In this paper, we propose a coexistence scheme based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) to enable efficient joint sensing and communication (JSAC) under different channel conditions. Specifically, the distinct signal representations of both waveforms in the frequency and affine domains are exploited to ensure, by construction, the orthogonality and flexibility of the proposed mechanism within a shared resource grid. Furthermore, a novel pilot design is introduced to enable joint channel estimation for both communication and sensing tasks in a unified and coherent manner, using a single pilot structure for both functionalities. To further enhance the scheme’s adaptability, the proposed approach dynamically adapts to channel mobility and time variation, ensuring seamless and stable operation in JSAC networks across practical scenarios. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of the design, demonstrating accurate, low-complexity radar parameter estimation while simultaneously maintaining high data rates, and reducing the peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) when compared with the conventional OFDM and AFDM baselines. Taken together, these elements indicate that the proposed coexistence strategy achieves sensing capability and communication efficiency within a single design while preserving the intended orthogonality and flexibility.
{"title":"On the Orthogonal Coexistence of AFDM and OFDM for Joint Sensing and Communication","authors":"Rania Yasmine Bir;Ayoub Ammar Boudjelal;Hüseyin Arslan","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3638461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3638461","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a coexistence scheme based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) to enable efficient joint sensing and communication (JSAC) under different channel conditions. Specifically, the distinct signal representations of both waveforms in the frequency and affine domains are exploited to ensure, by construction, the orthogonality and flexibility of the proposed mechanism within a shared resource grid. Furthermore, a novel pilot design is introduced to enable joint channel estimation for both communication and sensing tasks in a unified and coherent manner, using a single pilot structure for both functionalities. To further enhance the scheme’s adaptability, the proposed approach dynamically adapts to channel mobility and time variation, ensuring seamless and stable operation in JSAC networks across practical scenarios. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of the design, demonstrating accurate, low-complexity radar parameter estimation while simultaneously maintaining high data rates, and reducing the peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) when compared with the conventional OFDM and AFDM baselines. Taken together, these elements indicate that the proposed coexistence strategy achieves sensing capability and communication efficiency within a single design while preserving the intended orthogonality and flexibility.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"10010-10022"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271365","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3638661
Zahraalsadat Alavizadeh;Benoit Champagne;Yunlong Cai
Dynamic array-of-subarrays (DAoSA) hybrid precoding architectures have shown great potential in reducing power consumption while meeting data rate requirements in THz massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (mMIMO) systems. These structures employ a network of dynamic switches to adapt the connections between available RF chains and subarrays, based on current channel state information (CSI). While ongoing research often assumes ideal hardware components, i.e., phase shifters (PS) and digital-to-analog converters (DAC), along with perfect CSI, deviations from these assumptions may entail significant loss in performance. In this paper, we introduce a new robust transmitter design methodology for DAoSA, with the objective of optimizing sum rate while mitigating the adverse effects of low-resolution hardware and imperfect CSI. Leveraging a Gaussian model for the channel uncertainties, we formulate the problem as optimizing a worst-case sum rate expression with respect to the system parameters, i.e., analog and baseband precoder matrices, switch network matrix, and bit allocation for DAC, subject to practical constraints on transmit power budget and minimum transmission rate. To address this complex optimization problem, we devise a novel penalty dual decomposition (PDD) algorithm that can effectively handle difficulties posed by the coupling terms within the constraints of the original problem. The performance of the proposed method for robust hybrid DAoSA transmitter design is thoroughly evaluated by means of numerical analysis. The results demonstrate that in the presence of low-resolution hardware components, imperfect CSI, and total power constraint, the proposed design method leads to improved sum rate when compared to non-robust and other robust design approaches.
