Goal: In this study, we address the critical challenge of fetal brain extraction from MRI sequences. Fetal MRI has played a crucial role in prenatal neurodevelopmental studies and in advancing our knowledge of fetal brain development in-utero . Fetal brain extraction is a necessary first step in most computational fetal brain MRI pipelines. However, it poses significant challenges due to 1) non-standard fetal head positioning, 2) fetal movements during examination, and 3) vastly heterogeneous appearance of the developing fetal brain and the neighboring fetal and maternal anatomy across gestation, and with various sequences and scanning conditions. Development of a machine learning method to effectively address this task requires a large and rich labeled dataset that has not been previously available. Currently, there is no method for accurate fetal brain extraction on various fetal MRI sequences. Methods: In this work, we first built a large annotated dataset of approximately 72,000 2D fetal brain MRI images. Our dataset covers the three common MRI sequences including T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and functional MRI acquired with different scanners. These data include images of normal and pathological brains. Using this dataset, we developed and validated deep learning methods, by exploiting the power of the U-Net style architectures, the attention mechanism, feature learning across multiple MRI modalities, and data augmentation for fast, accurate, and generalizable automatic fetal brain extraction. Results: Evaluations on independent test data, including data available from other centers, show that our method achieves accurate brain extraction on heterogeneous test data acquired with different scanners, on pathological brains, and at various gestational stages. Conclusions: By leveraging rich information from diverse multi-modality fetal MRI data, our proposed deep learning solution enables precise delineation of the fetal brain on various fetal MRI sequences. The robustness of our deep learning model underscores its potential utility for fetal brain imaging.
{"title":"Fetal-BET: Brain Extraction Tool for Fetal MRI","authors":"Razieh Faghihpirayesh;Davood Karimi;Deniz Erdoğmuş;Ali Gholipour","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3426969","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3426969","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goal:</i>\u0000 In this study, we address the critical challenge of fetal brain extraction from MRI sequences. Fetal MRI has played a crucial role in prenatal neurodevelopmental studies and in advancing our knowledge of fetal brain development \u0000<italic>in-utero</i>\u0000. Fetal brain extraction is a necessary first step in most computational fetal brain MRI pipelines. However, it poses significant challenges due to 1) non-standard fetal head positioning, 2) fetal movements during examination, and 3) vastly heterogeneous appearance of the developing fetal brain and the neighboring fetal and maternal anatomy across gestation, and with various sequences and scanning conditions. Development of a machine learning method to effectively address this task requires a large and rich labeled dataset that has not been previously available. Currently, there is no method for accurate fetal brain extraction on various fetal MRI sequences. \u0000<italic>Methods:</i>\u0000 In this work, we first built a large annotated dataset of approximately 72,000 2D fetal brain MRI images. Our dataset covers the three common MRI sequences including T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and functional MRI acquired with different scanners. These data include images of normal and pathological brains. Using this dataset, we developed and validated deep learning methods, by exploiting the power of the U-Net style architectures, the attention mechanism, feature learning across multiple MRI modalities, and data augmentation for fast, accurate, and generalizable automatic fetal brain extraction. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 Evaluations on independent test data, including data available from other centers, show that our method achieves accurate brain extraction on heterogeneous test data acquired with different scanners, on pathological brains, and at various gestational stages. \u0000<italic>Conclusions:</i>\u0000By leveraging rich information from diverse multi-modality fetal MRI data, our proposed deep learning solution enables precise delineation of the fetal brain on various fetal MRI sequences. The robustness of our deep learning model underscores its potential utility for fetal brain imaging.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"551-562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10596549","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives . Until now, limited knowledge remains regarding the association among childhood obesity, cognitive behavior, and brain networks. Utilizing a publicly available dataset, we aimed to investigate the relationships between childhood obesity and functional networks during the stop-signal task. Results . Given the huge conflict-monitoring and inhibitory control demands of the task, both enhanced network connectivity and properties were observed under the “No-go” compared to the “Go” condition for both obese and non-obese preadolescents. Obese preadolescents exhibited significantly increased frontal-parietal, frontal-occipital, and frontal-temporal linkages, as well as heightened network efficiency under both “Go” and “No-go” conditions compared to non-obese counterparts. Additionally, significant correlations were found between network connectivity and properties and preadolescents’ body mass index (BMI), with their combination predicting BMI scores successfully. Conclusions . These findings support that childhood obesity is not simply a deviant habit with restricted physical health consequences, but rather associated with the atypical development of frontal-based networks involved in inhibitory control and cognitive performance.
