Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718180
P. Stabile, A. Rosen, D. Gilbert, F. Zutavern, G. Loubriel
High power, high speed, optically activated switches incorporating only semiconductor devices are small, efficient, and reasonable in cost. They consist of a 2D laser diode array activating a semiconductor switch with an integrated optical port. Several types of semiconductor switch devices are useful. Si PIN diodes with long carrier lifetime provide the means for cw switching kilo-watts of rf power with pulsed laser diode arrays which require only a few watts of average power. DC biased, Si PIN diodes are also useful in controlling up to a mega-watt of power into a load for short ns bursts. Pulsed biased GaAs devices, utilizing the phenomenon of lock-on, are used for controlling up to mega-watts of power into a load for short ns bursts. An overview of these types of switches will be described.
{"title":"High Power, High Speed Si And GaAs Optical Switching Devices Utilizing Semiconductor Lasers As An Optical Source","authors":"P. Stabile, A. Rosen, D. Gilbert, F. Zutavern, G. Loubriel","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718180","url":null,"abstract":"High power, high speed, optically activated switches incorporating only semiconductor devices are small, efficient, and reasonable in cost. They consist of a 2D laser diode array activating a semiconductor switch with an integrated optical port. Several types of semiconductor switch devices are useful. Si PIN diodes with long carrier lifetime provide the means for cw switching kilo-watts of rf power with pulsed laser diode arrays which require only a few watts of average power. DC biased, Si PIN diodes are also useful in controlling up to a mega-watt of power into a load for short ns bursts. Pulsed biased GaAs devices, utilizing the phenomenon of lock-on, are used for controlling up to mega-watts of power into a load for short ns bursts. An overview of these types of switches will be described.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126608267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718280
S.L. Wang, P.Y. Li
This paper describes two applications of Neural Network for medicine. The first case attempts to utilize a self-training back propagation net, which is supervised by a zero-crossing edge operator, for edge detection on ophthalmoscopic image. The experimental results show that the network performs as closely as its training operator but with considerable saving in computation if the whole image is processed by the zero-crossing operator. The second case describes a decision support system for stroke diagnosis. This system attempts to emulate the reasoning of human stroke experts using the relationships between anatomical damage and the patient's signs and symptoms. The test data for this study is derived from the Michael Reese Hospital (MRH) Stroke Database which contains information about 566 cases of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA).
{"title":"Neural Networks For Medicine: Two Cases","authors":"S.L. Wang, P.Y. Li","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718280","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes two applications of Neural Network for medicine. The first case attempts to utilize a self-training back propagation net, which is supervised by a zero-crossing edge operator, for edge detection on ophthalmoscopic image. The experimental results show that the network performs as closely as its training operator but with considerable saving in computation if the whole image is processed by the zero-crossing operator. The second case describes a decision support system for stroke diagnosis. This system attempts to emulate the reasoning of human stroke experts using the relationships between anatomical damage and the patient's signs and symptoms. The test data for this study is derived from the Michael Reese Hospital (MRH) Stroke Database which contains information about 566 cases of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA).","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127086302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718249
A. Connelly
Consulting services must be marketed and sold just like any other product. Not all products are marketed in the same way. Cars are not marketed the same way as industrial machinery. Even so consulting services are marketed in their own unique way. This paper discusses market structure and marketing techniques.
{"title":"Marketing And Consulting Services","authors":"A. Connelly","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718249","url":null,"abstract":"Consulting services must be marketed and sold just like any other product. Not all products are marketed in the same way. Cars are not marketed the same way as industrial machinery. Even so consulting services are marketed in their own unique way. This paper discusses market structure and marketing techniques.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121295599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718247
T. Atwood
The complex processes involved in electronic product design require the use of cornputer-based tools to manage the various steps in the design process. Creating and revising an electronic design generates a large amount of interrelated machine-readable data. Today the tools at each point in the process generate their own independent views of the data--or "objects"--defined in each design phase. A great deal of work remains to be done to integrate these processes, and eventually eliminate the need for designers to rely on costly and time-consuming translation steps to move their work from one tool to the next. Making the transition from working with a series of point tools designed for individual engineers to concurrent sharing of all design data by a team of engineers will bring enormous benefits in productivity to the design process. This is why the concept of establishing a "framework for concurrent engineering" is taking the electronic design automation industry by storm. In other disciplines, the solution to the problem of sharing and distributing large interrelated databases has been commercially available database management systems (DBMSs). If the data type to be stored and managed fit well within the relational database model--for example, spreadsheets or other record-oriented data--then the commercial RDBMSs offer an answer. But in the case of electronic design-oriented applications, no DBMS technology existed that could meet the demands for both group sharing of data and interactive performance levels matching standalone applications. But today, the second generation of object-oriented database management systems (ODBMSs) indeed represent the enabling technology for an evolution to concurrent engineering in the electronic design industry.