{"title":"Robust Hybrid Transmitter Design for DAoSA With Low-Resolution Hardware and Imperfect CSI","authors":"Zahraalsadat Alavizadeh;Benoit Champagne;Yunlong Cai","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3638661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3638661","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic array-of-subarrays (DAoSA) hybrid precoding architectures have shown great potential in reducing power consumption while meeting data rate requirements in THz massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (mMIMO) systems. These structures employ a network of dynamic switches to adapt the connections between available RF chains and subarrays, based on current channel state information (CSI). While ongoing research often assumes ideal hardware components, i.e., phase shifters (PS) and digital-to-analog converters (DAC), along with perfect CSI, deviations from these assumptions may entail significant loss in performance. In this paper, we introduce a new robust transmitter design methodology for DAoSA, with the objective of optimizing sum rate while mitigating the adverse effects of low-resolution hardware and imperfect CSI. Leveraging a Gaussian model for the channel uncertainties, we formulate the problem as optimizing a worst-case sum rate expression with respect to the system parameters, i.e., analog and baseband precoder matrices, switch network matrix, and bit allocation for DAC, subject to practical constraints on transmit power budget and minimum transmission rate. To address this complex optimization problem, we devise a novel penalty dual decomposition (PDD) algorithm that can effectively handle difficulties posed by the coupling terms within the constraints of the original problem. The performance of the proposed method for robust hybrid DAoSA transmitter design is thoroughly evaluated by means of numerical analysis. The results demonstrate that in the presence of low-resolution hardware components, imperfect CSI, and total power constraint, the proposed design method leads to improved sum rate when compared to non-robust and other robust design approaches.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"9961-9981"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3638149
Sovit Bhandari;Thang X. Vu;Symeon Chatzinotas
The next-generation fully regenerative payload-enabled low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites enable Satellite-as-a-Service (SaaS) capabilities. In this work, we propose a three-tier SaaS platform for on-demand computing services such as disaster forecast, 2D/3D scene observation, route finding, and rescue operations based on satellite images/videos, taking into account different beam management techniques. Unlike existing works where LEO satellites collaborate with ground users, in the considered system, users only request a service index, while all computation is fully handled within the satellite network and/or its connected gateway (GW). The primary objective is to minimize the worst-case service completion time by optimizing the computation and communication allocation among the satellites and the GW. The formulated multi-objective optimization problem is characterized as non-linear, non-convex, and non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard. To tackle this challenge, we propose an iterative algorithm based on the alternating optimization (AO) framework. This approach solves two sub-problems in sequence during each iteration: i) optimizing the link selection and task offloading decisions via a successive convex approximation (SCA) method, and ii) optimizing computational resources and downlink communication bandwidth via a convex formulation. Furthermore, we propose a delivery strategy during handover (HO) periods for returning the task results under both Earth-fixed beam and Earth-moving beam configurations. Simulation results based on realistic system parameters and datasets show that our proposed design reduces the task completion time by at least 16% compared to the reference strategies. The impact of computational cycles, inter-satellite link rates, feeder link rates, and HO decisions under different beam configurations is illustrated in terms of mean task completion time.