{"title":"Effect of Preadolescents’ Obesity on Inhibitory Control During Stop-Signal Task: A Functional EEG Network Study","authors":"Yuqin Li;Qian Yang;Yuxin Liu;Yutong Zheng;Jianfu Li;Chunli Chen;Baodan Chen;Dezhong Yao;Liang Yu;Peng Xu;Fali Li;Yi Liang","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3425855","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3425855","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Objectives</i>\u0000. Until now, limited knowledge remains regarding the association among childhood obesity, cognitive behavior, and brain networks. Utilizing a publicly available dataset, we aimed to investigate the relationships between childhood obesity and functional networks during the stop-signal task. \u0000<italic>Results</i>\u0000. Given the huge conflict-monitoring and inhibitory control demands of the task, both enhanced network connectivity and properties were observed under the “No-go” compared to the “Go” condition for both obese and non-obese preadolescents. Obese preadolescents exhibited significantly increased frontal-parietal, frontal-occipital, and frontal-temporal linkages, as well as heightened network efficiency under both “Go” and “No-go” conditions compared to non-obese counterparts. Additionally, significant correlations were found between network connectivity and properties and preadolescents’ body mass index (BMI), with their combination predicting BMI scores successfully. \u0000<italic>Conclusions</i>\u0000. These findings support that childhood obesity is not simply a deviant habit with restricted physical health consequences, but rather associated with the atypical development of frontal-based networks involved in inhibitory control and cognitive performance.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"783-791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10595447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3416028
Dabin K. Choe;Ashlyn J. Aiello;Johanna E. Spangler;Conor J. Walsh;Louis N. Awad
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a common neuromotor intervention whereby electrically evoked dorsiflexor muscle contractions assist foot clearance during walking. Plantarflexor neurostimulation has recently emerged to assist and retrain gait propulsion; however, safe and effective coordination of dorsiflexor and plantarflexor neurostimulation during overground walking has been elusive, restricting propulsion neuroprostheses to harnessed treadmill walking. We present an overground propulsion neuroprosthesis that adaptively coordinates, on a step-by-step basis, neurostimulation to the dorsiflexors and plantarflexors. In 10 individuals post-stroke, we evaluate the immediate effects of plantarflexor neurostimulation delivered with different onset timings, and retention to unassisted walking (NCT06459401). Preferred onset timing differed across individuals. Individualized tuning resulted in a significant 10% increase in paretic propulsion peak (Δ: 1.41 ± 1.52%BW) and an 8% increase in paretic plantarflexor power (Δ: 0.27 ± 0.23 W/kg), compared to unassisted walking. Post-session unassisted walking speed, paretic propulsion peak, and propulsion symmetry all significantly improved by 9% (0.14 ± 0.09 m/s), 28% (2.24 ± 3.00%BW), and 12% (4.5 ± 6.0%), respectively, compared to pre-session measurements. Here we show that an overground propulsion neuroprosthesis can improve overground walking speed and propulsion symmetry in the chronic phase of stroke recovery. Future studies should include a control group to examine the efficacy of gait training augmented by the propulsion neuroprosthesis compared to gait training alone.