{"title":"Object-Oriented Databases: A New Enabling Technology For Electronic Design Applications","authors":"T. Atwood","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718247","url":null,"abstract":"The complex processes involved in electronic product design require the use of cornputer-based tools to manage the various steps in the design process. Creating and revising an electronic design generates a large amount of interrelated machine-readable data. Today the tools at each point in the process generate their own independent views of the data--or \"objects\"--defined in each design phase. A great deal of work remains to be done to integrate these processes, and eventually eliminate the need for designers to rely on costly and time-consuming translation steps to move their work from one tool to the next. Making the transition from working with a series of point tools designed for individual engineers to concurrent sharing of all design data by a team of engineers will bring enormous benefits in productivity to the design process. This is why the concept of establishing a \"framework for concurrent engineering\" is taking the electronic design automation industry by storm. In other disciplines, the solution to the problem of sharing and distributing large interrelated databases has been commercially available database management systems (DBMSs). If the data type to be stored and managed fit well within the relational database model--for example, spreadsheets or other record-oriented data--then the commercial RDBMSs offer an answer. But in the case of electronic design-oriented applications, no DBMS technology existed that could meet the demands for both group sharing of data and interactive performance levels matching standalone applications. But today, the second generation of object-oriented database management systems (ODBMSs) indeed represent the enabling technology for an evolution to concurrent engineering in the electronic design industry.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126992401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718253
P. C. Jackson
Over the past several decades, testing associated with the military has had a distinctly different flavor than that of the commercial sector. At present some rather dramatic changes are occurring in the military sector. Ensuing sections will discuss existing differences and attempt to predict whether any of the current changes in the military test philosophy will have an impact on the commercial sector.
{"title":"Differences Between Commercial and Military Testing","authors":"P. C. Jackson","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718253","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past several decades, testing associated with the military has had a distinctly different flavor than that of the commercial sector. At present some rather dramatic changes are occurring in the military sector. Ensuing sections will discuss existing differences and attempt to predict whether any of the current changes in the military test philosophy will have an impact on the commercial sector.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114674759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718283
R. Gran
Consider the prospect of traveling between Washington D.C. and Now York City at 300 miles per hour with no weather and traffic related congesting delays. Add to this the possibility that the trip would start close to your home town and take you directly to the heart of Washington. If this isn't enough, you never leave the ground, you don't stop - except at the Washington terminus, and the vehicle you ride in is quiet, efficient, comfortable, and doesn't pollute the air along the right-of-way. Does this sound like science fiction -- well it isn't. Maglev, or magnetically levitated vehicles can do all of this and more, and they are definitely not science fiction! This paper will discuss the reasons that the United States should embark on a program to develop a Maglev concept, and describe the status of the legislative and executive initiatives that are pending to help in the development of an American Maglev. The benefits that will be discussed include reducing air traffic delays, increasing the fuel efficiency for travel that is in the 300 mile range, relieving some of the highway congestion that we are confronted with, and the development of a technology that will be the transportation system of the twenty first century.
{"title":"The Status Of The American Maglev Initiative","authors":"R. Gran","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718283","url":null,"abstract":"Consider the prospect of traveling between Washington D.C. and Now York City at 300 miles per hour with no weather and traffic related congesting delays. Add to this the possibility that the trip would start close to your home town and take you directly to the heart of Washington. If this isn't enough, you never leave the ground, you don't stop - except at the Washington terminus, and the vehicle you ride in is quiet, efficient, comfortable, and doesn't pollute the air along the right-of-way. Does this sound like science fiction -- well it isn't. Maglev, or magnetically levitated vehicles can do all of this and more, and they are definitely not science fiction! This paper will discuss the reasons that the United States should embark on a program to develop a Maglev concept, and describe the status of the legislative and executive initiatives that are pending to help in the development of an American Maglev. The benefits that will be discussed include reducing air traffic delays, increasing the fuel efficiency for travel that is in the 300 mile range, relieving some of the highway congestion that we are confronted with, and the development of a technology that will be the transportation system of the twenty first century.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114744600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718262
C. J. Hu
The multi-zero artificial neural network was derived from a study of the stability and convergence properties of a feedback (or auto-associative) neural system. The nonlinear response function of neurons in the system is an odd polynomial (or a topologically similar) function of 2M+1 zeros with odd zeros equal to a set of consecutive integers. If the connection matrix is programmed correctly, the system will then perform stable operations exhibiting the following characteristics. 1. The system will transform any N-bit analog input to an N-bit, M-ary (or M-valued), digital output. 2. The output will be locked-in when the input is removed. It will be changed to another locked-in digital vector when it receives another input. 3. The speed is fast because the circuit is free-running, parallel, and M-ary. The accuracy is high because the computation is digital. Because of these unique properties, the network can be used in the design of a fast computing system. This paper reports the origin of this multi-zero system, the analysis of its properties, and the design of a fast, M-ary, digital multiplier using this system.
