Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718251
W. Kern
Consulting has a certain appeal, and most technical professionals are tempted by it at some time. But consulting makes special demands on temperament, skills, and experience. To determine whether consulting is for you, you must first understand a little about the various activities called by that name. Then you must carefully examine your emotional needs and life situation as well as the skills and experience you can bring to the marketplace. Then you must realistically compare them to the demands and rewards of the particular variety of consulting you wish to consider.
{"title":"How To Know If Consulting Is Right For You","authors":"W. Kern","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718251","url":null,"abstract":"Consulting has a certain appeal, and most technical professionals are tempted by it at some time. But consulting makes special demands on temperament, skills, and experience. To determine whether consulting is for you, you must first understand a little about the various activities called by that name. Then you must carefully examine your emotional needs and life situation as well as the skills and experience you can bring to the marketplace. Then you must realistically compare them to the demands and rewards of the particular variety of consulting you wish to consider.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128609535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718279
A. Noetzel
We describe a multilayered a neural network structure for continuous speech recognition, based on the isolation and identification of syllables. The first layer is a neural network, trained by unsupervised learning, that detects syllable boundaries and provides a representation of the phonetic content of each syllable. The next layer provides a phonernic representation of the syllable. Each cell of the third layer represents a particular syllable. Multiple cell activations at this layer represent the syllables of an utterance: a phrase or a multisyllabic word. The temporal-discriminant cell, whose activation depends on the sequence of activations at its inputs, is used to disambiguate the pattern in the syllable-cell layer. Each cell of the the fourth layer represents a particular word or phrase. Because a syllable cannot be precisely defined in phonetic terms, and because of the variations of articulation and the boundary effects of adjoining words, different syllables will be identified in different utterances of a word. The neural network structure presented here has a procedure for incorporating alternate representations of words, based on the variations of syllabification that occur in connected speech. The procedure is activated by the misrecognition of a particular word or phrase during supervised learning. A broad class of alternate syllabifications, including the migration of a consonant from syllable-final to syllable-initial position (of the following syllable), are encompassed by a single training step. The learning procedure is demonstrated through simple examples.
{"title":"Robust Syllable Segmentation Of Continuous Speech Using Neural Networks","authors":"A. Noetzel","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718279","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a multilayered a neural network structure for continuous speech recognition, based on the isolation and identification of syllables. The first layer is a neural network, trained by unsupervised learning, that detects syllable boundaries and provides a representation of the phonetic content of each syllable. The next layer provides a phonernic representation of the syllable. Each cell of the third layer represents a particular syllable. Multiple cell activations at this layer represent the syllables of an utterance: a phrase or a multisyllabic word. The temporal-discriminant cell, whose activation depends on the sequence of activations at its inputs, is used to disambiguate the pattern in the syllable-cell layer. Each cell of the the fourth layer represents a particular word or phrase. Because a syllable cannot be precisely defined in phonetic terms, and because of the variations of articulation and the boundary effects of adjoining words, different syllables will be identified in different utterances of a word. The neural network structure presented here has a procedure for incorporating alternate representations of words, based on the variations of syllabification that occur in connected speech. The procedure is activated by the misrecognition of a particular word or phrase during supervised learning. A broad class of alternate syllabifications, including the migration of a consonant from syllable-final to syllable-initial position (of the following syllable), are encompassed by a single training step. The learning procedure is demonstrated through simple examples.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115636006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718200
G. Bergland
An experimental switching system has been built for interconnecting autonomous electronic time-division multiplexing modules through a photonic time-multiplexed switching network. The system is called DiSCO, for Distributed Switching with Centralized Optics. DiSCO switches inter-module voice calls and inter and intra-module video calls over time multiplexed network paths through its photonic center-stage. These photonic network paths are transparent to data and are thus independent of transmitter and receiver bit rate. They are called Universal Time-Slots. The photonic center-stage application, its dilated Benes network architecture, and DiSCO's Time-Space-Time system architecture are well matched with today's lithium niobate guided-wave directional coupler technology.
{"title":"Photonic Switching And Universal Time Slots","authors":"G. Bergland","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718200","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental switching system has been built for interconnecting autonomous electronic time-division multiplexing modules through a photonic time-multiplexed switching network. The system is called DiSCO, for Distributed Switching with Centralized Optics. DiSCO switches inter-module voice calls and inter and intra-module video calls over time multiplexed network paths through its photonic center-stage. These photonic network paths are transparent to data and are thus independent of transmitter and receiver bit rate. They are called Universal Time-Slots. The photonic center-stage application, its dilated Benes network architecture, and DiSCO's Time-Space-Time system architecture are well matched with today's lithium niobate guided-wave directional coupler technology.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115646662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718276
R. Hong
This is a broad examination of the state-of-the-art of artificial neural networks (ANN) and with applications of neurocontrol to Mars Robots. The emphasis is on the minimization of the number of iterations required to achieve convergence and the more biologically motivated paradigms. The three major perspectives covered are the development of neural network implementations of any variety or technology, the development of new neural network theory and paradigms and the development of practical, marketable applications of neural networks and their influence in the marketplace, Even the impact of technical advances in neuroscience, implementation with high Tc superconductivity, a hybrid approach with artificial intelligence, is covered. Besides benefits in its applications to space robots, artificial neural networks hold considerable promise of solving some of the challenging problems for the National Aerospace Plane.
