Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278849
Kohei Tomioka, Toshio Yasue, R. Funatsu, Kodai Kikuchi, T. Matsubara, T. Yamashita, S. Kawahito
This paper describes the noise reduction effect of a folding-integration (FI) ADC applied to an 8K image sensor. To maximize the sampling number in correlated multiple sampling (CMS), we implement duplicated pixel source followers, which are operated alternately to reduce the time needed for them to settle. This architecture facilitates sampling numbers of 6, 14, and 30 at 120, 60, and 30 fps, respectively. To investigate the relationship between noise reduction effect and sampling number, the input referred noise of the readout circuit from the pixel-to-column ADC is estimated via theoretical calculations and compared with measurements. As a result, the random noise levels of 3.2, 2.0, and 1.5 e- were measured at sampling numbers of 6, 14, and 30, respectively, corresponding well with the calculated results. Furthermore, theoretical calculations revealed that the thermal noise component is dominant at higher frame rates while 1/f noise from the source follower becomes dominant at lower frame rates.
{"title":"Noise Reduction Effect of Folding-integration ADC in an 8K Image Sensor driven at Various Frame Rates","authors":"Kohei Tomioka, Toshio Yasue, R. Funatsu, Kodai Kikuchi, T. Matsubara, T. Yamashita, S. Kawahito","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278849","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the noise reduction effect of a folding-integration (FI) ADC applied to an 8K image sensor. To maximize the sampling number in correlated multiple sampling (CMS), we implement duplicated pixel source followers, which are operated alternately to reduce the time needed for them to settle. This architecture facilitates sampling numbers of 6, 14, and 30 at 120, 60, and 30 fps, respectively. To investigate the relationship between noise reduction effect and sampling number, the input referred noise of the readout circuit from the pixel-to-column ADC is estimated via theoretical calculations and compared with measurements. As a result, the random noise levels of 3.2, 2.0, and 1.5 e- were measured at sampling numbers of 6, 14, and 30, respectively, corresponding well with the calculated results. Furthermore, theoretical calculations revealed that the thermal noise component is dominant at higher frame rates while 1/f noise from the source follower becomes dominant at lower frame rates.","PeriodicalId":338240,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors","volume":"446 1-3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132411905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278694
B. D. Abera, F. J. Romero, Inmaculada Ortiz-Gómez, L. Petti, A. Salinas, D. Morales, P. Lugli, N. Rodríguez, A. Rivadeneyra
Salivary pH is one of the indicators of the dental health of a person. To enable fast and easy dental health observations, we developed a flexible capacitive pH sensor using graphene oxide (GO) sensing layer on the laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrode produced from a polyimide (PI) film acting both as LIG precursor material and substrate. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used as a measurement technique. The sensor showed the characteristic CV behavior of capacitive elements, and it presented an unequivocal response to the pH level in saliva. The area under the CV curve was used to extract the specific capacitance (Cs) and correlated to the corresponding pH level measured.
{"title":"Laser-fabricated flexible nanographene-based sensor for pH detection in saliva","authors":"B. D. Abera, F. J. Romero, Inmaculada Ortiz-Gómez, L. Petti, A. Salinas, D. Morales, P. Lugli, N. Rodríguez, A. Rivadeneyra","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278694","url":null,"abstract":"Salivary pH is one of the indicators of the dental health of a person. To enable fast and easy dental health observations, we developed a flexible capacitive pH sensor using graphene oxide (GO) sensing layer on the laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrode produced from a polyimide (PI) film acting both as LIG precursor material and substrate. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used as a measurement technique. The sensor showed the characteristic CV behavior of capacitive elements, and it presented an unequivocal response to the pH level in saliva. The area under the CV curve was used to extract the specific capacitance (Cs) and correlated to the corresponding pH level measured.","PeriodicalId":338240,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131683092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278743
Fabian Merbeler, Sebastian Anzinger, Christian Bretthauer, M. Kupnik
Determining the liquid level in containers is a challenging task in many industries, as there are different kinds of containers and liquids. The approach for measuring the liquid fill level presented in this paper comprises a low-voltage capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT). We use a premolded package, providing sufficient acoustic coupling, together with an ultra-compact sensor system. The sensor is simply clamped to the outside of the bottom of the tank, eliminating the requirement to open the container for direct access. Thus, the sensor stays chemically protected. Moreover, the low voltage required allows applications in all kinds of environments, even with no steady power supply. We present finite element simulations for the sensor characteristics, comprising resonance frequency, pull-in voltage and transmit sensitivity. The simulation results are validated with laser Doppler vibrometer measurements. With the CMUT design presented, we achieve operational voltages <10 V. Further, our results proof the suitability of flouro-silicone as performant coupling material. With a first test setup, we can demonstrate robust fill level determination up to 1 m in water.