{"title":"LEO-Based Edge Computing Service Platform for Challenging Geographical Terrain","authors":"Sovit Bhandari;Thang X. Vu;Symeon Chatzinotas","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3638149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3638149","url":null,"abstract":"The next-generation fully regenerative payload-enabled low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites enable Satellite-as-a-Service (SaaS) capabilities. In this work, we propose a three-tier SaaS platform for on-demand computing services such as disaster forecast, 2D/3D scene observation, route finding, and rescue operations based on satellite images/videos, taking into account different beam management techniques. Unlike existing works where LEO satellites collaborate with ground users, in the considered system, users only request a service index, while all computation is fully handled within the satellite network and/or its connected gateway (GW). The primary objective is to minimize the worst-case service completion time by optimizing the computation and communication allocation among the satellites and the GW. The formulated multi-objective optimization problem is characterized as non-linear, non-convex, and non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard. To tackle this challenge, we propose an iterative algorithm based on the alternating optimization (AO) framework. This approach solves two sub-problems in sequence during each iteration: i) optimizing the link selection and task offloading decisions via a successive convex approximation (SCA) method, and ii) optimizing computational resources and downlink communication bandwidth via a convex formulation. Furthermore, we propose a delivery strategy during handover (HO) periods for returning the task results under both Earth-fixed beam and Earth-moving beam configurations. Simulation results based on realistic system parameters and datasets show that our proposed design reduces the task completion time by at least 16% compared to the reference strategies. The impact of computational cycles, inter-satellite link rates, feeder link rates, and HO decisions under different beam configurations is illustrated in terms of mean task completion time.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"9991-10009"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3637235
Hua He;Changsong Ma;Haoheng Yuan
In the literature, it has already been shown that a feedback control based coding scheme enhances the secrecy capacity of the Gaussian broadcast wiretap channel (GBC-WTC) with common message, and it performs better than the conventional random key based feedback scheme. However, note that the previously proposed scheme is based on the assumption that both the two receivers can send their received signals back to the transmitter via two feedback channels, which may not be available when a certain feedback channel fails to work. In this paper, we study the GBC-WTC with common message and partial feedback, where only one legitimate receiver can send his received signal back to the sender via a perfect feedback channel. A hybrid scheme, which combines the classical Schalkwijk-Kailath (SK) feedback control scheme, a dirty paper pre-coding scheme and the conventional random binning scheme is proposed for this model. Numerical results show that even in such a partial feedback case, our proposed scheme still works well and outperforms the existing secret-key based scheme in the literature.
{"title":"Secure Coding Scheme for the Gaussian Broadcast Wiretap Channel With Common Message and Partial Feedback","authors":"Hua He;Changsong Ma;Haoheng Yuan","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3637235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3637235","url":null,"abstract":"In the literature, it has already been shown that a feedback control based coding scheme enhances the secrecy capacity of the Gaussian broadcast wiretap channel (GBC-WTC) with common message, and it performs better than the conventional random key based feedback scheme. However, note that the previously proposed scheme is based on the assumption that both the two receivers can send their received signals back to the transmitter via two feedback channels, which may not be available when a certain feedback channel fails to work. In this paper, we study the GBC-WTC with common message and partial feedback, where only one legitimate receiver can send his received signal back to the sender via a perfect feedback channel. A hybrid scheme, which combines the classical Schalkwijk-Kailath (SK) feedback control scheme, a dirty paper pre-coding scheme and the conventional random binning scheme is proposed for this model. Numerical results show that even in such a partial feedback case, our proposed scheme still works well and outperforms the existing secret-key based scheme in the literature.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"10229-10243"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11269363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3637585
Shiwen He;Chengzuo Peng;Wei Huang;Zhenyu An;Yurong Qian;Linhua Liu
With the emergence of new applications such as collaborative mobile robots and immersive communications, the stringent requirements on the reliability and latency are far beyond the capabilities of existing wireless local area networks (WLANs) standards. To meet these demands, IEEE 802.11 standard organization has established a working group to revise the existing WLAN standard with a aim to achieve ultra-high reliability (UHR) and ultra-low latency. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of key technologies on physical layer and medium access control layer discussed in the UHR working group. Specifically, it focuses primarily on the related progress of the technologies, such as double low-density parity-check codeword lengths, a new modulation and coding scheme as well as unequal modulation techniques, distributed resource units, multi-access point coordination techniques, non-primary channel access, and seamless roaming, etc. Meanwhile, this paper further reviews the progress related to the low-high frequency common baseband technologies. Finally, a few potential research directions beyond the state-of-the-art technologies discussed in the working group are discussed for the development of WLAN technologies.