{"title":"State-of-the-Art Of Artificial Neural Networks And Applications To Mars Robots","authors":"R. Hong","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718276","url":null,"abstract":"This is a broad examination of the state-of-the-art of artificial neural networks (ANN) and with applications of neurocontrol to Mars Robots. The emphasis is on the minimization of the number of iterations required to achieve convergence and the more biologically motivated paradigms. The three major perspectives covered are the development of neural network implementations of any variety or technology, the development of new neural network theory and paradigms and the development of practical, marketable applications of neural networks and their influence in the marketplace, Even the impact of technical advances in neuroscience, implementation with high Tc superconductivity, a hybrid approach with artificial intelligence, is covered. Besides benefits in its applications to space robots, artificial neural networks hold considerable promise of solving some of the challenging problems for the National Aerospace Plane.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114438676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718179
G. Olsen
The structure and device properties of long wavelength lightwave devices - including, indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) pin photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes (APDs) - are described. Quantum efficiencies above 85% at 1.54 um, dark current densities near 1 uA/cm/sup 2/ (-5V, 300K) and 3 mm diameter shunt resistancies (10 mV, 300K) above 10 megohms have been observed. Avalanche gains above 20 have been measured with multiplied primary dark currents below 7 nA. Extended wavelength In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As (.53 < x < .80) pin detectors are also described with 70% quantum efficiency and room temperature RoA products above 2000 ohm -cm/sup 2/ at 1.8 um, 900 ohm -cm/sup 2/ at 2.1 um and 15 ohm -cm/sup 2/ at 2.6 um.
{"title":"Review Of Recent Developments In Lightwave Devices","authors":"G. Olsen","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718179","url":null,"abstract":"The structure and device properties of long wavelength lightwave devices - including, indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) pin photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes (APDs) - are described. Quantum efficiencies above 85% at 1.54 um, dark current densities near 1 uA/cm/sup 2/ (-5V, 300K) and 3 mm diameter shunt resistancies (10 mV, 300K) above 10 megohms have been observed. Avalanche gains above 20 have been measured with multiplied primary dark currents below 7 nA. Extended wavelength In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As (.53 < x < .80) pin detectors are also described with 70% quantum efficiency and room temperature RoA products above 2000 ohm -cm/sup 2/ at 1.8 um, 900 ohm -cm/sup 2/ at 2.1 um and 15 ohm -cm/sup 2/ at 2.6 um.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116811173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718237
H. Goldberg
{"title":"A New Concept In Engineering Education The Gordon Institute Experience","authors":"H. Goldberg","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718237","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115074502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718240
H. Roman
{"title":"The Value Of Human Capital . . . Or What The Information Age Really Means","authors":"H. Roman","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718240","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"205 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123019841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718208
B. Leblanc
{"title":"PC Memory Cards As An Alternative To Hard And Floppy Disks","authors":"B. Leblanc","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718208","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"24 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123479609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718176
R. Mezrich
{"title":"Advances In Magnetic Resonance Imaging","authors":"R. Mezrich","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718176","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124717749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718259
M. Manzoul, D. Jayabharathi
For fast fuzzy inference processes in fuzzy control systems, a systolic VLSI array has been reported. Due to their complexity, VLSI circuits including systolic array sometimes fail, and the result is an erroneous output. In this paper, fault detection capability is added to the systolic array that performs fast fuzzy inference processes. The design described is based on the duplication with complementary logic technique. Minimal additional hardware is needed for each processing element, Fuzzy Inference Step Processor (FISP), in the systolic array.
{"title":"On The Design Of Fault Tolerant Systolic Array For Fuzzy Logic","authors":"M. Manzoul, D. Jayabharathi","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718259","url":null,"abstract":"For fast fuzzy inference processes in fuzzy control systems, a systolic VLSI array has been reported. Due to their complexity, VLSI circuits including systolic array sometimes fail, and the result is an erroneous output. In this paper, fault detection capability is added to the systolic array that performs fast fuzzy inference processes. The design described is based on the duplication with complementary logic technique. Minimal additional hardware is needed for each processing element, Fuzzy Inference Step Processor (FISP), in the systolic array.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123350573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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