{"title":"Ultra-compact Clamp-on Liquid Level Sensor based on a Low-Voltage CMUT","authors":"Fabian Merbeler, Sebastian Anzinger, Christian Bretthauer, M. Kupnik","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278743","url":null,"abstract":"Determining the liquid level in containers is a challenging task in many industries, as there are different kinds of containers and liquids. The approach for measuring the liquid fill level presented in this paper comprises a low-voltage capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT). We use a premolded package, providing sufficient acoustic coupling, together with an ultra-compact sensor system. The sensor is simply clamped to the outside of the bottom of the tank, eliminating the requirement to open the container for direct access. Thus, the sensor stays chemically protected. Moreover, the low voltage required allows applications in all kinds of environments, even with no steady power supply. We present finite element simulations for the sensor characteristics, comprising resonance frequency, pull-in voltage and transmit sensitivity. The simulation results are validated with laser Doppler vibrometer measurements. With the CMUT design presented, we achieve operational voltages <10 V. Further, our results proof the suitability of flouro-silicone as performant coupling material. With a first test setup, we can demonstrate robust fill level determination up to 1 m in water.","PeriodicalId":338240,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133431562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278857
J. Muñoz-Enano, Pau Casacuberta, L. Su, P. Vélez, M. Gil, F. Martín
This paper reports a detailed analysis of reflective-mode phase-variation sensors based on open-ended microstrip lines. These sensors are useful for measuring dielectric constants or other variables related to it (e.g., material or liquid composition). For that purpose, the so-called material under test (MUT) should be placed on top of the open-ended line, the sensing region. A change in the dielectric constant of the MUT modifies the electrical length and the characteristic impedance of the sensing line, thereby varying the phase of the reflection coefficient, the output variable. The analysis provides the optimum conditions for sensitivity optimization. It is concluded that either high-impedance 90° or low-impedance 180° sensing lines are needed in order to obtain a strong dependence of the phase of the reflection coefficient with the dielectric constant of the MUT. Such conclusions are validated by electromagnetic simulations and experiments.
{"title":"Open-Ended-Line Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Sensors for Dielectric Constant Measurements","authors":"J. Muñoz-Enano, Pau Casacuberta, L. Su, P. Vélez, M. Gil, F. Martín","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278857","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports a detailed analysis of reflective-mode phase-variation sensors based on open-ended microstrip lines. These sensors are useful for measuring dielectric constants or other variables related to it (e.g., material or liquid composition). For that purpose, the so-called material under test (MUT) should be placed on top of the open-ended line, the sensing region. A change in the dielectric constant of the MUT modifies the electrical length and the characteristic impedance of the sensing line, thereby varying the phase of the reflection coefficient, the output variable. The analysis provides the optimum conditions for sensitivity optimization. It is concluded that either high-impedance 90° or low-impedance 180° sensing lines are needed in order to obtain a strong dependence of the phase of the reflection coefficient with the dielectric constant of the MUT. Such conclusions are validated by electromagnetic simulations and experiments.","PeriodicalId":338240,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133635572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278593
C. Ti, Atakan B. Ari, Ezgi Orhan, Miguel Gonzalez, C. Yanik, I. Kaya, M. Hanay, K. Ekinci
Electrical readout of nanomechanical motion in ambient pressure and temperature imposes an important challenge for emerging applications of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Here, we optimize a metallic piezoresistive motion transducer for NEMS resonators in air. The nanomechanical motion of the NEMS resonator serves as a signal down-mixer and enables the detection of the motional signal by a low-frequency circuit. A balanced circuit in the detection loop reduces some of the unwanted background and allows for detection without significant losses. We explore the detection parameter space and use an optimized parameter set to detect the fundamental, second and third harmonic resonances of a NEMS doubly-clamped beam resonator. Our simple circuit model agrees with experimental observations and points the way for further optimization.