{"title":"Toward Wi-Fi 8 Standard: A Survey of State-of-the-Art Technologies","authors":"Shiwen He;Chengzuo Peng;Wei Huang;Zhenyu An;Yurong Qian;Linhua Liu","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3637585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3637585","url":null,"abstract":"With the emergence of new applications such as collaborative mobile robots and immersive communications, the stringent requirements on the reliability and latency are far beyond the capabilities of existing wireless local area networks (WLANs) standards. To meet these demands, IEEE 802.11 standard organization has established a working group to revise the existing WLAN standard with a aim to achieve ultra-high reliability (UHR) and ultra-low latency. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of key technologies on physical layer and medium access control layer discussed in the UHR working group. Specifically, it focuses primarily on the related progress of the technologies, such as double low-density parity-check codeword lengths, a new modulation and coding scheme as well as unequal modulation techniques, distributed resource units, multi-access point coordination techniques, non-primary channel access, and seamless roaming, etc. Meanwhile, this paper further reviews the progress related to the low-high frequency common baseband technologies. Finally, a few potential research directions beyond the state-of-the-art technologies discussed in the working group are discussed for the development of WLAN technologies.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"10150-10170"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11269347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3636725
Haoshuo Zhang;Yufei Bo;Meixia Tao
Multimodal semantic communication has great potential to enhance downstream task performance by integrating complementary information across modalities. This paper introduces ProMSC-MIS, a novel Prompt-based Multimodal Semantic Communication framework for Multi-Spectral Image Segmentation. It enables efficient task-oriented transmission of spatially aligned RGB and thermal images over band-limited channels. Our framework has two main design novelties. First, by leveraging prompt learning and contrastive learning, unimodal semantic encoders are pre-trained to learn diverse and complementary semantic representations, where each modality serves as a cross-modal prompt for the other. Second, a semantic fusion module that combines cross-attention mechanism and squeeze-and-excitation (SE) networks is designed to effectively fuse cross-modal features. Experimental results demonstrate that ProMSC-MIS substantially outperforms conventional image transmission combined with state-of-the-art segmentation methods. Notably, it reduces the required communication cost by 50%–70% at the same segmentation performance, while also decreasing the storage overhead and computational complexity by 26% and 37%, respectively. Ablation studies also validate the effectiveness of the proposed pre-training and semantic fusion strategies. Our scheme is highly suitable for applications such as autonomous driving and nighttime surveillance.
{"title":"ProMSC-MIS: Prompt-Based Multimodal Semantic Communication for Multi-Spectral Image Segmentation","authors":"Haoshuo Zhang;Yufei Bo;Meixia Tao","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3636725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3636725","url":null,"abstract":"Multimodal semantic communication has great potential to enhance downstream task performance by integrating complementary information across modalities. This paper introduces ProMSC-MIS, a novel Prompt-based Multimodal Semantic Communication framework for Multi-Spectral Image Segmentation. It enables efficient task-oriented transmission of spatially aligned RGB and thermal images over band-limited channels. Our framework has two main design novelties. First, by leveraging prompt learning and contrastive learning, unimodal semantic encoders are pre-trained to learn diverse and complementary semantic representations, where each modality serves as a cross-modal prompt for the other. Second, a semantic fusion module that combines cross-attention mechanism and squeeze-and-excitation (SE) networks is designed to effectively fuse cross-modal features. Experimental results demonstrate that ProMSC-MIS substantially outperforms conventional image transmission combined with state-of-the-art segmentation methods. Notably, it reduces the required communication cost by 50%–70% at the same segmentation performance, while also decreasing the storage overhead and computational complexity by 26% and 37%, respectively. Ablation studies also validate the effectiveness of the proposed pre-training and semantic fusion strategies. Our scheme is highly suitable for applications such as autonomous driving and nighttime surveillance.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"9926-9941"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11268456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3636915
Haider A. H. Alobaidy;Mehran Behjati;Rosdiadee Nordin;Muhammad Aidiel Zulkifley;Nor Fadzilah Abdullah;Nur Fahimah Mat Salleh
This work proposes an empirical air-to-ground (A2G) propagation model specifically designed for cellular-connected unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). An in-depth aerial drive test was carried out within an operating Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network, gathering thorough measurements of key network parameters. Rigid preprocessing and statistical analysis of these data produced a strong foundation for training a new triple-layer machine learning (ML) model. The proposed ML framework employs a systematic hierarchical approach. Accordingly, the first two layers, Stepwise Linear Regression (STW) and Ensemble of Bagged Trees (EBT) generate predictions independently; meanwhile, the third layer, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), explicitly acts as an aggregation layer, refining these predictions to accurately estimate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Received Signal Strength (RSSI), and Path Loss (PL). Compared to traditional single-layer ML or computationally intensive ray-tracing approaches, the proposed triple-layer ML framework significantly improves predictive performance and robustness, achieving a coefficient of determination $(R^{2})$ values of approximately 0.99 in training and above 0.90 in testing while utilizing a minimal but effective feature set (log-transformed 3D and 2D propagation distances, azimuth, and elevation angles). This streamlined feature selection substantially reduces computing complexity, thus enhancing scalability across various operating environments. The proposed framework’s practicality and efficacy for real-world deployment in UAV-integrated cellular networks are further demonstrated by comparative analyses, which underscore its substantial improvement.