{"title":"A Propulsion Neuroprosthesis Improves Overground Walking in Community-Dwelling Individuals After Stroke","authors":"Dabin K. Choe;Ashlyn J. Aiello;Johanna E. Spangler;Conor J. Walsh;Louis N. Awad","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3416028","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3416028","url":null,"abstract":"Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a common neuromotor intervention whereby electrically evoked dorsiflexor muscle contractions assist foot clearance during walking. Plantarflexor neurostimulation has recently emerged to assist and retrain gait propulsion; however, safe and effective coordination of dorsiflexor and plantarflexor neurostimulation during overground walking has been elusive, restricting propulsion neuroprostheses to harnessed treadmill walking. We present an overground propulsion neuroprosthesis that adaptively coordinates, on a step-by-step basis, neurostimulation to the dorsiflexors and plantarflexors. In 10 individuals post-stroke, we evaluate the immediate effects of plantarflexor neurostimulation delivered with different onset timings, and retention to unassisted walking (NCT06459401). Preferred onset timing differed across individuals. Individualized tuning resulted in a significant 10% increase in paretic propulsion peak (Δ: 1.41 ± 1.52%BW) and an 8% increase in paretic plantarflexor power (Δ: 0.27 ± 0.23 W/kg), compared to unassisted walking. Post-session unassisted walking speed, paretic propulsion peak, and propulsion symmetry all significantly improved by 9% (0.14 ± 0.09 m/s), 28% (2.24 ± 3.00%BW), and 12% (4.5 ± 6.0%), respectively, compared to pre-session measurements. Here we show that an overground propulsion neuroprosthesis can improve overground walking speed and propulsion symmetry in the chronic phase of stroke recovery. Future studies should include a control group to examine the efficacy of gait training augmented by the propulsion neuroprosthesis compared to gait training alone.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"563-572"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586842","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141550030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420231
Chang-Hoon Choi;Maximilian Bruch;Suk-Min Hong;Sandra Krause;Carina Stegmayr;Stefan Schwan;Wieland A. Worthoff;Jörg Felder;N. Jon Shah
Goal: This study presents a novel MRI coil design approach explicitly tailored for chick embryo measurements, with the primary objective of improving sensitivity and coverage. Methods: The limitations posed by conventional birdcage coils were addressed by introducing a curvature feature into a standard coil. The performance of the modified coil was assessed using EM simulations and experimental evaluations, which were subsequently validated using a 7 T MRI scanner. A comparative analysis was conducted against a standard quadrature low-pass birdcage coil to evaluate key factors. Results: The proposed coil demonstrated improved SNR and uniformity, particularly in the proximity of the end-rings. These results were consistent with the findings obtained from the simulations. Conclusions: The use of our innovative birdcage coil design holds promise and offers practical potential for in ovo studies.
目标：本研究提出了一种明确针对小鸡胚胎测量的新型磁共振成像线圈设计方法，其主要目标是提高灵敏度和覆盖范围。方法：通过在标准线圈中引入曲率特征，解决了传统鸟笼线圈的局限性。利用电磁模拟和实验评估对改进线圈的性能进行了评估，随后利用 7 T 磁共振成像扫描仪对其进行了验证。与标准正交低通鸟笼线圈进行了对比分析，以评估关键因素。结果：拟议的线圈提高了信噪比和均匀性，尤其是在靠近端环的区域。这些结果与模拟结果一致。结论使用我们创新的鸟笼线圈设计前景广阔，为胎儿研究提供了实用潜力。
{"title":"A Modified Quadrature Birdcage Coil Incorporated With a Curved Feature for In Ovo MR Imaging","authors":"Chang-Hoon Choi;Maximilian Bruch;Suk-Min Hong;Sandra Krause;Carina Stegmayr;Stefan Schwan;Wieland A. Worthoff;Jörg Felder;N. Jon Shah","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420231","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420231","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goal:</i>\u0000 This study presents a novel MRI coil design approach explicitly tailored for chick embryo measurements, with the primary objective of improving sensitivity and coverage. \u0000<italic>Methods:</i>\u0000 The limitations posed by conventional birdcage coils were addressed by introducing a curvature feature into a standard coil. The performance of the modified coil was assessed using EM simulations and experimental evaluations, which were subsequently validated using a 7 T MRI scanner. A comparative analysis was conducted against a standard quadrature low-pass birdcage coil to evaluate key factors. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 The proposed coil demonstrated improved SNR and uniformity, particularly in the proximity of the end-rings. These results were consistent with the findings obtained from the simulations. \u0000<italic>Conclusions:</i>\u0000 The use of our innovative birdcage coil design holds promise and offers practical potential for \u0000<italic>in ovo</i>\u0000 studies.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"534-541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10577130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420247
Xiaoli Wu;Yu Suen Chan;Bingjie Xiang;Wenhui Zhang;Kwai-Man Luk;Shuk Han Cheng;Yuk Fai Leung;Rosa H. M. Chan
Objective: In our wireless-centric world, evaluating the health effects of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) is crucial. An existing research gap pertains to the replication of real-world specific absorption rates (SAR) for RF-EMR, especially within aquatic environments. We aimed to bridge this gap using an innovative TEM cell platform to replicate realistic SAR conditions in water and assess RF-EMR's impact on neuroanatomical and behavioral changes. Results: We examined RF-EMR effects on zebrafish embryos exposed to RF-EMR during the 4-58 hours post-fertilization phase. Temporary neuroanatomical enlargements and minor behavioral shifts were observed, diminishing by day 8 post-fertilization. Conclusion: Short-term RF-EMR exposure at tested levels did not yield significant long-term effects. Nevertheless, investigating prolonged exposure remains imperative. Our study serves as a pioneering model for future investigations into the biological consequences of RF-EMR exposure, highlighting the importance of assessing its health implications in our wireless-centric world
目的：在我们这个以无线为中心的世界里，评估射频电磁辐射（RF-EMR）对健康的影响至关重要。目前的一个研究空白是复制现实世界中射频电磁辐射的比吸收率（SAR），尤其是在水生环境中。我们的目标是利用创新的 TEM 细胞平台，在水中复制真实的 SAR 条件，评估射频电磁辐射对神经解剖学和行为变化的影响，从而弥补这一空白。结果我们研究了射频-电磁场对受精后 4-58 小时阶段暴露于射频-电磁场的斑马鱼胚胎的影响。我们观察到了暂时性的神经解剖结构增大和轻微的行为变化，这些变化在受精后第 8 天逐渐减弱。结论在测试水平下的短期射频-电磁辐射暴露不会产生显著的长期影响。尽管如此，研究长期暴露仍是当务之急。我们的研究为今后研究射频-电磁辐射暴露的生物学后果提供了一个先驱模型，突出了在以无线为中心的世界中评估其健康影响的重要性。
{"title":"Scalable Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Phenotyping of Radio Frequency Radiation on Young Zebrafish","authors":"Xiaoli Wu;Yu Suen Chan;Bingjie Xiang;Wenhui Zhang;Kwai-Man Luk;Shuk Han Cheng;Yuk Fai Leung;Rosa H. M. Chan","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420247","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420247","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Objective:</i>\u0000 In our wireless-centric world, evaluating the health effects of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) is crucial. An existing research gap pertains to the replication of real-world specific absorption rates (SAR) for RF-EMR, especially within aquatic environments. We aimed to bridge this gap using an innovative TEM cell platform to replicate realistic SAR conditions in water and assess RF-EMR's impact on neuroanatomical and behavioral changes. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 We examined RF-EMR effects on zebrafish embryos exposed to RF-EMR during the 4-58 hours post-fertilization phase. Temporary neuroanatomical enlargements and minor behavioral shifts were observed, diminishing by day 8 post-fertilization. \u0000<italic>Conclusion:</i>\u0000 Short-term RF-EMR exposure at tested levels did not yield significant long-term effects. Nevertheless, investigating prolonged exposure remains imperative. Our study serves as a pioneering model for future investigations into the biological consequences of RF-EMR exposure, highlighting the importance of assessing its health implications in our wireless-centric world","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"6 ","pages":"89-99"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10577592","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141526715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420747
