIS-assisted communications and the associated control operations: CB-BSW is better suited for high mobility scenarios since its operation is not conditional on performing channel estimation within the coherence time; OPT-CE performs significantly better when the channel coherence time is sufficiently long, but it requires exchanging more control data, necessitating higher control reliability and profiting more from out-of-band control channel design. Our systematic procedure can be easily adapted to include more complex systems and transmission modes.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10600711","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141745582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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