{"title":"Empirical 3-D Channel Modeling for Cellular-Connected UAVs: A Triple-Layer Machine Learning Approach","authors":"Haider A. H. Alobaidy;Mehran Behjati;Rosdiadee Nordin;Muhammad Aidiel Zulkifley;Nor Fadzilah Abdullah;Nur Fahimah Mat Salleh","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3636915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3636915","url":null,"abstract":"This work proposes an empirical air-to-ground (A2G) propagation model specifically designed for cellular-connected unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). An in-depth aerial drive test was carried out within an operating Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network, gathering thorough measurements of key network parameters. Rigid preprocessing and statistical analysis of these data produced a strong foundation for training a new triple-layer machine learning (ML) model. The proposed ML framework employs a systematic hierarchical approach. Accordingly, the first two layers, Stepwise Linear Regression (STW) and Ensemble of Bagged Trees (EBT) generate predictions independently; meanwhile, the third layer, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), explicitly acts as an aggregation layer, refining these predictions to accurately estimate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Received Signal Strength (RSSI), and Path Loss (PL). Compared to traditional single-layer ML or computationally intensive ray-tracing approaches, the proposed triple-layer ML framework significantly improves predictive performance and robustness, achieving a coefficient of determination <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(R^{2})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> values of approximately 0.99 in training and above 0.90 in testing while utilizing a minimal but effective feature set (log-transformed 3D and 2D propagation distances, azimuth, and elevation angles). This streamlined feature selection substantially reduces computing complexity, thus enhancing scalability across various operating environments. The proposed framework’s practicality and efficacy for real-world deployment in UAV-integrated cellular networks are further demonstrated by comparative analyses, which underscore its substantial improvement.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"9908-9925"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11269020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The new mid-band spectrum (6-24 GHz, including Frequency Range 3 (FR3)) has attracted significant attention from both academia and industry, which is the spectrum with continuous bandwidth that combines the coverage benefits of low frequency with the capacity advantages of high frequency. Considering the outdoor environment is the primary application scenario for mobile communications, this paper presents the first comprehensive summary of multi-scenario and multi-frequency channel characteristics based on the new mid-band channel measurements, mainly including Urban Macrocell (UMa), Urban Microcell (UMi), and Outdoor to Indoor (O2I). Specifically, the analysis of the channel characteristics is presented, such as path loss, delay spread, angular spread, channel sparsity, capacity, near-field and spatial non-stationary characteristics. Then, considering that satellite communication will be an important component of future communication systems, we examine the impact of clutter loss in air-to-ground communications. The analysis suggests that the frequency dependence of clutter loss is not significant for the mid-band. Additionally, given that penetration loss is frequency-dependent, we summarize its variation within the FR3 band. The experimental results show that the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) TR 38.901 model is still a useful reference for the penetration loss of the wood, but there are significant deviations for the penetration loss of concrete and glass, and further improvement is needed. In summary, the findings of this paper provide both empirical data and theoretical support for the deployment of mid-band in future communication systems, as well as guidance for optimizing mid-band base station deployment in the communication environment. This paper provides a reference for the standards and research of potential spectra and technologies.