Foteini Savvidou;Sotiris A. Tegos;Panagiotis D. Diamantoulakis;George K. Karagiannidis
Continuous and unobtrusive monitoring of daily human activities in homes can potentially improve the quality of life and prolong independent living for the elderly and people with chronic diseases by recognizing normal daily activities and detecting gradual changes in their conditions. However, existing human activity recognition (HAR) solutions employ wearable and video-based sensors, which either require dedicated devices to be carried by the user or raise privacy concerns. Radar sensors enable non-intrusive long-term monitoring, while they can exploit existing communication systems, e.g., Wi-Fi, as illuminators of opportunity. This survey provides an overview of passive radar system architectures, signal processing techniques, feature extraction, and machine learning's role in HAR applications. Moreover, it points out challenges in wireless human activity sensing research like robustness, privacy, and multiple user activity sensing and suggests possible future directions, including the coexistence of sensing and communications and the construction of open datasets.
通过识别正常的日常活动并检测其状况的逐渐变化，对家庭中的日常人类活动进行持续、不显眼的监测，有可能提高老年人和慢性病患者的生活质量并延长其独立生活的时间。然而，现有的人类活动识别（HAR）解决方案采用的是可穿戴式和基于视频的传感器，这些传感器要么需要用户携带专用设备，要么会引发隐私问题。雷达传感器可以实现非侵入式的长期监测，同时还可以利用现有的通信系统（如 Wi-Fi ）作为机会照明器。本研究概述了无源雷达系统架构、信号处理技术、特征提取以及机器学习在 HAR 应用中的作用。此外，它还指出了无线人类活动传感研究面临的挑战，如鲁棒性、隐私和多用户活动传感，并提出了未来可能的发展方向，包括传感与通信的共存以及开放数据集的构建。
{"title":"Passive Radar Sensing for Human Activity Recognition: A Survey","authors":"Foteini Savvidou;Sotiris A. Tegos;Panagiotis D. Diamantoulakis;George K. Karagiannidis","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420747","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420747","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous and unobtrusive monitoring of daily human activities in homes can potentially improve the quality of life and prolong independent living for the elderly and people with chronic diseases by recognizing normal daily activities and detecting gradual changes in their conditions. However, existing human activity recognition (HAR) solutions employ wearable and video-based sensors, which either require dedicated devices to be carried by the user or raise privacy concerns. Radar sensors enable non-intrusive long-term monitoring, while they can exploit existing communication systems, e.g., Wi-Fi, as illuminators of opportunity. This survey provides an overview of passive radar system architectures, signal processing techniques, feature extraction, and machine learning's role in HAR applications. Moreover, it points out challenges in wireless human activity sensing research like robustness, privacy, and multiple user activity sensing and suggests possible future directions, including the coexistence of sensing and communications and the construction of open datasets.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"700-706"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10577229","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420241
Nils C. Albrecht;Dominik Langer;Daniel Krauss;Robert Richer;Luca Abel;Bjoern M. Eskofier;Nicolas Rohleder;Alexander Koelpin
In biomedical monitoring, non-intrusive and continuous tracking of vital signs is a crucial yet challenging objective. Although accurate, traditional methods, such as electrocardiography (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG), necessitate direct contact with the patient, posing limitations for long-term and unobtrusive monitoring. To address this challenge, we introduce the EmRad system, an innovative solution harnessing the capabilities of continuous-wave (CW) radar technology for the contactless detection of vital signs, including heart rate and respiratory rate. EmRad discerns itself by emphasizing miniaturization, performance, scalability, and its ability to generate large-scale datasets in various environments. This article explains the system's design, focusing on signal processing strategies and motion artifact reduction to ensure precise vital sign extraction. The EmRad system's versatility is showcased through various case studies, highlighting its potential to transform vital sign monitoring in research and clinical contexts.