{"title":"Optimization of Piezoresistive Motion Detection for Ambient NEMS Applications","authors":"C. Ti, Atakan B. Ari, Ezgi Orhan, Miguel Gonzalez, C. Yanik, I. Kaya, M. Hanay, K. Ekinci","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278593","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical readout of nanomechanical motion in ambient pressure and temperature imposes an important challenge for emerging applications of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Here, we optimize a metallic piezoresistive motion transducer for NEMS resonators in air. The nanomechanical motion of the NEMS resonator serves as a signal down-mixer and enables the detection of the motional signal by a low-frequency circuit. A balanced circuit in the detection loop reduces some of the unwanted background and allows for detection without significant losses. We explore the detection parameter space and use an optimized parameter set to detect the fundamental, second and third harmonic resonances of a NEMS doubly-clamped beam resonator. Our simple circuit model agrees with experimental observations and points the way for further optimization.","PeriodicalId":338240,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133565254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278755
Chi-Shih Jao, Yusheng Wang, A. Shkel
In this paper, we propose a zero velocity detector, referred to as the Ultrasound-Aided Stance Hypothesis Optimal dEtection (UA-SHOE), for foot-mounted Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) aided by a downward-facing range sensor. The proposed detector is derived mathematically in a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) framework. We compare the effectiveness of the proposed UA-SHOE detector with two known and commonly used approaches, the Stance Hypothesis Optimal dEtection (SHOE) detector [1] and the Ultrasonic-only Stance Phase Detection (USPD) detector [2]. The Circular Error Probable (CEP) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the navigation results are used to evaluate the three detectors. The experimental results of walking and running cases showed that the UA-SHOE detector improved errors by 27.5% and 11.3%, as compared to the USPD detector. The experimental results also illustrated that the RMSEs of the proposed UA-SHOE detector had a comparable accuracy to the commonly used SHOE detector in the walking case and outperformed the SHOE detector by more than 50% in the running experiments.
{"title":"A Zero Velocity Detector for Foot-mounted Inertial Navigation Systems Aided by Downward-facing Range Sensor","authors":"Chi-Shih Jao, Yusheng Wang, A. Shkel","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278755","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a zero velocity detector, referred to as the Ultrasound-Aided Stance Hypothesis Optimal dEtection (UA-SHOE), for foot-mounted Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) aided by a downward-facing range sensor. The proposed detector is derived mathematically in a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) framework. We compare the effectiveness of the proposed UA-SHOE detector with two known and commonly used approaches, the Stance Hypothesis Optimal dEtection (SHOE) detector [1] and the Ultrasonic-only Stance Phase Detection (USPD) detector [2]. The Circular Error Probable (CEP) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the navigation results are used to evaluate the three detectors. The experimental results of walking and running cases showed that the UA-SHOE detector improved errors by 27.5% and 11.3%, as compared to the USPD detector. The experimental results also illustrated that the RMSEs of the proposed UA-SHOE detector had a comparable accuracy to the commonly used SHOE detector in the walking case and outperformed the SHOE detector by more than 50% in the running experiments.","PeriodicalId":338240,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133662909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278674
M. Bhattacharjee, P. Escobedo, R. Dahiya
Disposable and flexible sensors are needed in biomedical and healthcare applications because of hygiene requirements. At the same time, they should provide an affordable solution for point-of-care (POC) testing and large-scale deployment. In this view, herein we report flexible polyimide-based disposable sensor patch for the detection of a-amylase in blood serum. The concentration of a-amylase in blood serum is a potential indicator of health issues such as pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer and an affordable solution to detect its concentration could benefit many. Here, the detection is based on thermal Marangoni circulation inside a microfluidic droplet of starch-FeSO4 salt solution, which detects the a-amylase concentration upon addition of blood serum. It was observed that the temperature difference between the droplet substrate and ambient sets a thermal Marangoni and natural convections motion inside the droplet. The performance of the microdropletbased sensor was best at temperature difference (~18–20°C). The sensor is capable of detecting 20-110 units/liter concentration of α-amylase with ~80% change in the electrical resistance across the microdroplet (at ~40°C substrate temperature), and with a sensitivity of 0.88% (units/liter)-1. The response of the sensor was also compared with pathological laboratory results and both were found to be in agreement. The presented sensor has the potential to be used as a POC device for detecting α-amylase in real-time.
{"title":"Disposable and Flexible Sensor Patch for α-amylase Detection in Human Blood Serum","authors":"M. Bhattacharjee, P. Escobedo, R. Dahiya","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278674","url":null,"abstract":"Disposable and flexible sensors are needed in biomedical and healthcare applications because of hygiene requirements. At the same time, they should provide an affordable solution for point-of-care (POC) testing and large-scale deployment. In this view, herein we report flexible polyimide-based disposable sensor patch for the detection of a-amylase in blood serum. The concentration of a-amylase in blood serum is a potential indicator of health issues such as pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer and an affordable solution to detect its concentration could benefit many. Here, the detection is based on thermal Marangoni circulation inside a microfluidic droplet of starch-FeSO4 salt solution, which detects the a-amylase concentration upon addition of blood serum. It was observed that the temperature difference between the droplet substrate and ambient sets a thermal Marangoni and natural convections motion inside the droplet. The performance of the microdropletbased sensor was best at temperature difference (~18–20°C). The sensor is capable of detecting 20-110 units/liter concentration of α-amylase with ~80% change in the electrical resistance across the microdroplet (at ~40°C substrate temperature), and with a sensitivity of 0.88% (units/liter)-1. The response of the sensor was also compared with pathological laboratory results and both were found to be in agreement. The presented sensor has the potential to be used as a POC device for detecting α-amylase in real-time.","PeriodicalId":338240,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117166933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278697
Babak Jamali, D. Ramalingam, A. Babakhani
Millimeter-wave radars offer a practical solution to distinguish objects made of different materials, shapes, and compositions. In this work, radar classification of various materials is demonstrated using a broadband millimeter-wave CMOS integrated receiver. The receiver is used to record the transmitted power through multiple solid materials at various distances from the receiver in the W-band (75–110 GHz). Three supervised machine learning tools are trained by the recorded data to classify these materials into different categories. The trained classifiers were used to predict material and thickness of objects with varying distances from the receiver with accuracy levels of higher than 96% in material classification and 88% in thickness classification.