新的中频频谱（6- 24ghz，包括FR3 (Frequency Range 3)）是一种集低频覆盖优势和高频容量优势于一体的连续带宽频谱，受到了学术界和工业界的广泛关注。考虑到户外环境是移动通信的主要应用场景，本文首次综合总结了基于新型中频信道测量的多场景多频信道特性，主要包括城市宏蜂窝（UMa）、城市微蜂窝（UMi）和室内外（O2I）。具体而言，分析了信道特性，如路径损耗、延迟扩展、角扩展、信道稀疏性、容量、近场和空间非平稳特性。然后，考虑到卫星通信将成为未来通信系统的重要组成部分，我们研究了杂波损耗对空对地通信的影响。分析表明，中频段杂波损失的频率依赖性不显著。此外，考虑到穿透损耗是频率相关的，我们总结了其在FR3波段内的变化。实验结果表明，第三代伙伴计划（3GPP） TR 38.901模型对木材的侵彻损失仍有参考价值，但对混凝土和玻璃的侵彻损失存在较大偏差，需要进一步改进。综上所述，本文的研究结果为未来通信系统中频部署提供了经验数据和理论支持，也为优化通信环境中频基站部署提供了指导。本文为势谱标准的制定和技术的研究提供了参考。
{"title":"6G New Mid-Band/FR3 (6–24 GHz): Channel Measurement, Characteristics and Modeling","authors":"Haiyang Miao;Jianhua Zhang;Pan Tang;Qi Zhen;Jie Meng;Ximan Liu;Enrui Liu;Peijie Liu;Lei Tian;Guangyi Liu","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3636972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3636972","url":null,"abstract":"The new mid-band spectrum (6-24 GHz, including Frequency Range 3 (FR3)) has attracted significant attention from both academia and industry, which is the spectrum with continuous bandwidth that combines the coverage benefits of low frequency with the capacity advantages of high frequency. Considering the outdoor environment is the primary application scenario for mobile communications, this paper presents the first comprehensive summary of multi-scenario and multi-frequency channel characteristics based on the new mid-band channel measurements, mainly including Urban Macrocell (UMa), Urban Microcell (UMi), and Outdoor to Indoor (O2I). Specifically, the analysis of the channel characteristics is presented, such as path loss, delay spread, angular spread, channel sparsity, capacity, near-field and spatial non-stationary characteristics. Then, considering that satellite communication will be an important component of future communication systems, we examine the impact of clutter loss in air-to-ground communications. The analysis suggests that the frequency dependence of clutter loss is not significant for the mid-band. Additionally, given that penetration loss is frequency-dependent, we summarize its variation within the FR3 band. The experimental results show that the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) TR 38.901 model is still a useful reference for the penetration loss of the wood, but there are significant deviations for the penetration loss of concrete and glass, and further improvement is needed. In summary, the findings of this paper provide both empirical data and theoretical support for the deployment of mid-band in future communication systems, as well as guidance for optimizing mid-band base station deployment in the communication environment. This paper provides a reference for the standards and research of potential spectra and technologies.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"9942-9960"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11269017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3637110
Jiahong Ning;Aimin Li;Gary C. F. Lee;Sumei Sun;Tingting Yang
This paper presents MARHO, a Multi-Agent Reinforcement learning-based Hybrid task Offloading framework, designed for maritime mobile edge computing (MEC) environments characterized by time-varying wireless channels, heterogeneous workloads, and stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements. The considered MEC architecture integrates uncrewed surface vessels (USVs), uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), and a ship platform with high-performance edge servers. USVs generate sensing and computing tasks that can be (i) executed locally, (ii) offloaded to UAVs for aerial edge processing, or (iii) relayed through UAVs to the ship under line-of-sight (LoS) links. The system model jointly captures queueing dynamics, wireless transmission latency, computation delay, and battery constraints. The hybrid offloading problem is formulated as a Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP), where each USV acts as an agent that decides its offloading mode under partial observations. To solve this, MARHO employs a centralized training and decentralized execution (CTDE) scheme, enabling agents to learn resource-aware strategies that effectively balance communication and computation. A Gym-based simulation environment is developed, integrating realistic maritime signal propagation, queue dynamics, and mixed offloading scenarios. The experimental results under different task loads demonstrate that MARHO consistently achieves higher throughput and has a lower average latency compared to the existing benchmark.