{"title":"EmRad: Ubiquitous Vital Sign Sensing Using Compact Continuous-Wave Radars","authors":"Nils C. Albrecht;Dominik Langer;Daniel Krauss;Robert Richer;Luca Abel;Bjoern M. Eskofier;Nicolas Rohleder;Alexander Koelpin","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420241","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3420241","url":null,"abstract":"In biomedical monitoring, non-intrusive and continuous tracking of vital signs is a crucial yet challenging objective. Although accurate, traditional methods, such as electrocardiography (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG), necessitate direct contact with the patient, posing limitations for long-term and unobtrusive monitoring. To address this challenge, we introduce the EmRad system, an innovative solution harnessing the capabilities of continuous-wave (CW) radar technology for the contactless detection of vital signs, including heart rate and respiratory rate. EmRad discerns itself by emphasizing miniaturization, performance, scalability, and its ability to generate large-scale datasets in various environments. This article explains the system's design, focusing on signal processing strategies and motion artifact reduction to ensure precise vital sign extraction. The EmRad system's versatility is showcased through various case studies, highlighting its potential to transform vital sign monitoring in research and clinical contexts.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"725-734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10577086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3417376
Ian Anderson;Christopher Cosma;Yingzhe Zhang;Vigyanshu Mishra;Asimina Kiourti
Goals: We have recently introduced a new class of wearable loop sensors for joint flexion monitoring that overcomes limitations in the state-of-the-art. Our previous studies reported a proof-of-concept on a cylindrical phantom limb, under static scenarios and with a rigid sensor. In this work, we evaluate our sensors, for the first time, on human subjects, under dynamic scenarios, using a flexible textile-based prototype tethered to a network analyzer. An untethered version is also presented and validated on phantoms, aiming towards a fully wearable design. Methods: Three dynamic activities (walking, brisk walking, and full flexion/extension, all performed in place) are used to validate the tethered sensor on ten (10) adults. The untethered sensor is validated upon a cylindrical phantom that is bent manually at random speed. A calibration mechanism is developed to derive the sensor-measured angles. These angles are then compared to gold-standard angles simultaneously captured by a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) depth camera using root mean square error (RMSE) and Pearson's correlation coefficient as metrics. Results: We find excellent correlation (≥ 0.981) to gold-standard angles. The sensor achieves an RMSE of 4.463° ± 1.266° for walking, 5.541° ± 2.082° for brisk walking, 3.657° ± 1.815° for full flexion/extension activities, and 0.670° ± 0.366° for the phantom bending test. Conclusion: The tethered sensor achieves similar to slightly higher RMSE as compared to other wearable flexion sensors on human subjects, while the untethered version achieves excellent RMSE on the phantom model. Concurrently, our sensors are reliable over time and injury-safe, and do not obstruct natural movement. Our results set the ground for future improvements in angular resolution and for realizing fully wearable designs, while maintaining the abovementioned advantages over the state-of-the-art.