{"title":"Intelligent Material Classification and Identification Using a Broadband Millimeter-Wave Frequency Comb Receiver","authors":"Babak Jamali, D. Ramalingam, A. Babakhani","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278697","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter-wave radars offer a practical solution to distinguish objects made of different materials, shapes, and compositions. In this work, radar classification of various materials is demonstrated using a broadband millimeter-wave CMOS integrated receiver. The receiver is used to record the transmitted power through multiple solid materials at various distances from the receiver in the W-band (75–110 GHz). Three supervised machine learning tools are trained by the recorded data to classify these materials into different categories. The trained classifiers were used to predict material and thickness of objects with varying distances from the receiver with accuracy levels of higher than 96% in material classification and 88% in thickness classification.","PeriodicalId":338240,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114922063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278708
Laurent Malané, J. Kammerer, L. Hébrard, Vinciane Chereau
In this paper we present a novel compact model of a ring-core fluxgate written in Verilog-A. It is based on a modeling method allowing to describe the magnetic fluxes inside and outside of the core. This compact model allowed us to successfully verify and tune the behavior of a 2D fluxgate magnetometer by simulation. The simulation results are in very good agreement with the behavior of the actual prototype. Discrepancies of only 3.4% between simulation and experimental data are reported.
{"title":"Compact Model of Ring-Core Sensing Element of 2D Fluxgate Magnetometer","authors":"Laurent Malané, J. Kammerer, L. Hébrard, Vinciane Chereau","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278708","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a novel compact model of a ring-core fluxgate written in Verilog-A. It is based on a modeling method allowing to describe the magnetic fluxes inside and outside of the core. This compact model allowed us to successfully verify and tune the behavior of a 2D fluxgate magnetometer by simulation. The simulation results are in very good agreement with the behavior of the actual prototype. Discrepancies of only 3.4% between simulation and experimental data are reported.","PeriodicalId":338240,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121454580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278768
Thomas Feys, Stijn Crul, Geoffrey Ottoy
Sensing applications with many sensors often rely on synchronized measurements in order to operate correctly. For wireless sensors connected via WLAN, the number of synchronization schemes is limited. Furthermore, the most popular method, Network Time Protocol (NTP), can often not guarantee the necessary accuracy, with errors ranging from ten to hundreds of milliseconds. Next to this method there are two major options: WizSync and Reference-Broadcast Infrastructure Synchronization (RBIS). However, these methods focus on a single access point solution. This translates into a synchronization area that is limited to the range of a single WLAN access point, which may not be sufficient in many large-scale applications. To tackle this problem, we have developed an extension to RBIS that can be used over a large range, spanning multiple access points, and with a synchronization error that is substantially smaller than that of NTP, i.e., less than 1 ms.
{"title":"Low-cost synchronization for WLAN Sensors","authors":"Thomas Feys, Stijn Crul, Geoffrey Ottoy","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278768","url":null,"abstract":"Sensing applications with many sensors often rely on synchronized measurements in order to operate correctly. For wireless sensors connected via WLAN, the number of synchronization schemes is limited. Furthermore, the most popular method, Network Time Protocol (NTP), can often not guarantee the necessary accuracy, with errors ranging from ten to hundreds of milliseconds. Next to this method there are two major options: WizSync and Reference-Broadcast Infrastructure Synchronization (RBIS). However, these methods focus on a single access point solution. This translates into a synchronization area that is limited to the range of a single WLAN access point, which may not be sufficient in many large-scale applications. To tackle this problem, we have developed an extension to RBIS that can be used over a large range, spanning multiple access points, and with a synchronization error that is substantially smaller than that of NTP, i.e., less than 1 ms.","PeriodicalId":338240,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121486949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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