{"title":"MARHO: Hybrid Task Offloading in Maritime MEC via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Jiahong Ning;Aimin Li;Gary C. F. Lee;Sumei Sun;Tingting Yang","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3637110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3637110","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents MARHO, a Multi-Agent Reinforcement learning-based Hybrid task Offloading framework, designed for maritime mobile edge computing (MEC) environments characterized by time-varying wireless channels, heterogeneous workloads, and stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements. The considered MEC architecture integrates uncrewed surface vessels (USVs), uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), and a ship platform with high-performance edge servers. USVs generate sensing and computing tasks that can be (i) executed locally, (ii) offloaded to UAVs for aerial edge processing, or (iii) relayed through UAVs to the ship under line-of-sight (LoS) links. The system model jointly captures queueing dynamics, wireless transmission latency, computation delay, and battery constraints. The hybrid offloading problem is formulated as a Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP), where each USV acts as an agent that decides its offloading mode under partial observations. To solve this, MARHO employs a centralized training and decentralized execution (CTDE) scheme, enabling agents to learn resource-aware strategies that effectively balance communication and computation. A Gym-based simulation environment is developed, integrating realistic maritime signal propagation, queue dynamics, and mixed offloading scenarios. The experimental results under different task loads demonstrate that MARHO consistently achieves higher throughput and has a lower average latency compared to the existing benchmark.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"10322-10337"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11269014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a novel wireless-optical interconnection scheme employing cascaded transmissive and reflective metasurfaces to overcome the switching capacity limitations of conventional spatial light modulators and micro-electro-mechanical systems in data centers. We design a passive transmissive metasurface that splits an incident beam into N transmitted beams, which are subsequently reflected by a reflective metasurface to generate $2times N$ output beams, substantially enhancing switching capacity. To dynamically optimize resource utilization and prevent service disruptions due to congestion or underutilization, we develop an AI-driven traffic prediction algorithm for intelligent topology reconfiguration. Extensive simulations validate the system’s 1-to-4 beam-splitting capability with remarkably low insertion loss of 0.5dB, while achieving 91% traffic prediction accuracy-representing a 34% improvement over conventional long short-term memory (LSTM) models. The proposed data center architecture establishes a new paradigm for next-generation data center interconnects, offering superior capacity, minimal loss, and intelligent reconfigurability.
{"title":"Resilient Wireless-Optical Interconnection Scheme for Data Centers: Cascaded Reflective and Transmissive Meta-Surfaces","authors":"Weigang Hou;Weijie Qiu;Xiaoxue Gong;Yuxin Xu;Lei Guo","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3637098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3637098","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel wireless-optical interconnection scheme employing cascaded transmissive and reflective metasurfaces to overcome the switching capacity limitations of conventional spatial light modulators and micro-electro-mechanical systems in data centers. We design a passive transmissive metasurface that splits an incident beam into N transmitted beams, which are subsequently reflected by a reflective metasurface to generate <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> output beams, substantially enhancing switching capacity. To dynamically optimize resource utilization and prevent service disruptions due to congestion or underutilization, we develop an AI-driven traffic prediction algorithm for intelligent topology reconfiguration. Extensive simulations validate the system’s 1-to-4 beam-splitting capability with remarkably low insertion loss of 0.5dB, while achieving 91% traffic prediction accuracy-representing a 34% improvement over conventional long short-term memory (LSTM) models. The proposed data center architecture establishes a new paradigm for next-generation data center interconnects, offering superior capacity, minimal loss, and intelligent reconfigurability.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"10244-10253"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11269009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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