{"title":"Wearable Loop Sensors for Knee Flexion Monitoring: Dynamic Measurements on Human Subjects","authors":"Ian Anderson;Christopher Cosma;Yingzhe Zhang;Vigyanshu Mishra;Asimina Kiourti","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3417376","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3417376","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goals:</i>\u0000 We have recently introduced a new class of wearable loop sensors for joint flexion monitoring that overcomes limitations in the state-of-the-art. Our previous studies reported a proof-of-concept on a cylindrical phantom limb, under static scenarios and with a rigid sensor. In this work, we evaluate our sensors, for the first time, on human subjects, under dynamic scenarios, using a flexible textile-based prototype tethered to a network analyzer. An untethered version is also presented and validated on phantoms, aiming towards a fully wearable design. \u0000<italic>Methods:</i>\u0000 Three dynamic activities (walking, brisk walking, and full flexion/extension, all performed in place) are used to validate the tethered sensor on ten (10) adults. The untethered sensor is validated upon a cylindrical phantom that is bent manually at random speed. A calibration mechanism is developed to derive the sensor-measured angles. These angles are then compared to gold-standard angles simultaneously captured by a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) depth camera using root mean square error (RMSE) and Pearson's correlation coefficient as metrics. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 We find excellent correlation (≥ 0.981) to gold-standard angles. The sensor achieves an RMSE of 4.463° ± 1.266° for walking, 5.541° ± 2.082° for brisk walking, 3.657° ± 1.815° for full flexion/extension activities, and 0.670° ± 0.366° for the phantom bending test. \u0000<italic>Conclusion:</i>\u0000 The tethered sensor achieves similar to slightly higher RMSE as compared to other wearable flexion sensors on human subjects, while the untethered version achieves excellent RMSE on the phantom model. Concurrently, our sensors are reliable over time and injury-safe, and do not obstruct natural movement. Our results set the ground for future improvements in angular resolution and for realizing fully wearable designs, while maintaining the abovementioned advantages over the state-of-the-art.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"542-550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10568308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3414974
Scott Schoen Jr;Alexis Prasov;Ion Candel;Saaid Arshad;Mark Ottensmeyer;Theodore T. Pierce;Laura J. Brattain;Brian A. Telfer;Anthony E. Samir
Assessment of trauma-induced hemorrhage with ultrasound is particularly challenging outside of the clinic, where its detection is crucial. The current clinical standard for hematoma detection – the focused assessment with sonography of trauma (FAST) exam – does not aim to detect ongoing blood loss, and thus is unable to detect injuries of increasing severity. To enhance detection of active bleeding, we propose the use of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs), together with a novel flow phantom and contrast-sensitive processing techniques, to facilitate efficient, practical characterization of internal bleeding. Within a the custom phantom, UCAs and processing techniques enabled a significant enhancement of the hemorrhage visualization (mean increase in generalized contrast-to-noise ratio of 17%) compared to the contrast-free case over a range of flow rates up to 40 ml/min. Moreover, we have shown that the use of UCAs improves the probability of detection: the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for a flow rate of 40 ml/min was 0.99, compared to 0.72 without contrast. We also demonstrate how additional processing of the spatial and temporal information further localizes the bleeding site. UCAs also enhanced Doppler signals over the non-contrast case. These results show that specialized nonlinear processing (NLP) pipelines together with UCAs may offer an efficient means to improve substantially the detection of slower hemorrhages and increase survival rates for trauma-induced injury in pre-hospital settings.
用超声波评估创伤引起的出血在临床外尤其具有挑战性，因为在临床外，检测出血至关重要。目前血肿检测的临床标准--创伤超声聚焦评估（FAST）检查--并不以检测正在进行的失血为目的，因此无法检测严重程度不断增加的损伤。为了加强对活动性出血的检测，我们建议使用超声造影剂（UCA）、新型流动模型和造影剂敏感处理技术，以促进高效、实用的内出血特征描述。在定制的模型中，与无对比剂的情况相比，UCAs 和处理技术能在高达 40 毫升/分钟的流速范围内显著增强出血的可视性（广义对比度-噪声比平均增加 17%）。此外，我们还证明了 UCA 的使用提高了检测概率：流速为 40 毫升/分钟时的接收者操作特征曲线下面积为 0.99，而无对比剂时为 0.72。我们还展示了对空间和时间信息的额外处理如何进一步定位出血部位。与无对比度的情况相比，UCA 还增强了多普勒信号。这些结果表明，专门的非线性处理（NLP）管道与 UCA 相结合，可以提供一种有效的方法，大幅提高对较缓慢出血的检测，并提高院前环境中创伤所致损伤的存活率。