{"title":"Fast Computation Using Multi-Zero Neural Networks","authors":"C. J. Hu","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718262","url":null,"abstract":"The multi-zero artificial neural network was derived from a study of the stability and convergence properties of a feedback (or auto-associative) neural system. The nonlinear response function of neurons in the system is an odd polynomial (or a topologically similar) function of 2M+1 zeros with odd zeros equal to a set of consecutive integers. If the connection matrix is programmed correctly, the system will then perform stable operations exhibiting the following characteristics. 1. The system will transform any N-bit analog input to an N-bit, M-ary (or M-valued), digital output. 2. The output will be locked-in when the input is removed. It will be changed to another locked-in digital vector when it receives another input. 3. The speed is fast because the circuit is free-running, parallel, and M-ary. The accuracy is high because the computation is digital. Because of these unique properties, the network can be used in the design of a fast computing system. This paper reports the origin of this multi-zero system, the analysis of its properties, and the design of a fast, M-ary, digital multiplier using this system.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130689977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718269
R. Tulloss
ANSI/IEEE Std 1149.1-1990 [1,7] is advancing rapidly in acceptance. A recent survey of ATE manufacturers indicates they expect a significant impact. ASIC vendors show by their actions that it is not good business to be caught without Boundary-Scan-supporting cells in one's standard cell library. CAE/CAD tools are beginning to appear with specific features that support Boundary-Scan. Catalog parts are, beginning to appear with Boundary-Scan in them. A number of firms are publicly committed to using Boundary-Scan in their Systems. Department of Defense procurements are giving greater and greater emphasis to testability and diagnosability which will inevitably lead to implementation of test standards including ANSI/IEEE Std 1149.1-1990. In this paper we review the evidence for movement to acceptance of the Standard and some forces that appear to be driving this movement. Familiarity with the Standard is presupposed.
{"title":"Market Forces Driving Acceptance Of ANSI/IEEE Std 1149.1-1990 Boundary-Scan","authors":"R. Tulloss","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718269","url":null,"abstract":"ANSI/IEEE Std 1149.1-1990 [1,7] is advancing rapidly in acceptance. A recent survey of ATE manufacturers indicates they expect a significant impact. ASIC vendors show by their actions that it is not good business to be caught without Boundary-Scan-supporting cells in one's standard cell library. CAE/CAD tools are beginning to appear with specific features that support Boundary-Scan. Catalog parts are, beginning to appear with Boundary-Scan in them. A number of firms are publicly committed to using Boundary-Scan in their Systems. Department of Defense procurements are giving greater and greater emphasis to testability and diagnosability which will inevitably lead to implementation of test standards including ANSI/IEEE Std 1149.1-1990. In this paper we review the evidence for movement to acceptance of the Standard and some forces that appear to be driving this movement. Familiarity with the Standard is presupposed.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128802642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-04-16DOI: 10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718178
W. Santamore, W. Untereker, D. Ogilby
Percutanous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has revolutionized the treatment of coronary disease. However, a high restenosis rate is still a major complication of PTCA. In theory, the incidence of restenosis might be lower with laser techniques because atheromatous mass within the artery can be removed rather than pressed against the vessel wall. Further, the treated surface may be less ragged and less prone to inducing smooth muscle proliferation. The basic laser angioplasty systern comprises the laser, fiberoptic laser delivery catheter, and a means to guide the catheter to its target site. A variety of lasers are used with the excimer laser receiving the most current interest. Laser systems are effective as a means of opening small channels in obstructed peripheral or coronary arteries. The lasers can be used alone or as a supplement to balloon angioplasty. Despite favorable initial results, late restenosis continues to be a nagging problem with lasers. However, with certain types of lesions lasers appear to have a lower restenosis rate than conventional balloon angioplasty.
{"title":"Lasers And Angioplasty","authors":"W. Santamore, W. Untereker, D. Ogilby","doi":"10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTR.1991.718178","url":null,"abstract":"Percutanous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has revolutionized the treatment of coronary disease. However, a high restenosis rate is still a major complication of PTCA. In theory, the incidence of restenosis might be lower with laser techniques because atheromatous mass within the artery can be removed rather than pressed against the vessel wall. Further, the treated surface may be less ragged and less prone to inducing smooth muscle proliferation. The basic laser angioplasty systern comprises the laser, fiberoptic laser delivery catheter, and a means to guide the catheter to its target site. A variety of lasers are used with the excimer laser receiving the most current interest. Laser systems are effective as a means of opening small channels in obstructed peripheral or coronary arteries. The lasers can be used alone or as a supplement to balloon angioplasty. Despite favorable initial results, late restenosis continues to be a nagging problem with lasers. However, with certain types of lesions lasers appear to have a lower restenosis rate than conventional balloon angioplasty.","PeriodicalId":339281,"journal":{"name":"Electro International, 1991","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117161472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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