{"title":"Microbubble Contrast Agents Improve Detection of Active Hemorrhage","authors":"Scott Schoen Jr;Alexis Prasov;Ion Candel;Saaid Arshad;Mark Ottensmeyer;Theodore T. Pierce;Laura J. Brattain;Brian A. Telfer;Anthony E. Samir","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3414974","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3414974","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of trauma-induced hemorrhage with ultrasound is particularly challenging outside of the clinic, where its detection is crucial. The current clinical standard for hematoma detection – the focused assessment with sonography of trauma (FAST) exam – does not aim to detect ongoing blood loss, and thus is unable to detect injuries of increasing severity. To enhance detection of active bleeding, we propose the use of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs), together with a novel flow phantom and contrast-sensitive processing techniques, to facilitate efficient, practical characterization of internal bleeding. Within a the custom phantom, UCAs and processing techniques enabled a significant enhancement of the hemorrhage visualization (mean increase in generalized contrast-to-noise ratio of 17%) compared to the contrast-free case over a range of flow rates up to 40 ml/min. Moreover, we have shown that the use of UCAs improves the probability of detection: the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for a flow rate of 40 ml/min was 0.99, compared to 0.72 without contrast. We also demonstrate how additional processing of the spatial and temporal information further localizes the bleeding site. UCAs also enhanced Doppler signals over the non-contrast case. These results show that specialized nonlinear processing (NLP) pipelines together with UCAs may offer an efficient means to improve substantially the detection of slower hemorrhages and increase survival rates for trauma-induced injury in pre-hospital settings.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"877-884"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10561886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Goal: To develop and validatea novel neonatal non-invasive respiratory support device prototype designed to operate in low-resource settings. Methods: The device integrates a blower-based ventilator and a portable oxygen concentrator. A novel control algorithm was designed to achieve the desired fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) while minimizing power consumption. The accuracy of the delivered FiO 2 and the device power consumption were evaluated in vitro, and a formative usability test was conducted in a rural hospital in Uganda. Results: The agreement between the set and delivered FiO2 was high (limit of agreement:−5.6 ÷ 3.8%). For FiO2 below 60%, the control algorithm reduced the power drain by 50%. The device was also appreciated by intended users. Conclusion: The prototype proved effective in delivering oxygen-enriched continuous positive airway pressure in the absence of compressed air and oxygen, holding promise for a sustainable and effective implementation of neonatal respiratory support in low-resource settings.
{"title":"A Novel CPAP Device With an Integrated Oxygen Concentrator for Low Resource Countries: In Vitro Validation and Usability Test in Field","authors":"Poletto Sofia;Zannin Emanuela;Ghilotti Emanuele;Putoto Giovanni;Ichto Jerry;Lochoro Peter;Obizu Moses;Okori Samuel;Corno Matteo;Dellacà Raffaele","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3413574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3413574","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goal:</i>\u0000 To develop and validatea novel neonatal non-invasive respiratory support device prototype designed to operate in low-resource settings. \u0000<italic>Methods:</i>\u0000 The device integrates a blower-based ventilator and a portable oxygen concentrator. A novel control algorithm was designed to achieve the desired fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO\u0000<sub>2</sub>\u0000) while minimizing power consumption. The accuracy of the delivered FiO\u0000<sub>2</sub>\u0000 and the device power consumption were evaluated in vitro, and a formative usability test was conducted in a rural hospital in Uganda. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 The agreement between the set and delivered FiO2 was high (limit of agreement:−5.6 ÷ 3.8%). For FiO2 below 60%, the control algorithm reduced the power drain by 50%. The device was also appreciated by intended users. \u0000<italic>Conclusion:</i>\u0000 The prototype proved effective in delivering oxygen-enriched continuous positive airway pressure in the absence of compressed air and oxygen, holding promise for a sustainable and effective implementation of neonatal respiratory support in low-resource settings.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"498-504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10555147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141435290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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